Chapter 1

Education: is the process by which people acquire knowledge, skills, habits, values, or attitudes/ the total
process of human learning by which knowledge is imparted, faculties trained, and skills developed.
Formal education: is the highly institutionalized, chronologically graded, and hierarchically structured
education system, spanning from the lower primary school to the upper reaches of university.
Non-formal education: is any organized learning activity outside the structure of the formal education system
that is consciously aimed at meeting specific needs of particular groups of children, youth, or adults in
community.
Informal education/ experiential learning: is the lifelong process by which every person acquires and
accumulates knowledge, skills, attitudes, and insights from daily experiences and exposure to the environment –
at home, at work, and at play.
Lifelong learning: is a kind of learning which takes place not simply at schools and colleges but throughout the
whole life in many different locations and times.
Self-directed/participatory education: is a kind of education in which learning activities and teaching-learning
materials are chosen and created for one learning group alone with considerable involvement of the learner
group in the design of both curriculum and learning materials.
Formal group: is a group which does not change as new members join in such as army.
Educational goals: are the ends that society sets for the education system it operates.
Educational aims: are the targets used in schooling practice because they indicate the precise direction that
educators must follow in all or part of the educational system.
Educational objectives: are the intended outcomes of the process of education and are expressed in terms of
what individuals will be able to do as a result of teaching.
Cognitive areas: aims at increasing a person’s knowledge and intellectual skills through thinking and reasoning
effectively.
Affective areas (character education/citizen training): deals with feelings, values, and appreciations and
develops moral and spiritual values and healthy attitudes and emotions.
Psychomotor area (locomotor area): includes the development of a person’s muscular or mechanical skills
through the course such as handwriting, speech, and physical education, and vocational and technical courses.
General education: is a kind of education aiming at producing intelligent, responsible, and well-informed
citizens who take an active interest in the world around them.
Advanced general education (liberal education): is a kind of education which aims at broad mental
development by teaching students to investigate all sides of a question and all possible solutions to a problem
before reaching a conclusion or planning a course of action (to judge ideas and events intelligently).
Liberal arts: are the branch of learning that aids in mental development such as humanities, mathematics, and
the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Vocational education: is a kind of education which aims at preparing individuals for a job.
Special education: is a kind of education which provides opportunities for people with disability or special
talents.
Adult education: is a kind of continuing education programs to continue the adult’s formal education or
develop their particular skill or hobby.
Sophists: a group of wandering teachers who were more interested in preparing their students to argue
persuasively and win arguments than in teaching principles of truth and morality.
Pansophism: is a kind of educational philosophy designed to bring about worldwide understanding and peace.
Social Darwinism: is a body of ideas that applied the theory of evolution to society, politics, economy, and the
education, maintaining that people in industrialized society survive as they were intelligent and adaptable.
Progressive education: is a educational system that emphasized the needs and potentials of the child rather
than the needs of society or the principles of religions.
Idealism: is a philosophy or belief in which students are encouraged to seek the truth about people, places,
things, and the world and the universe through higher-level thinking.
Realism: is a philosophy or belief in which students are encouraged to see, accept, and deal with situations as
they really are without being influenced by their emotions or false hopes through scientific methods and
personal experiences.
Existentialism: is a philosophy or belief in which students are encouraged to control their own education by
deciding what and how they will learn, and to understand and appreciate their uniqueness and assume
responsibility for their actions.
Pragmatism: is a philosophy or belief in which students are encouraged to think about solving problems in a
practical and sensible ways rather than by having fixed ideas and theories.
Experimentalism: is a belief that students are encouraged to test their new ideas, forms, or methods through
experimentation to find out what effect they have.
Progressivism: is a belief that lessons must seem relevant to the students in order for them to learn.
Social reconstructionism: is a belief that students are encouraged to study their own culture, finding their
major courses of problems (e.g. poverty or war) and resolving them.
Perennialism: is a belief that students are encouraged to seek universal truths that have withstood the test of
time through studying the great works of civilization.
Metaphysics: is the study of the nature of reality or what is real.
Epistemology: is the theory of knowing and of knowledge.
Axiology: is concerned with value, and it is divided into two areas: ethics and aesthetics.
Logic: refers to the rules of correct and valid thinking and considers the rules of inference that we use to frame
propositions and arguments.
Deductive logic: is the reasoning that moves from general statements to particular instances and applications.
Inductive logic: is the reasoning that moves from particular instances and applications to generalizations.