Presentation Guide: Statistical Methods
in Research
I. Introduction
This presentation provides an overview of essential statistical methods for research,
focusing on T-Tests, ANOVA, and Chi-Square analysis.
II. The Student’s T-Test
A t-test is an inferential statistic used to determine if the difference between the means of
two groups is real or due to chance.
• Requirements: Best for continuous variables, requires normal distribution,
population standard deviation unknown.
• Variations: One-Sample, Independent, and Paired-Sample.
• Decision Rule: If p < 0.05, reject the null hypothesis.
III. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
ANOVA is used for comparing three or more groups to reduce Type I error risk.
• One-Way ANOVA: One independent variable with 3+ levels.
• Two-Way ANOVA: Two independent variables and their interaction.
• F-Statistic: A high F-value (p < 0.05) indicates significant differences.
IV. Chi-Square Test (χ²)
A non-parametric test for categorical (nominal) data, focusing on frequencies.
• Goodness of Fit: Matches observed vs. theoretical distribution.
• Test of Independence: Examines relationships between two categorical variables.
V. Summary: Choosing the Right Test
Data Type Groups Recommended Test
Continuous/Ratio Two Groups Independent T-Test
Continuous/Ratio Three+ Groups One-Way ANOVA
Categorical/Nominal Any Chi-Square