Biological Sample Processing - Laboratory
Technology Notes
1. Introduction
Biological sample processing refers to all procedures involved in receiving, handling, preparing,
storing, and analyzing patient specimens in a laboratory while maintaining integrity and safety.
2. Types of Biological Samples
Common samples include blood, urine, stool, sputum, swabs, tissue biopsies, cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF), and other body fluids.
3. Sample Collection
Proper collection ensures accurate results. It includes correct patient identification, use of
appropriate containers, correct anticoagulants, and aseptic technique.
4. Labelling and Documentation
Each specimen must be labelled with patient name, ID, date, time, and type of sample. Mislabeling
can lead to diagnostic errors.
5. Transport of Samples
Samples must be transported promptly under correct conditions (temperature, light protection,
sealed containers) to prevent degradation.
6. Reception and Accessioning
On arrival, samples are checked for completeness, integrity, and registered into the laboratory
information system.
7. Processing of Samples
Includes centrifugation, separation of serum/plasma, aliquoting, mixing, and preparation for
analysis.
8. Centrifugation
Blood samples are spun to separate components: plasma/serum, buffy coat, and red cells. Speed
and time must be standardized.
9. Storage Conditions
Samples may be refrigerated (2–8°C), frozen (-20°C or -80°C), or stored at room temperature
depending on test requirements.
10. Biosafety
Use of PPE, biosafety cabinets, proper disposal of sharps, and adherence to infection control
protocols are essential.
11. Quality Control
Ensures accuracy and reliability through calibration, control samples, and adherence to standard
operating procedures (SOPs).
12. Common Errors
Mislabeling, hemolysis, contamination, delayed transport, and incorrect storage conditions can
affect results.
13. Rejection Criteria
Samples may be rejected if they are unlabeled, hemolyzed, insufficient, or improperly collected.
14. Record Keeping
Accurate documentation ensures traceability and legal compliance in laboratory operations.