n Nul!

prmcpuo he IE
eml Reiabe 4 ate uYacc It
ne mecdium
res g ur
meas toy sed It
ame elecaical
es Y wnkno
wn to
wsed
meauYe
iteleciical
cai theatstone's
brdge A
a
bridge
d Prncipuo Workvng amd huctem Cons
high clascfied
as ae
Ydes Ghe Resatane
od Hgh )
stame Res
cleasctred mediu
aetames Ress he
upto mwadu
tace Medim
YegC<1n)
2
assified
as clae
Cess
thestames
e of Ghe All
Resutame ! Low
Resatame. Classificat
f oom
Resat
aam memt Measure
oang lgpef n,
Reqwim cng: Domestie
cwa
ch.)approa diagan vector
ng ons equat balama Gamsfosmer(
ony
temtial acmsformu
and cuemt ofcept Com
acitone fsa bvidge Scheungs ductame vÝ
for bridge Maxawel's Meggeu, brid, doubleabu
n' Wheabtone'
biid prunccps
f workung
constuckion
amd Tmsumemt. cng Measu
Module4
 IE bas fouu yes s tive a s Conutu3
o yeytancas P, Q, R4S
déffecto.
a SOue am d oull
comnécted betden a 4
<Ihe baHey a
he gadvamometes
a c a OS S be d.

Ibe aams ae kmocn as Ratio

R’ unnown Ress toan ca
Stamd ad Resstame
Current Gorough Gbe Gclvamo metes depund
upon Ge potntal dffena betwen

When ebe brcda ç bglamad, the Galvamometa

Carrieg 2uo Cuet and doe not how
amy defleckion.
he cusnt emtu he galvanometeu < divida
nto two equal magnitude n t as I, 2 I2
The potent al tas acYoSS m ab must

be equa) to he pol-emtial a oSS Q ad

Vab = d

KOVPHQ
MP
E enalltothe
 )
I P= I, R
cent
As the Galvamomete

1, -I, balanud
Tbe cawn te byidge
follocws
condt em, ae en pres sed
(2)
PtQ

R+S
Hee E emf o be bate4
Substtute

I,P= 1, R
E P = E
P+ Q RtS

P
Pt R+S

P(R+S) - R (P+ Q)
PS

PS = QR

P S.

wheatstome's br d qe foy mla

R = P

R nkon yes u tame

S ’ stand aud am f he brid ge
the yatio avms o he byidge
 ant

Appu'ca tcom of Wheals tome's

Tbe Wheatstone's bidge

bridqe-
used for he
P e cie me as Uemen loc 1es stam,
Jheatstome' brcdge
amplfc es sed fo
along coth opercteom
sraus, ghtphyie)
Pamees ile
Tbe elkcica teopeatuu,
quatitus ike elr
capc
Ca a o be
he Whectstome's byde
be light detectoy ui ut com clso be
ConsGucted by sm brcdge ciut
he nisters g ligh
Lemcatcom of wheats tome's brid,
One o the mayo luioitatrom G Wheatsonu
Ght ct ce be csed to meas we
fe ohos to
megc ohms ( mediam vea utana'
and mot ed foy
[arge Yes tae
sed fo vey laqe y eyutae, he
galvamomete becomes
Self hectesq chamqes be vaue oy reutne
Readumg to eiors
Less smsit viy ot gavamomeFee co had
to
nacuway
wed wýstead of
edium Yeitamu he connectiom edi
take nto Qccoun
Contact utanu tomeed to
cannt bebe iqnoved
 Kelvin's Bridge
Tbe Kelvin bridge i cued' for measur ng
the unknown ves a taro bav og vaue Less thath
da,
It # a modifred Fom of wheatstóne's byì
ConFac- <
The co msideratton o the effect o
he kelvin's
uad resetame a He basic aum o
bridge

Y2

Coside he bridge cinuut oheye Y Yepreaen

che com tact Res tae cohich
R&S.
conect both esuton4e
Hbe gavamooetes Conected Go
he es staca cs. added to S
which hdicate oco vae R.

he gavamomete Camnected to povnt

n, the Contac- sutamc added to R
un dicate higb vae R.
we wng he t eumedeate pount
divided cnto

Yi- P
6

fE
endors
 unde balamed co ndu'trom

Vab = Vad
- 0)
I,P a 1,(R+,)

(2)
I,@ - 1, (stY)
P R+ Yi
S+ Y2
(s +2)

We have P

P
P+Q

Y2
P+a

P CY+Ye)
P+&

P
P+

(,t)
P+a

From (s+Y) - R
P
P+Q
P+a

+ P R +
Pya P+&
P R

NOVP
 Kelvn's Double Bridge.
Coms uG o amobe set o
yafio Hence it s called double bri dqe
b

Delta
sta
= P b=y
Pt2+Y
P+t1 P+9t
qhe above Fcqwe Cam be edrawn Qs

From his We Can

of E
lendors
 ding

from Mta'N =Vofhege op

voltage dop
Mt
fros
IP= 1, (+b) (4)

Vottage
from A tG
(s)

I(R+b)
I,(s+c)
P. R+b R= P(s+)-,
Sabstitus
wkT b Y C= pY
P+4+Y Ptt

P_(s+) -b
P
P+2tY
R
St P4

But

R= P
(4
 Marwel|'s Inductanu Bridge

mews
Iba
by com pa o
brd ge cirut
wib a va(Gbu Self mnductam
ductanr.
Ihe comshuccom o Manwell 's
brcdge belo

R3

Let

R2= Vaca bo astama conneced

Sare oith nductor L
kmown mon- mduce atan.

A bla a Con dition.

from A-D
Vottag From A & B Vottag daop

Also uottag duop from B-c= Vottaye daop

fyom -C

ors' E ,
HOMPI
pr:eorzuz4PROV
PHQM A
to the
sebyemail
 201*mhi

) + 2
1,(R,+j wL)
I,R 3

R+jwLi (Ra+,) 4 jwlz

R

Equclng Recl & cmagnay paf sepcuafey

RiRe
R
Ret2

From (3) 4(4)

L Lz Rs R= R3 (R+)|
 Schering Bridge
wed foy bc meas eent Ot cunkmon
capac tam ce d(sscpatom factoy 4 oss
Advamtage ot Scheving Byidag a that et ca
be ased fo1 bo th Rocs vottage high vtta
measueeml

yesaa Represmt ng
Stam daad Capaca tem ce

Vaucabu
R 4
Capaetama
C4
A bal a a,
Vah = Vad

I2
R4 - we
 1, ( R4 -j

C4 -J

2 2

Pcut

C2

The amknoun
Zpcu fama,

lodiranagar os124 Rihar mu Floot;

 4dae NTLIT

Megge
ue meas wed bu poy fabu
High
osiment kmown a He99
to fend Hhe
the slatcom aestanee
Wsed to fand be contenu y befo en a y
[Link]
Whem Connected fo e fwo poot ¿f Ghe
povnte shows full deyecteom, then heee ü
eecaical Comtin ua be(wen hem
me cs we high Yesnx
Meggcu to

Pole piece Annular iron ring

Current coil
magnet
unknow: WWW
resistanc
Rx

v2

W
Hand
magnet
driven
x100 generator

Con siuctcon
It oms oli pemamemt magnet which Provids
Hhe field for both Hoe fetd fo the oh meta
genea tor.
Ommeke

a cenia hayt which ae fve t otate

hape d yon Core
statconaYy
The cou au Comnec(cd to

mof piodc. storg

igamemt eshic olo a mg
torque
n Ve.
 Ihei cuwent Coil u connecled
Cwith the gemuc torbetmmnd uit (est
from
feumind
Ri protecG he
câ

(he prese
mpemsateng cot| amd pro feclon yú fom
cotnnected aao ss qemeato fem vn c
R

Workng
Whe he tal keummals awuo pem,
Covrs pomdmg to cinfuit sutama,

coil.
Culemt flows thvough the deflectcon
motn o
he press we oil qovens the
he nmovmg elument makisg it
move coto
he amticock wse posifron. Ihe pGn liu
ta Ast at the infeioit emd o the
scale
wh the test femvnç au short
ei uit ed Corre
Ghe awcent ehragh cunt Coil
Rag enoyh to oveome he Counte
clock awse forque of the pressue cail-Due
his ehe ponle moue to sho

Whm hcgh qesány to be fested

Connected a uoss Temn al T, <
Tz he
oppesng torqu o he coil balanCa each
otheu So Ghat (hu pona altaun
statiomay posc kion at some nmedcle
pomt
 Tbe scale cs Caibya te d mega ohms
hat he aesame
the po mfe
 Curren( Tas for meu. CcT) um ent

an
tramsfoY me hat des'gn ed o produce
which
alteemateng he se cocd ay
un iG Cuinrot t ansforme
beng mewed Provide
udue he to much ocoe vae
he standu
a way fo
ome eu
A uant Gans for mel basicaly has
Cotl
cAOSs seclom l aea. Jhe
moYe

Seco mad
hevtap
tun o he ha
small Yoss Sectmal aee
ualy
onduety

hotboaye

Suppe
Pimay

sLondey seendy
Cuent Yansfo me

Twns Rato Ts

2eonday
Se

Cuet
Cin(

nd cy Cemt
Seond
 ans

Potemtia) Transfovme.
Tbe potental Gamsfore may be
dyined wns tiument aans fornu
Used for tyams foymation o voftage
tom a higheu vaue Eo locwe vau.
Ihs i ans foy mes sl-ep docwn he
he votay
tO a Saye vof fae unit cwhich cam
be
meas wed oy
ad by he ordny ocw Votle
Voft mete
1he pr isay ha lare mum be o
se Lomd ay wdng hy
lesse mumbe o tung. hepofemtr
liaormea
tbe cui cuit

qhe prom y Connected t the powl

ui ci t wbose Voftae need to be ñeswed
The se comdey temÝ al he po tenial
bansfoy m Connected Oss he easg
nshument vott metu.

Sowe
doad

potemtal

vet fomester
 e Pofemtcal
fovmer
Di ffeuntial nt Trams
Tramsfoim e
Potemtial TransfomulP)
c u t Trams formu Cc)
viostumemt
() CT n
(1) PT G
GanstoY mea Hhat à ued
he high vottoe
to veduu high cunt & to educe
oc c u e t foy measuument
to Aoco yoftae foy
measwen:

p) eT à a vottage step (2) PT G

voftae step
uo amd cunt step down tbans formeu.
do wn Gansfot mes
No. (wms m he
(5) No tuuns n thhe Dybicy, (3)
moYe bam he
prmay he
manobel
ome fwn is proucced
ony Seconday
(4) The promay windng \$)he prunay pacla!
CT Connected unseuey PT G comncted vio
witb he powe u e hosc
wH he po we ne voftoy # fo be measwed.
whose Cuaemt o fo be
mees ued y
(s) T can be ieated
(5) TE ca be ealid a a pauclel anafoyme
S e s aansfoymeu
() seanday mus t be ( The second ay od P
always shortecd. Tt Connot Cam be
be opeu ated spn wbtk opuatn

Seun d auy bick

() Nee d (3) Need two bush gs

ony
bushung
ae ekctomagnete PT R
ae wound type To oidal Capaitue PT.
ypeBGa Gpe 4 Sumnatioy
pe