DEVELOPMENT Human Development Report published by UNDP compares

countries based on the educational levels of the people,

Different persons can have different developmental goals. their health status and per capita income.
What may be development for one may not be
development for the other. It may even be destructive for 1. HDI stands for Human Development Index. HDI ranks in
the other. above table are out of 177 countries in all.

Income and other goals 2. Life Expectancy at birth denotes, as the name suggests,
average expected length of life of a person at the time of
Besides seeking more income, one way or the other, people
birth.
also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security,
and respect of others. They resent discrimination. 3. Per Capita Income is calculated in dollars for all countries
so that it can be compared. It is also done in a way so that
Money, or material things that one can buy with it, is one
every dollar would buy the same amount of goods and
factor on which our life depends. But the quality of our life
services in any country.
also depends on non-material things mentioned above.
People look at a mix of goals for development. PUBLIC FACILITIES

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services
that you may need to live well. So, income by itself is not a
Different persons could have different as well as conflicting completely adequate indicator of material goods and
notions of a country’s development.
services that citizens are able to use.
HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OR STATES?
Money cannot buy us a pollution-free environment or
Usually, we take one or more important characteristics of ensure that we get unadulterated medicines.
persons and compare them based on these characteristics.
The cheapest way is to provide goods and services
For comparing countries, their income is considered to be collectively.
one of the most important attributes.
Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate because it has
For comparison between countries, total income is not such adequate provision of basic health and educational
a useful measure. Since, countries have different facilities.
populations, comparing total income will not tell us what
SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT
an average person is likely to earn. Hence, we compare the
average income which is the total income of the country Consequences of environmental degradation do not
divided by its total population. The average income is also respect national or state boundaries; this issue is no longer
called per capita income. region or nation specific.

In World Development Reports, brought out by the World Our future is linked together. Sustainability of development
Bank, this criterion is used in classifying countries. is comparatively a new area of knowledge in which
Countries with per capita income of US$ 12056 per annum scientists, economists, philosophers and other social
and above in 2017, are called rich countries and those with scientists are working together.
per capita income of US$ 955 or less are called low-income
countries. India comes in the category of low middle
income countries because its per capita income in 2017 was MCQ
just US$ 1820 per annum. The rich countries, excluding
countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, 1. Development of a country can generally be determined
are generally called developed countries. by

Infant Mortality Rate (or IMR) indicates the number of (i) its per capita income
children that die before the age of one year as a proportion
(ii) its average literacy level
of 100 live children born in that particular year.
(iii) health status of its people
Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate
population in the 7 and above age group. (iv) all the above

Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age 2. Which of the following neighbouring countries has better
group 14- and 15-years attending school as a percentage of performance in terms of human development than India?
total number of children in the same age group.
(i) Bangladesh
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
(ii) Sri Lanka

(iii) Nepal
(iv) Pakistan (b) (ii) and (iii)

3. Assume there are four families in a country. The average (c) (i), (ii) and (in)
per capita income of these families is Rs 5000. If the income
(d) (i) and (iv)
of three families is Rs 4000, Rs 7000 and Rs 3000
respectively, what is the income of the fourth family? 8. HDI stands for ‘Human Development Index’ that focuses
on ………..
(i) Rs 7500
Fill in the blanks with one of the following options:
(ii) Rs 3000
(a) life expectancy
(iii) Rs 2000
(b) gross enrolment ratio for three levels of schooling
(iv) Rs 6000
(c) national income
4. What will be the top priority in the developmental goal
of a landless labourer? (d) All the above
(a) Expansion of rural banking Q 9. In World Development Reports, brought out by the
World Bank, which criterion is used in classifying countries?
(b) More days of work and better wages
A. Total income
(c) Metal roads for transportation
B. Gross income
(d) Establishment of a high school
C. per capita income
5. What will be the aspiration of an educated urban
unemployed youth? D. Net income
(a) An educated urban unemployed youth will aspire for Q 10. Why does Kerala have a low Infant Mortality Rate?
better opportunities in agriculture.
A. adequate provision of basic health and educational
(b) Support from government at every step-in life for his facilities
upward movement.
B. Suitable climate
(c) An urban educated unemployed will aspire for good job
opportunities where his education can be made use of. C. Pollution Free environment

(d) Better facilities of recreation for his leisure time. D. Good water

6. Pick out the correct meaning listed below to define Q 11. Over the past decade or so, …………...indicators have
‘average income’. come to be widely used along with income as a measure of
development?
(a) Average income of the country means the total income
of the country. A. Health and nutrition

(b) The average income in a country is the income of only B. health and education
employed people.
C. Child development
(c) The average income is the same as per capita income.
D. Human development
(d) The average income includes the value of property held.
Q 12. Per Capita Income is calculated in ………. for all
7. Money cannot buy all the goods and services that we countries?
may need to have a good life. A list of things required for a
A. Pounds
good life is given below. Which among the following are
things money cannot buy? B. Euros

(i) Full protection from infectious diseases C. Dollars

(ii) High quality education D. Rupees

(in) A luxury home Q 13. Where is groundwater overuse particularly found?

(iv) A pollution-free atmosphere in every part of the A. Assam

country
B. Shillong
(a) (i) and(ii)
C. Punjab
D. Karnataka b. Money may also not be able to protect you from
infectious diseases, unless the whole of your
Q 14. In the comparative data on Haryana, Kerala, and community takes preventive steps.
Uttar Pradesh which state has the highest literacy rate?
c. for many of the important things in life the best way,
A. Haryana
also the cheapest way, is to provide these goods and
B. Kerala services collectively.

C. UP 3. Explain the role of development in the overall

development of a country.
D. All are equal
2. How is that the average person in Punjab has more
Q 15. Groundwater is an example of ………….. resources? income than the average person in Kerala, it lags
behind in many other crucial areas? Explain.
A. Renewable
3. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank
B. Non-renewable in classifying different countries? What are the
limitations of this criterion, if any?
C. Protected 4. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP
D. Reserve for measuring development
different from the one used by the World Bank?
1. Different persons can have different ………………. . 5. Why do we use averages? Are there any
2. Groundwater is an example of ………………. . limitations to their use? Illustrate with
3. Correct the statement your own examples related to development.
Bihar has the highest per capita income in India 6. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better
during 2017-18 human development ranking
Net attendance ratio measures the proportion of than Maharashtra. Hence, per capita income is not
literate population in the 7 and above age group. a useful criterion at all and
4. What is national development? should not be used to compare states. Do you
5. What is the full form of HDI? agree? Discuss.
6. A: Kerala has low infant mortality rate. 7. Find out the present sources of energy that are
R: Kerala has adequate provisions for basic health used by the people in India. What
and education. could be the other possibilities fifty years from
7. What is Infant Mortality Rate? now?
8. …………… is India’s most progressive state in terms 8. Why is the issue of sustainability important for
of education, literacy and Health. development?
9. Money cannot buy a ……………. Environment.
10. Define sustainability of development.

Short answer type questions: 4. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank
in classifying different countries? What are the
1. The issue of sustainability is important for limitations of this criterion, if any?
development. Examine the statement.
The World Development Report, 2012, brought out by
a. The present type, and levels, of development are not the World Bank has given the following criteria in
sustainable. classifying countries:
b. Renewable resources are overused whereas non- (I) Rich or High income countries: Countries with the
renewable resources are limited. Their stock will get per capita income of US $12616 per annum and above
exhausted in a few decades. in 2012, are called rich countries.
c. Consequences of environmental degradation do not (ii) Poor or Low income countries: The countries with
respect national or state boundaries; This issue is no the per capita income of US $ 1035 or less, are called
longer region or nation specific. low income countries.
2. “Money cannot buy all the goods and services that India comes in the category of low middle income
a person may need to live well.” Explain the countries because its per capita income in 2012 was
statement. just US $ 1530 per annum. The rich countries, excluding
countries of Middle East and certain other small
a. Money cannot buy you a pollution-free environment
countries, are generally called the developed countries.
or ensure that you get unadulterated medicines, unless
you can afford to shift to a community that already has Limitations:
all these things.
(i) It covers only the economic aspect ignoring peace, capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should
health, environment, education, longevity, etc. not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.

(ii) The method does not provide us the distribution of It is correct to say that per capita income is not a useful
income. criterion at all and should not be used to compare
states due to reasons as mentioned below:
5. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP
for measuring development different from the one Money cannot buy all the goods and services that you
used by the World Bank? need to live well. Income by itself is not a completely
adequate indicator of material goods and services that
In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for
citizens are able to use.
measuring development different from the one used
by the World Bank? There cannot be a pollution-free environment in a
colony of rich people unless the whole community
The criterion used by World Bank: The average income,
takes preventive steps.
i.e. per capita income is the main criterion used by the
World Bank in classifying different countries. Sometimes, it is better to have collective services like
security for the whole locality than to have individual
According to the World Development Report 2006,
security for one’s own house. Again, a school may be
published by the World Bank, countries with per capita opened for the children of the whole community than
income of $10066 per annum and above in 2004 are
for one or two children of a rich person.
called rich or developed countries. On the other hand,
countries with per capita income of $825 or less are Kerala has a better human development ranking than
called low-income countries. Punjab.

The UNDP compares countries based on HDI e., on the In Kerala, Infant Mortality Rate is 11 in comparison to
educational levels of the people, their health status 49 in Punjab, where the per capita income is much
and per capital income or average income. more than Kerala. It is Rs 26000 whereas in Kerala it is
Rs 22800. It is because Kerala has adequate basic
Human Development Index used by UNDP is better
health and educational facilities.
because it is a wider indicator in which besides per
capital income, health and education are also included. Similarly in some states, the Public Distribution System
(PDS) functions well and people get ration regularly
Q6. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations
whereas in some states ration shops do not function
to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related
properly. At such places, people face a shortage of
to the development.
grains that affect their health. Thus, it is clear that the
(1) We use averages for comparison between two states should not be compared on the basis of per
countries, two persons or any two or more things. capita income – alone.

(2) There are the following limitations to the use of Q8. Find out the present sources of energy that are
averages: used by the people in India. What could be the other
possibilities fifty years from now?
Averages do not tell us about similarities or differences
between two countries or persons or things. The present sources of energy that are used by the
people of India are electricity, coal, crude oil, cow dung
By averages only one aspect income, size etc. in case of and solar energy. Other possibilities fifty years from
country, marks or participation in sports activities etc. now, could include ethanol, bio-diesel, nuclear energy
in case of student, can be compared. All aspects or and better utilization of wind energy, especially with
achievements are not compared. the imminent danger of oil resources running out.
As only one aspect is compared, it does not give true
picture of different countries, persons or things. For
example, students differ in height, health, talents and
interests. The healthiest student may not be the most
intelligent or topper in studies. Similar is the case in
respect of countries or states. A country may be ahead
than the other country in one field but may lag behind
in the other field. So averages do not give the correct
picture.

Q7. Kerala, with lower per capita income, has a better

human development ranking than Punjab. Hence, per