PYQ-Driven Study Pack A1.

All relevant 2021 PYQs: Questions and answers

1) General Management, Marketing, Supply Chain, Economics, Finance & Basic Science Q.
Question tested Answer to retain
No.
2) Entomology / Insect Pest Management

This is limited to the two areas you specified and is designed for repeated revision before the 11 July 55 Manager handling crisis/disruption Disturbance handler
examination. It is based on the uploaded NFL MT Marketing 2021 and 2023 papers. The uploaded papers
57 Which is not inorganic matter? Fat
appear to be coaching-material versions, not official NFL answer keys; a few printed keys conflict with
standard textbook concepts. I have flagged those separately.
58 Ability to exert influence Paper key: Authority; standard: Power
Priority from PYQ pattern
Point at which customer enters supply
60 Order penetration point
Preparation chain
Area 2021 2023
priority
Resource mainly managed by a
61 People
General Management / 18 core questions, plus several agri- manager
Marketing / SCM / Economics 41 core questions context questions testing generic High
/ Finance / Basic Science marketing/SCM concepts Creating a climate conducive to goal
63 Best definition of managing
accomplishment
10 questions
9 direct questions plus 2 insect- Decision-making stage for locating a
Entomology / IPM including apiculture- Very high 64 Intelligence stage
vector questions problem
related knowledge

65 Type of animal tissue Muscular tissue

A. Important PYQ Key Corrections 66 Supply-chain lead time comprises Sourcing + manufacturing + delivery

Memorise the standard concept below. The printed answer in the coaching PDF appears questionable in 68 Single-use plan covering many activities Programme
these cases.
71 Income elasticity of inferior goods Negative
PYQ Printed key Standard concept to use
72 Effective leadership attribute Drive
2021 Q58: “Ability to Power is the capacity/ability to influence others. Authority is
Authority
exert influence” the formal right attached to a position. 73 3PL Third-Party Logistics

2021 Q89: “Advanced Political environment, demography and customer

Functional Matrix organisation is conventionally treated as an 81 International product-planning factors
form of organisational income — all
organisation advanced/hybrid organisational structure.
design”
85 Industrial relations Employer–employee relations
2021 Q90: “Adaptation Customisation / modification of product to suit a market is
Adoption
of a product refers to” product adaptation. 86 Price theory belongs to Microeconomics

2021 Q98: “Excess of 88 Risk of groupthink Biased decision

The standard economics term is Savings: Savings = Income −
income over Surplus
Consumption. 89 Advanced organisational structure Standard answer: Matrix organisation
consumption”

Learn the standard SCM concept, not only one-word keys: 90 Product adaptation Standard answer: Customisation / modification
2021 Q118-style supply-
Not applicable integration improves visibility, cost control and coordination,
chain concept New-product acceptance/rejection
but can create IT, data-sharing and centralisation challenges. 95 Awareness, knowledge and evaluation — all
process
For any fresh question, use the standard concept. For a repeated PYQ with identical wording/options,
remember both the printed key and the textbook position. 97 ECR Efficient Consumer Response

98 Income minus consumption Standard answer: Savings

PART I — GENERAL MANAGEMENT, MARKETING, SCM, ECONOMICS, FINANCE & BASIC SCIENCE 103 Not a factor of production Customer
Q. Topic Fact to memorise
Question tested Answer to retain
No.
Animal tissue Muscular tissue is an animal tissue
PLC stage where profit rises
110 Growth stage Organic/inorganic matter Fat is organic; magnesium, iron and iodine are inorganic/mineral elements
substantially

114 Factors of production Land, labour and capital — all

A2. All relevant 2023 PYQs: Questions and answers
115 Frequently purchased with little effort Convenience products
Q.
116 Flying foxes are Bats Question tested Answer to retain
No.
119 International marketing environment Macro-environment forces
100 Example of impulsive buying Purchase of a milkshake
120 Ancient marketing system Barter system
101 Maslow: safety needs come after Physiological needs
Planning, organising, staffing, leading and controlling
122 Functions requiring coordination United Nations Conference on Trade and
— all 102 UNCTAD
Development
Idea generation, screening and business analysis —
125 New-product-development steps 106 Vertical marketing system Cooperation/coordination among channel members
all
One vehicle collecting from suppliers
126 Supply-chain mapping Study of value-added and non-value-added activities 108 Milk run
and delivering together
127 Break-even pricing Target-return pricing
Market structure with maximum product
112 Monopolistic competition
128 Standardisation relates to Kinds, tools and production techniques — all differentiation

Final Tuckman group-development 114 International trade barrier Tariffs and quotas
130 Adjourning
stage
Second consumer decision-making
117 Information search
131 Management Getting things done through people stage

132 First SCM implementation step Planning / scheduling Financial assistance, policy advice/technical support
119 IMF functions
and capacity building
External, material and non-transferable
133 Paper key: Conduct certificate Key consumer-behaviour factor in food
item 122 Price promotions
retail
141 Scope of product planning Wide
127 Furniture store Specialty store
144 Product may be Physical good, service or idea — all
131 Buying milk Routine buying behaviour
149 Situational approach Contingency approach
137 Not a retailer function Paper key: None of these
The above questions are drawn from the 2021 paper’s management, marketing, SCM, economics and
basic-science items. 138 Repo rate Rate at which RBI lends to commercial banks

Additional 2021 basic-science facts worth revising Channel directly selling without
139 Direct marketing
intermediaries
Topic Fact to memorise
140 Not demographic segmentation Culture
Irradiation Cold sterilisation
Retail life-cycle stage with high cost and
Water Essential base for metabolic processes 141 Emerging stage
low sales

Indian rainfall India receives most rainfall from the South-West monsoon
Q. Function Meaning Typical question wording
Question tested Answer to retain
No.
Comparing actual results with targets and taking Standards, deviations, corrective
Controlling
Person-to-person retailer–customer corrective action action
143 Direct selling
interaction
Involved in all management
Coordination Integrating all activities towards common goals
Price stability, growth, employment, credit regulation functions
144 Objectives of monetary policy
etc.
One-line memory: Coordination is the thread that connects all management functions.
These are the principal generic management, marketing, finance and SCM questions in the 2023 paper.
2. Mintzberg managerial roles
2023 questions presented in agri-business language but testing general concepts
Role category Roles to remember
Do not ignore these merely because they contain “Agribusiness” in the wording.
Interpersonal Figurehead, Leader, Liaison
Q.
Generic concept Answer
No. Informational Monitor, Disseminator, Spokesperson

Contract-farming channel Decisional Entrepreneur, Disturbance Handler, Resource Allocator, Negotiator

104 Intermediary model
structure
PYQ traps:
105 Rural-marketing 4A model Acceptability, Affordability, Availability and Awareness
• Crisis, dispute, strike, operational disturbance → Disturbance Handler
107 Branding Distinct identity to differentiate from competitors
• Budget/manpower allocation → Resource Allocator
Better cost/price visibility and coordination; challenges include • New initiative/change/improvement → Entrepreneur
118 SCM integration
data, IT, control and alignment
• Labour contract/price discussion → Negotiator
125 Profitability metric Return on Investment / ROI
3. Power, authority and leadership
129 Market research Analysing consumer preferences and market trends
Term Correct meaning
130 Sales/distribution challenge Supply-chain optimisation
Authority Formal right to direct others because of position
133 Value-chain integration Participation across production and distribution stages
Power Capacity to influence the behaviour of others
Coffee farm-to-consumer
142 Value chain Leadership Process of influencing people to achieve group objectives
example

Influence Actual effect one person has on another’s behaviour

A3. Management — What you must know 4. Decision-making process

1. Management functions Use Intelligence → Design → Choice → Implementation.

Remember: Planning, Organising, Staffing, Leading/Directing and Controlling. Stage Meaning

Function Meaning Typical question wording Intelligence Identify and define the problem

Planning Deciding objectives and future course of action First step in management / SCM Design Develop possible alternatives

Structure, departments, Choice Select the best alternative

Organising Arranging work, resources and authority
delegation
Implementation Execute the chosen decision
Staffing Recruiting, selecting, training and placing employees HR-related question
Feedback Review results and correct deviations
Leading Motivating, communicating and guiding people Leadership, motivation, influence
5. Group behaviour
Topic Fact Concept What to remember

Groupthink Excessive conformity leads to poor, biased or defective decisions Product mix Total set of product lines offered by a company

Tuckman stages Forming → Storming → Norming → Performing → Adjourning 2. Product Life Cycle

Final stage Adjourning PLC stage Sales Profit Key focus

Effective leader trait asked in 2021 Drive Introduction Low Nil/low/loss Awareness and trial

6. Organisation structures Growth Rising fast Improves substantially Distribution expansion and differentiation

Structure Core feature Maturity High/stable High but pressured Defend market share

Functional Departments based on functions: finance, HR, marketing, operations Decline Falling Falls Harvest, reposition or withdraw

Divisional Based on product, geography or customer group PYQ answer: Profit rises substantially during the Growth stage.

Matrix Dual reporting; combines functional and project/product structure 3. New Product Development

Memorise this order:

Simple structure Centralised, few layers; common in small firms
Idea generation → Idea screening → Concept development/testing → Marketing strategy → Business
Exam-safe rule: If the question asks “advanced/hybrid organisation design,” normally choose Matrix analysis → Product development → Test marketing → Commercialisation
structure.
Questions may ask:
7. Planning types
• Which step eliminates weak ideas? → Idea screening
Type Meaning Example
• Which step evaluates projected sales/costs/profits? → Business analysis
Standing plan Repeatedly used Policy, procedure, rule
• Which step launches product commercially? → Commercialisation
Single-use plan Used once for a specific purpose Programme, project, budget
4. Consumer behaviour
Programme Broad plan comprising several related activities
Concept Fact
Project Specific task with defined scope, time and responsibility
Consumer decision Need recognition → Information search → Evaluation of alternatives → Purchase →
process Post-purchase behaviour

A4. Marketing — What you must know Second step Information search

1. Product Routine buying Low involvement, frequent purchase; milk is an example

A product can be a good, service or idea that satisfies a need. Impulse buying Unplanned purchase; milkshake was the 2023 example
Concept What to remember Price promotions Strong driver of food-retail consumer behaviour
Product Broad scope: product line, quality, design, brand, packaging, positioning, modification 5. Classification of consumer goods
planning and deletion
Type Characteristics Example
Standardisation Same product/marketing approach across markets
Convenience
Adaptation Product modification/customisation to suit local market conditions Frequent purchase, minimal effort Milk, soap, bread
goods

Branding Creating a unique identity to distinguish the product Shopping goods Compared on price, quality and style Clothing, appliances

Product line Group of related products

Type Characteristics Example Term Meaning

Unique features/brand; buyer makes special ECR Efficient Consumer Response

Specialty goods Premium furniture, luxury watch
effort
Mapping activities, flows, participants, bottlenecks and value-added/non-
Supply-chain mapping
Life insurance, emergency value-added work
Unsought goods Buyer does not actively seek
service
Value chain Activities that add value from raw material to final consumer
6. Segmentation and retailing
Vertical marketing Coordinated channel where producer, wholesaler and retailer act as an
Topic What to retain system integrated system

Demographic segmentation Age, gender, income, occupation, education, family size SCM integration Improved visibility, inventory control, cost reduction and customer service

Not demographic Culture Supply-chain answer map

Specialty store Narrow product line with deep assortment Question cue Likely answer

Retail life-cycle emerging stage Higher expenses and lower sales Sourcing + production + delivery time Supply-chain lead time

Direct selling Person-to-person seller–customer interaction Outside party handles logistics 3PL

Direct marketing Seller reaches buyer directly, without conventional intermediaries One truck collecting from many suppliers Milk run

7. International marketing Customer order triggers production/assembly Order penetration point

Topic Fact Customer-focused supply chain/retail response ECR

Political, economic, social, technological, legal, demographic and natural First SCM activity Planning/scheduling
Macro environment
forces
Mapping activities that add/no value Supply-chain mapping
International product Influenced by politics, demographics, income, culture, law and
planning competition Farm-to-processing-to-consumer Value chain

Tariff Tax imposed on imported goods Main sales/distribution challenge Supply-chain optimisation

Quota Quantitative restriction on imports

UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development A6. Economics and finance — What you must know

1. Basic microeconomics

A5. Supply Chain Management — What you must know Topic Formula / fact

Term Meaning Price theory Part of microeconomics

Supply chain Flow of materials, information and money from supplier to customer Factors of production Land, labour, capital and entrepreneur/organisation

Supply-chain lead time Time from sourcing through manufacturing and delivery Not factor of production Customer

Order penetration point Point where a specific customer order enters the supply chain Savings Income − Consumption

3PL Third-Party Logistics provider Income elasticity % change in quantity demanded / % change in income

One vehicle collects from multiple suppliers and delivers in a consolidated Inferior good Negative income elasticity
Milk run
route
Normal good Positive income elasticity
Topic Formula / fact Question area Correct fact

Necessity Income elasticity between 0 and 1 Fat Organic matter, not inorganic matter

Luxury good Income elasticity greater than 1 Magnesium, iron, iodine Mineral/inorganic elements

2. Market structures Animal tissues Epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues

Market Sellers Product differentiation Flying fox Bat

Perfect competition Many Nil Water Essential medium/base for metabolic activities

Monopoly One No close substitute Irradiation Cold sterilisation

Monopolistic competition Many High differentiation South-West monsoon Main contributor to Indian rainfall

Oligopoly Few May be differentiated or homogeneous

PYQ answer: Highest product differentiation among usual options → Monopolistic competition. A8. Expected practice questions — General section

3. Repo rate and monetary policy These are predicted from recurring PYQ concepts, not from any leak or inside information.

Term Meaning No. Practice question Answer

Repo rate Rate at which RBI lends money to commercial banks against securities Which managerial role deals with sudden crisis,
1 Disturbance handler
strike or conflict?
Reverse repo
Rate at which RBI borrows money from commercial banks
rate Which role decides allocation of manpower and
2 Resource allocator
budget?
Monetary policy RBI’s policy to regulate money supply, credit and interest rates
Which decision-making stage identifies the
3 Intelligence stage
Price stability, economic growth, employment support, credit control, exchange- problem?
Major objectives
rate/BOP stability
4 Which Tuckman stage comes after norming? Performing
4. IMF versus World Bank
5 What is the danger of groupthink? Biased/defective decision-making
Institution Core function
6 Which structure has dual reporting relationships? Matrix structure
Balance-of-payments support, macroeconomic surveillance, technical assistance,
IMF
capacity development Product modification for local preferences is
7 Adaptation/customisation
called?
World Bank /
Development and reconstruction finance
IBRD Which PLC stage generally shows rapid profit
8 Growth
improvement?
Exam trap: Reconstruction loans are conventionally associated with the World Bank, not IMF.
Which stage evaluates commercial viability of a
5. ROI 9 Business analysis
product idea?
[
\text{ROI} = \frac{\text{Net Profit}}{\text{Investment}} \times 100 Which goods are bought frequently with little
10 Convenience goods
] search?

Higher ROI generally indicates better profitability relative to investment. What is the second stage of consumer buying
11 Information search
decision process?

12 3PL stands for? Third-Party Logistics

A7. Basic-science facts to memorise
No. Practice question Answer Q. No. Question tested Answer

What is the total time from sourcing to final 53 Trade name of imidacloprid Confidor
13 Supply-chain lead time
delivery?
54 Vector of okra yellow-vein mosaic Whitefly
14 What does ECR stand for? Efficient Consumer Response
55 Animal-origin insecticide Cartap hydrochloride
A single truck collecting from many suppliers is
15 Milk run 56 Plant source of azadirachtin Neem
called?

16 Price theory belongs to which branch? Microeconomics 57 “National pest” as per paper White grub

17 What is income elasticity of an inferior good? Negative 59 Rice stem borer lays eggs on Leaf

What is the rate at which RBI lends to commercial 60 Trichogramma acts as Egg parasitoid
18 Repo rate
banks?
66 Vector of Katte disease of cardamom Banana aphid
United Nations Conference on Trade and
19 What is the full form of UNCTAD? 67 Vector of rice tungro disease Green leafhopper
Development

20 What is not demographic segmentation? Culture

B3. Core entomology concepts to memorise

1. Basic insect identification

PART II — ENTOMOLOGY / INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT
Feature Fact
B1. All 2021 entomology-related PYQs: Questions and answers

Q. No. Question tested Answer Body divisions Head, thorax and abdomen

54 NPV stands for Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Legs Three pairs, attached to thorax

67 Grasshopper egg-laying site Soil Antennae One pair

75 Complete metamorphosis occurs in Endopterygota Wings Usually two pairs, though some insects have one pair or none

77 Drones in one honeybee hive About 200–300 Respiration Tracheal system through spiracles

79 Most effective pesticides Paper key: all listed groups Eyes Compound eyes; may also have simple eyes/ocelli

117 Termites are very active during Paper key: day and night Study of insects Entomology

2. Metamorphosis
121 Insecticides kill Harmful insects
Type Development stages Examples
129 Study of insects Entomology
Complete metamorphosis / Holometabolous / Egg → Larva → Pupa →
145 Sweet-potato aphid mainly attacks Leaves Butterfly, moth, beetle, fly, bee
Endopterygota Adult
148 Red cotton-bug nymphs also damage Okra
Incomplete metamorphosis / Hemimetabolous / Grasshopper, bug, cockroach,
Egg → Nymph → Adult
B2. All 2023 entomology/IPM PYQs: Questions and answers Exopterygota termite

Q. No. Question tested Answer No metamorphosis / Ametabolous Egg → Young → Adult Silverfish-type examples

51 Organ secreting juvenile hormone Corpora allata PYQ rule: Complete metamorphosis = Endopterygota.

3. Insect hormones and glands

52 Bt toxin acts on insect larva’s Digestive system / gut
Gland / hormone Function Term Meaning

Corpora allata Secretes juvenile hormone; maintains immature characteristics Fungicide Agent used against fungi

Prothoracic glands Secrete ecdysone/moulting hormone Pesticide Broad term covering insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides etc.

Stores and releases neurosecretory hormones; associated with brain Bio-pesticide Derived from microorganisms, plants or naturally occurring substances
Corpora cardiaca
hormone regulation
Trap: Pendimethalin is a pre-emergence herbicide, not an insecticide.
Juvenile hormone high Larval/nymphal characteristics continue

Juvenile hormone falls at final B5. Major pest–host–vector facts

Metamorphosis towards adult form becomes possible
stage
Pest / vector Key fact to retain
Most likely direct question: “Juvenile hormone is secreted by?” → Corpora allata.
Grasshopper Lays eggs in soil

B4. Bio-pesticides, biological control and insecticides White grub “National pest” as per 2023 paper

1. Biological-control agents Rice stem borer Lays eggs on leaves; causes dead heart/white ear symptoms

Agent What to remember Sweet-potato aphid Mainly attacks leaves

Trichogramma spp. Egg parasitoid Red cotton bug Nymphs also damage okra

Bacillus thuringiensis / Bacterial bio-pesticide; toxin damages gut/digestive system of susceptible Whitefly Vector of okra yellow-vein mosaic disease
Bt larvae
Banana aphid Vector of Katte disease of cardamom
NPV Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus; viral bio-pesticide
Green leafhopper Vector of rice tungro disease
Azadirachtin Neem-derived botanical insecticide
Termite Damages crops/wood; 2021 paper key says active day and night
Botanical insecticide source; acts as antifeedant/growth regulator in many
Neem
pests Honeybee drone Male bee; source paper states about 200–300 drones per hive

2. Insecticide facts Vector disease map

Substance Key fact Crop Disease Insect vector

Imidacloprid Neonicotinoid insecticide; paper asks trade name Confidor Okra Yellow vein mosaic Whitefly

Cartap hydrochloride Animal-origin insecticide; associated with nereistoxin origin Cardamom Katte disease Banana aphid

Azadirachtin Derived from neem Rice Tungro disease Green leafhopper

Bt Mainly used against larval stages of susceptible insect pests Memorise these three together. This is an easy recurring MCQ area.

NPV Viral bio-control agent, mainly useful against certain caterpillar pests
B6. Integrated Pest Management: Essential exam notes
3. Important distinction
Definition
Term Meaning
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is the use of compatible cultural, mechanical, biological,
Insecticide Chemical/biological agent used against insects behavioural and chemical measures to keep pest population below economically damaging levels.

Herbicide Agent used against weeds IPM tools

Method Examples No. Practice question Answer

Cultural control Crop rotation, timely sowing, resistant varieties, field sanitation 2 Insect body is divided into which three parts? Head, thorax and abdomen

Mechanical/physical control Hand picking, traps, light traps, pheromone traps, barriers 3 Which gland secretes juvenile hormone? Corpora allata

Biological control Trichogramma, Bt, NPV, predators and parasitoids Which gland is associated with moulting
4 Prothoracic glands
hormone/ecdysone?
Botanical control Neem, azadirachtin
Complete metamorphosis includes which
Chemical control Need-based use of selective insecticides 5 Egg, larva, pupa and adult
stages?

Legal/regulatory control Quarantine, plant-protection regulations Incomplete metamorphosis includes which

6 Egg, nymph and adult
stages?
Economic concepts
Grasshopper belongs to which
Term Meaning 7 Incomplete metamorphosis
metamorphosis group?
EIL: Economic Injury Level Lowest pest population that causes economic loss equal to control cost
8 Bt toxin acts primarily on which part of larva? Midgut/digestive system
ETL: Economic Threshold Level Pest level at which action should be initiated before EIL is reached
9 NPV stands for? Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus
ETL versus EIL ETL comes before EIL
Trichogramma is what type of bio-control
10 Egg parasitoid
agent?

B7. Mouthparts: likely MCQ area 11 Azadirachtin is obtained from which plant? Neem

Insect Mouthpart type Cartap hydrochloride is classified as which

12 Animal-origin
origin insecticide?
Grasshopper Chewing and biting
13 Imidacloprid trade name asked in PYQ Confidor
Caterpillar Chewing
14 Whitefly transmits which major okra disease? Yellow vein mosaic
Aphid Piercing and sucking
Green leafhopper transmits which disease of
15 Tungro
Whitefly Piercing and sucking rice?

Leafhopper Piercing and sucking Banana aphid transmits which disease of

16 Katte disease
cardamom?
Mosquito female Piercing and sucking
Rice stem borer lays eggs on which plant
Butterfly Siphoning 17 Leaf
part?

Housefly Sponging Sweet-potato aphid mainly attacks which

18 Leaves
part?
Quick logic: Sap-sucking pests such as aphids, whiteflies and leafhoppers commonly transmit plant
viruses. 19 What is the purpose of ETL? To start control before economic damage reaches EIL

Integrated use of compatible pest-control methods

20 What is the best definition of IPM?
B8. Expected practice questions — Entomology/IPM below economic loss level

No. Practice question Answer

1 Insects have how many pairs of legs? Three pairs Final Revision Sheet: Memorise These First

General management / marketing / SCM

 1. Disturbance handler = crisis manager. 12. Rice stem borer eggs = leaf.

2. Intelligence stage = identifies problem. 13. Whitefly = vector of okra yellow-vein mosaic.

3. Tuckman = Forming → Storming → Norming → Performing → Adjourning. 14. Banana aphid = vector of cardamom Katte disease.

4. Groupthink = biased/poor decision. 15. Green leafhopper = vector of rice tungro disease.

5. Matrix = advanced/hybrid organisation structure. 16. White grub = “national pest” as per 2023 paper.

6. Product adaptation = customisation/modification. 17. Sweet-potato aphid attacks leaves.

7. PLC profit rises in growth stage. 18. Red cotton-bug nymph damages okra.

8. NPD: Idea → Screening → Concept → Strategy → Business analysis → Development → Test 19. ETL comes before EIL.
marketing → Commercialisation.
20. IPM = cultural + mechanical + biological + chemical control in an integrated manner.
9. Convenience goods = frequent, low-effort purchases.

10. 3PL = Third-Party Logistics.

11. Lead time = sourcing + manufacturing + delivery.

12. Milk run = one vehicle, multiple suppliers, consolidated movement.

13. ECR = Efficient Consumer Response.

14. Price theory = microeconomics.

15. Inferior good income elasticity = negative.

16. Savings = income − consumption.

17. Repo rate = RBI lending rate to commercial banks.

18. UNCTAD = United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.

19. Direct marketing = no intermediary.

20. Culture is not demographic segmentation.

Entomology / IPM

1. Insects: head, thorax, abdomen; three pairs of legs.

2. Juvenile hormone = corpora allata.

3. Complete metamorphosis = egg → larva → pupa → adult.

4. Complete metamorphosis = Endopterygota.

5. Bt acts on larval gut/digestive system.

6. NPV = Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus.

7. Trichogramma = egg parasitoid.

8. Imidacloprid = Confidor.

9. Cartap hydrochloride = animal-origin insecticide.

10. Azadirachtin = neem.

11. Grasshopper eggs = soil.