USTHB, Faculté de Mathématiques

2025/2026
Ing. Informatique - Analyse 1
Section D

Exercise Set 4: Real Functions of a Real Variable

Exercise 1. Determine the domain of definition of the following functions:

√ √
 
1 1 + x
1) f (x) = −x + √ , 2) f (x) = x2 − 2x + 5, 3) f (x) = ln ,
1−x 3x
√
r
2 + 3x x
4) f (x) = , 5) f (x) = tan x, 6) f (x) = .
5 − 2x b2xc
Exercise 2. Let f : R → R be the function defined by:

x + 1
 if x < −1,
f (x) = 0 if − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1,

x−1 if x > 1.


Define g(y) = inf{x ∈ R | f (x) > y}.

1. Sketch the graph of f in an orthonormal coordinate system.

2. Find the expression for g(y) for y ∈ R.

3. Determine g ◦ f and f ◦ g, and plot their graphs in the same coordinate system.
1
Exercise 3. Let f (x) = .
2x + 3

i) Show that there exists M ∈ R+ such that for all x ∈ R \ {− 32 }:

1
0 < |x − 1| < 1 =⇒ f (x) − < M |x − 1|.
5

ii) Deduce, using the definition of a limit, that lim f (x) = 51 .

x→1

Exercise 4. Prove, using the definition of a limit, that:

x2 − 1 1
1) lim x3 = 8, 2) lim 2
= , 3) lim (x2 − 3x + 1) = +∞,
x→2 x→0 x + x − 3 3 x→+∞
 
1 x−3 1 1
4) lim = 0, 5) lim = , 6) lim 1 − xb c = 0.
x→±∞ x2 +1 x→+∞ 2x + 1 2 x→0 x

1
Exercise 5. Compute the following limits:
√ √ √
x2 − 3x + 2 1 + 3x − 1 − 3x 3
x−1
1) lim 3 , 2) lim , 3) lim √ ,
x→1 x − 3x2 + 2 x→0 x x→1 x−1
√
√ √
x 2 + a2 − a cos(αx) − cos(βx)
4) lim 3 x + 1 − 3 x , 5) lim √ , 6) lim ,
x→+∞ x→0 x 2 + b2 − b x→0 x2
√
n
√ √
1 − sin x 1 + nx − 1 − x 1 + 2x − 4 1 + 4x
7) limπ 2 , 8) lim , 9) lim √ √ .
x→ 2 x − π x2 x→0 3 1 + 3x − 5 1 + 5x


x→0
2

Exercise 6. Study the existence of the following limits:

1  1
lim cos , lim sin (ln |x|) , lim sin e x .
x→0 x x→0 x→0

Exercise 7. Let f and g be two functions defined on R by:

( (
x cos x1 , if x 6= 0,


1, if x 6= 0,
f (x) = g(x) =
0, if x = 0, 0, if x = 0.
Show that:

1. lim f (x) = 0 and lim g(x) = 1.

x→0 x→0

2. The composite function g ◦ f does not have a limit at x = 0.

Exercise 8. Using the definition of continuity, show that the following functions are
continuous at every point x0 ∈ R:
1. x 7→ xn , (n ∈ N), 2. x 7→ |x|, 3. x 7→ sin x,
√
4. x 7→ cos x, 5. x 7→ 1 + x2 , 6. x 7→ |x2 − 1|.
Exercise 9.

1. Determine the domain of continuity of f in each of the following cases:

√ √
r
1 x
a. f (x) = tan , b. f (x) = b c, c. f (x) = b(−1 + 2) xc.
x 2
2. Answer the same question for:
( √ (
2
x + xx , if x 6= 0, sin(πx), if 0 < x < 1,
d. f (x) = e. f (x) =
1, if x = 0, ln x, if 1 ≤ x < 2.
Exercise 10. Examine the possibility of extending f by continuity at x0 , and if possible,
determine the extension:
√
1+x−1
1. f (x) = , x0 = 0, 2. f (x) = (1 − ln x) ln(x − e), x0 = e,
tan x
1 − 2 cos x tan(αx) − sin(αx)
3. f (x) = , x0 = π3 , 4. f (x) = , x0 = 0.
π − 3x x3

2
Exercise 11. Show that the following functions have roots in the specified intervals:

1. f (x) = x3 + x2 + 2x + 1 on [−1, 1].

x
2. g(x) = + tan x on 3π
 
4
,π .
3
3. h(x) = x2 cos x + x sin x + 1 on [0, π].
Exercise 12. Let f : [a, b] → [a, b] be a continuous function. Show that f has a fixed
point, i.e., there exists c ∈ [a, b] such that f (c) = c.
Exercise 13. For each of the following functions, determine the domain of definition,
study their continuity and monotonicity, and then find their inverse function:

r
1−x p |x|
|x| , if x 6= 0,
a. f (x) = , b. f (x) = x
x 0, if x = 0.

Exercise 14.

1. Prove the following inequality:

√ √ p
| x − y| ≤ |x − y|, for all x, y ≥ 0.
√
Deduce that the function f (x) = x is uniformly continuous on [0, +∞[.

2. Show that the following functions are uniformly continuous on the given domains:
√ √
a. f (x) = 3 x on R+ , b. g(x) = 3 x on R, c. h(x) = sin x on R.

Exercise 15. 1. Let f : D → R be a function. Prove that the following two statements
are equivalent:

(a) f is not uniformly continuous on D.

(b) There exist a constant ε > 0 and two sequences (xn ) and (yn ) in D such that

lim |xn − yn | = 0 but |f (xn ) − f (yn )| ≥ ε for all n.

n→+∞

2. Prove that the function f (x) = sin x1 is not uniformly continuous on the interval ]0, 1[.
Exercise 16. Determine which of the following functions are uniformly continuous:

(a) f (x) = ln x on ]0, 1[, (b) f (x) = x sin x on [0, +∞[

1
(c) f (x) = on R, (d) f (x) = ex on [0, +∞[.
x2 + 1
Exercise 17. Let f : R → R be a continuous and periodic function. Show that f is
uniformly continuous on R. Provide examples of such functions.

3
Exercise 18. Using the definition of the derivative, calculate the derivative of the fol-
lowing functions at the specified points and determine the equation of the tangent line at
(x0 , f (x0 )):
x
(a) f (x) = , x0 = 2.
x2 +1
(b) f (x) = ln(1 + sin 2x), x0 = π.
Exercise 19. Study the differentiability of the function f at x0 in each of the following
cases:
(1) f (x) = |x|, x0 = 0,

(2) f (x) = |x| cos x + (x + 1)bxc, x0 = 0,

(
x2 sin x1 , if x 6= 0,
(3) f (x) = x0 = 0.
0, if x = 0,
Exercise 20.

(a) For each of the following functions, determine the domain of differentiability and
compute f 0 :
(1) f (x) = | sin x|, (2) f (x) = x| sin x|, (3) f (x) = bxc sin(πx),

(4) f (x) = sin(πbxc), (5) f (x) = ln(cos x), (6) f (x) = (1 + x2 ) ln |x|,
1−ex
p
(7) f (x) = xp |x|, p ∈ N∗ , (8) f (x) = tan 1+e


x , (9) f (x) = sin |x|.

(b) Same question for:

( ( 2
2 sin (πx)
x b1/xc, if x 6= 0, x−1
, if x 6= 1,
(1) f (x) = (2) f (x) =
0, if x = 0, 0, if x = 1,
(
x2 sin x1 , if x 6= 0,


(3) f (x) =
0, if x = 0.
Exercise 21. Show that the following equations each admit a unique root in the given
interval:

1. x3 + x2 + 2x + 1 = 0, on [−1, 1].
x
2. + tan x = 0, on 3π
 
4
, π .
3
Exercise 22. Show that the function f : R → R defined by
f (x) = x3 − 5x2 + 2x + 1
has three real roots. Additionally, determine an interval of consecutive integers that con-
tains each root.

4
Exercise 23. In each case, find the image of the interval I under the function f :
1
a) f (x) = x2 + 3x − 4, I =] − 2, 3], b) f (x) = , I = [2, 3],
x2 +1
x 1
I = − π3 , 4π
 
c) f (x) = sin , 3
, d) f (x) = 1 − , I = [2, +∞[.
2 x
Exercise 24. Consider the sequence (un ) defined by:

u0 = 0,
7u + 4
un+1 = n , n ∈ N.
3un + 3

1. Prove that ∀n ∈ N, 0 ≤ un ≤ 2.

2. Study the monotonicity of (un ).

3. Deduce that (un ) converges and find its limit.

4. Let A = {un : n ∈ N}. Determine sup A and inf A.

Exercise 25. Study the following sequences:

 ( 
u0 = 0, u0 ≥ 0, u0 ≥ 1,
1p 2 √ un
un+1 = un + 12, n ∈ N, un+1 = 4 + 3un , n ∈ N, un+1 = , n ∈ N.
2 u2n +1

Exercise 26. Let f : [a, b] → R be a twice differentiable function such that f (a) = f 0 (a)
and f (b) = f 0 (b). Prove that there exists c ∈]a, b[ such that f (c) = f 00 (c).
Hint: Consider the function g(x) = ex (f (x) − f 0 (x)).

Exercise 27. Can the Mean Value Theorem be applied in the following cases?
√ cos x
a) f (x) = (1 + x) 3 1 − 2x, on [0, 1], b) f (x) = √ , on [0, 1],
1+ x
on 0, π2 ,
 
c) f (x) = |x + 3|b2x − 1c, d) f (x) = (x − 1)bxc, on [0, 1].

Exercise 28. Using the Mean Value Theorem, prove that:

a) | sin x| ≤ |x|, ∀x ∈ R.
1 1
b) < ln(1 + x) − ln x < , ∀x > 0. Deduce the following limit:
1+x x
 
1 1
lim + ··· + , where k is an integer with k ≥ 2.
n→+∞ n+1 kn

1
c) x − x2 ≤ ln(1 + x) ≤ x, ∀x > 0.
2

5
Exercise 29. Let f be a continuous and differentiable function on R such that f 0 is
decreasing. Prove that:

f (x + 1) − f (x) ≤ f 0 (x) ≤ f (x) − f (x − 1).

Deduce that if lim f (x) = A where A ∈ R, then lim f 0 (x) = 0.

x→+∞ x→+∞

Exercise 30.

a. Compute the limits (1), (6), (7), (8), and (9) from Exercise 5 using L’Hospital’s Rule.

b. Compute the following limits:

 
x − sin αx 1 1
1. lim , α, β ∈ R, 2. limπ − tan x , 3. lim x 1−x ,
x→0 x − sin βx x→ 2 cos x x→1

1 − 2 cos x + cos2 x
 
2 1 1
4. lim , 5. lim x sin .
x→0 x4 x→0 x sin x

Exercise 31. By studying the convexity of the function f (x) = − ln(ln x), prove that:
 
a+b p
ln ≥ (ln a)(ln b),
2

for all a > 1 and b > 1.

Exercise 32. Prove the following:

1. ∀x ∈ [−1, 1], arcsin x + arccos x = π2 .

2. ∀x ∈ R∗ , arctan x + arctan x1 = π
2
sgn(x).

3. ∀x ∈ [0, 1[, arctan 1+x

1−x
− arctan x = π4 .
x
4. ∀x ∈] − 1, 1[, arctan √1−x 2 = arcsin x.

Exercise 33.
 √  √
1. Compute: arcsin 0, arcsin 12 , arcsin − 23 , arctan 1, arctan tan 6π , arccos 23 , arcsin sin 5π



5 6
,
argch 21 .

2. Compute:
1 1
u1 = arctan + arctan , u2 = arctan 2 + arctan 3.
2 3
3. Compute the sum:
n
X
Sn = cosh(α + 2kβ).
k=0

6
 4. Solve:

(a) For a ∈]0, +∞[, solve the equation (ax)x = x(ax) in ]0, +∞[.
x x
(b) For a, b > 0, solve the equation a(b ) = b(a ) .
√
(c) Solve the equation arcsin(2x) − arcsin(x 3) = arcsin x.
(d) Solve the equation sin(4 arctan x) = 12 .

Exercise 34.

1. Compute the limit lim+ (sin x)x .

x→0

2. Prove that for all α > 0:

√ √
exp( ln x) exp( ln x)
lim = 0, and lim = +∞.
x→+∞ xα x→+∞ (ln x)α

3. Prove that:
  x2 !    x2 !
1 1 1
lim 1+ exp(−x) = exp − , lim 1+ exp(−x) = 1,
x→+∞ x 2 x→0+ x

α n2 α2
  
lim cos = exp − , α ∈ R.
n→+∞ n 2
Exercise 35. For each of the following, determine the domain of differentiability of f and
compute f 0 :
 x
1 1
sin x
f (x) = (sin x) , f (x) = 1 + , f (x) = (xx )x , f (x) = √ 2 2 , a ∈ R∗+ .
x a a −x
Exercise 36. Study the variations and sketch the graph of the following functions:
√
1. f (x) = arcsin(2x 1 − x2 ),
 
2. g(x) = arctan √ x ,
1−x2

3. h(x) = arcsin(argsh x).