CET453 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT – MODULE II

MODULE II
SYLLABUS
Introduction to BIM Technology: Define BIM and BIM model, Describe workflow in using
BIM in the building lifecycle, Model-Based cost estimating, Perform Simulations, Apply BIM
to reduce error and change orders in projects, Evaluate and communicate ideas related to the
use of BIM in the building life cycle, BIM Benefits: Case Studies, Organizational Maturity and
Dimensions, Construction Management and Planning using BIM
Labour Legislations pertaining to the construction industry, Payment of Wages Act, Minimum
Wages Act, Contract Labour Act, Labour Welfare Fund Act, Workmen’s Compensation Act.
COURSE OUTCOMES
CO2: Students will be able to explain techniques for Project Planning, Scheduling,
Construction Administration and Management using BIM
INTRODUCTION TO BIM
BIM – BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING
BIM is a process of creating parametric, 3D model that is used to generate plans, sections,
elevations, details, perspectives, schedules- all of the necessary components to document the
design of a building
• It synchronizes input from architects, engineers, contractors, developers, manufacturers
and owners
• BIM is an intelligent model based process for planning, designing, building and managing
building and infrastructure.
• Helps to visualize, simulate, and analyze real-world performance using a digital model in
the design process.
• In most of the countries both developed as well as emerging economies, using of BIM
technology is already become a practice.
Benefits
• Detailed Information
• Less Rework
• Improve Collaboration
• Simulation and Visualisation
• Resolve Clashes
• Customising Process
• Save Time
• Accurate Views
• Cost Estimating
• Better Planning and Management
• Optimized Solutions
WORKING CONCEPT OF BIM
The most significant highlights of the BIM method are:
• Single file concept: The complete building model and all of its representations are included
in the virtual building file
• Real architectural elements used for modeling
• Changes to the model affect all related drawings (and vice versa)

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• Automatic generation and updating of documentation

• Architectural content (libraries)
• Building information data attached to the elements
• Additional materials (rendering, animation, quantity take-offs, schedules)
• We must emphasize that unlike in 3D CAD, the BIM model consists of real architectural
elements (walls, slabs, roofs, etc.) and the documentation workflow is automatic.
Benefits Compared to 2D and 3D CAD
• Elements have architectural meaning
• Changes on one drawing have influence on all others
• Rich visualization content (animation, sun studies, renderings etc.)
• Automatic quantity take-offs, schedules
• Connection to structural, energy calculation, collision detection etc. software
Drawbacks
• Higher training requirements
• Might be difficult to learn the BIM approach for people who were previously 2D users
• Might be more difficult to handle complex geometry (e.g. free form structures) then in 3D
and 2D CAD.

BIM MODEL
The BIM model is made of real architectural elements that are represented correctly (according
to local architectural standards) in all views. Furthermore, non-graphical building information
data can be attached to the building components that serve as a basis for various calculations.
Drawing representation
• Floor plan, section and elevation views
• Adjustable contours, fills, backgrounds
• Scale sensitivity
Model representation
• 3D shapes connected to drawing elements

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• Surface color and texture

Non-graphical information
• Material descriptions
• Quantities, volumes
• Cost
• Values specific to certain elements (e.g. lux values of lights, fire resistance of doors)
The building model itself can be used for many purposes, including visualization, code
checking analysis and calculation. Models of different types require different solutions
The following factors primarily influence the successful modeling approach:
• Purpose of the model
• Complexity
• Model Size
• Hardware
DOCUMENTATION
The ultimate goal of architectural design - even in the era of BIM modeling - is to produce the
construction documentation set from which the building can be constructed. Three dimensional
models and visualization materials are also important since they help to win the job, but
architects still get paid for delivering drawings. The BIM programs support the automatic
production of drawings from the 3D model, allowing architects to spend more time on design
and less on documentation.
The benefits of model-based documentation are:
• Coherence between model and drawing
• All drawings derived from the model
• Model itself coordinates drawings
• Automatic scale change
• •The complete project lifecycle can be controlled from a single file
• Rich 3D visualization content helps you to win the job
ESTIMATION
Assigning non-graphical data (quantity, materials, description, cost etc.) to the model elements
allows the user to derive instant calculation from the BIM model. Additional information
attached to model:
• Quantity
• Materials
• Descriptions
✓ Product details
✓ Construction details
✓ Safety details
• Cost - Instant calculation materials:
✓ Quantity take-offs
✓ Room Inventories
✓ Door/Window schedules
EXTERNAL COLLABORATION

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Designing, building and managing a building is a highly complex process that requires smooth
communication and collaboration among all members of the project team. Advanced BIM
applications offer integrated data communication and data sharing solutions for all project
stakeholders. It is only such advanced data-sharing technology which will enable effective
enough communication to support this collaborative approach.
The information stored in the BIM model can be shared in many file formats with external
project team members:
✓ IFC (Industry Foundation Classes)
✓ DXF-DWG (Autocad Drawing)
✓ PDF (Portable Document Format)
✓ XML (Extensible Markup Language)
✓ Other native CAD file formats
IFC is a standard universal framework that enables information sharing and interoperability
throughout all phases of the whole building life cycle.
INTERNAL COLLABORATION
Well-established communication protocols in the office are critical to minimize the risk of
project coordination errors. Complex or large buildings also require the sharing of the BIM
model among the project team members. The teamwork approach offers an integrated solution
for these problems

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The teamwork approach:

• Central file contains the complete virtual building database
• Team members work on local copies
• Team members have dedicated workspaces
• Team members send and receive changes regularly
ANALYSIS, COORDINATION
The BIM model, when imported into external analysis programs, allows a wide range of
analytical activities including:
• Code checking (collision detection)
• Energy efficiency analysis
• Structural analysis
These tools help minimize the risk of construction and design errors.
INDUSTRY TRENDS – CONSTRUCTION COORDINATION
The needs and approaches of construction companies are different from those of the architects.
Construction must excel in two areas: winning bids and effectively managing the money,
manpower, machinery, and materials required to construct buildings. Not surprisingly, the
building industry is moving toward automated solutions. Assigning time and cost information
to the BIM model (5D) is such a solution.
VIRTUAL CONSTRUCTION WORKFLOW
The 5D model –or Virtual Construction Model- is the basis for all elements of the project
control, including constructability analysis, cost estimation and construction documentation.
The figure below shows the new construction coordination workflow.

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BIM MODELING
BIM modeling requires extensive coordination of the 3D model, the 2D documentation and the
attached BIM data. This process may take longer during the design development phase than
with traditional CAD methods, but once the BIM model is ready, the changes in the design are
automatically updated on all the documentation. Consequently the BIM model can be used
during the whole project lifecycle, resulting in a significant productivity gain for architects.
Characteristics of BIM modeling:
• The entire building has to be modeled and the necessary architectural information (materials,
components etc.) has to be assigned to it
• Model should be made of real architectural elements (walls, slabs, roofs etc.) for correct
calculation results
• Modeling detail level should be appropriate for the required drawing representations
LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT (LOD)
• The majority of people, regardless of profession, understand the concept of a virtual model,
but what has happened in the industry is that simply stating “virtual modeling” as a
requirement has created confusion and frustration.
• It would be similar to an owner saying she wants “a building” as a requirement, which
leaves a lot of room for interpretation.
• For this reason, various organizations have come up with ways to define the levels of virtual
modeling, commonly referred to as the level of development (LOD).
• The LOD is defined as “the minimum dimensional, spatial, quantitative, qualitative, and
other data included in a Model Element to support the Authorized Uses associated with
such LOD.”
• Simply put, it defines the precision of the 3D elements and the amount of information
contained within each element.
• In order to efficiently manage the process of Working in A BIM workflow, the industry has
adopted. A formal language of describing the Completeness of A digital model at a given
point in time. This language is LEVEL OF DEVOLEPMENT.
Fundamentals of the Level of Development for BIM objects.
LOD 100 – CONCEPT DESIGN
Only conceptual model creation is possible in this stage. Parameters like area, Height,
volume, location and orientation are defined.
LOD 200 – SCHEMATIC DESIGN
General model where elements are modelled with approximate quantities, size, Shape,
location and orientation. Can also attach non-geometric information to the Model elements.
LOD 300 – DETAILED DESIGN
Accurate modelling where elements are defined with all properties.
LOD 350 – CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION
It includes model detail and element that represent how building elements interface with
various systems and other building elements with graphics and written definitions.
LOD 400 – FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY
Model prepared with some more specifications including complete project detailing,
fabrication, and assembly and installation information.
LOD 500 – AS BUILT

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Final stage of model where elements are representative and it can be utilized for ongoing
Facility management.

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BIM WORK FLOW (Workflow in using BIM in the building lifecycle)

Disadvantages of conventional methods
Updations & Rework
• A Small correction needs number of updations in Different Sheets
Coordination & Clashes
• Manual Tracing Sheets method not sufficient to avoid sudden Work Breaks
Time Management
• Not in control
Cost Estimation
• Cant Rely on Manual Estimation Methods
Energy Efficiency
• No Way
There is no control over budget, time, Need a Better Workflow
BIM is a paradigm shift
✓ From 2D linear thinking/geometrical method to 3D visual modelling
✓ From drawing to digital information
✓ From static to dynamic
✓ From isolated parts to contextual relationships
• Change in culture and work flow
✓ Work is divided up by major building elements in lieu of by drawing sheets
✓ Decisions are made earlier as to materials, specifications and quantities
Behaviour change towards collaboration
Co-ordination
• Avoid gaps and overlap in team member’s work
Co-operation
• Obtain mutual benefit by sharing work
Collaboration
• Achieve results which could not be accomplished alone
Integrated multi-disciplinary collaborative solutions for the construction industry
Key points
• Get senior management involved to ensure leadership support
• Dedicate someone to the effort – BIM Champion
• Prepare a BIM plan – keep it simple and specific

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Workflow of BIM and 2D CAD

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BIM workflow has improved

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MODEL-BASED ESTIMATING
• Model-based estimating has been redefined over the past five years.
• Originally, it meant that the model-based schedule had costs associated with the elements
so it could track time and cost with the animation.
• The owner would be able to know the exact amount the contractor should be billing at any
given time, provided the subcontractor’s scope was quantified in the model.
• Although this method can still be used, more companies use model-based estimating in the
form of a takeoff.
• This is where you use the model to extract quantities of materials and associate costs with
those materials for estimating purposes.
• Using the model for cost estimating should be handled with the same caution as model-
based coordination.
• The LOD has to be defined before you can rely on the model for accurate estimates.
Benefits:
• Assist decision making process
• Better visual representation of project and construction elements that must be estimated
• Provide more accurate cost information to the owner during the early decision making
phase of design and throughout the lifecycle, including changes during construction
• Reduce time on quantity take-offs and cost estimations
• Allows estimators to focus on more value adding activities in estimating such as:
identifying construction assemblies, generating pricing and factoring risks, which are
essential for high quality estimates
• Added to a construction schedule (such as a 4D Model), a BIM developed cost estimate
can help track budgets throughout construction
• Easier exploration of different design options and concepts within the owner's budget
• Quickly determine costs of specific objects
• Easier to strain new estimators through this highly visual process
PERFORM SIMULATIONS
• Simulations take static images one step further through the use of video to illustrate various
parts of a project.
• Simulations for construction can take many forms and show different amounts of
information.
• For example, to illustrate the construction sequence of a project you may use tools such as
Navisworks, Synchro, Vico, or ConstructSim, among others, to show the combination of
model elements being constructed over time.
• This layering, or “linking,” of schedule information with model components is often
referred to as 4D, or schedule simulations
• These simulations are useful tools to clearly illustrate sequence and workflow and help
create a clearer picture of how a project may come together.
• This is particularly valuable for customers who may not “think in 3D”; it is difficult for
them to read multiple plans to understand the workflow.
• Additionally, these 4D simulations can be used to test project schedule data in the pursuit
phase to ensure that the schedule is realistic.

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• Simulations continue to become one of the main drivers for the use of BIM through
enhanced visualization.
• The simulation deliverable allows complex concepts to be displayed simply and clearly,
which in turn gives customers the benefit of both appreciating the rigor and study as well
as feeling more confident in a team’s approach.
ORGANIZATIONAL MATURITY
• BIM maturity levels are used to describe the maturity of a BIM project.
• They are useful in that they identify what the supply chain is expected to deliver, while the
client can clearly understand what the supply chain is offering.
• BIM levels have been bifurcated from 0 to 3, where level 0 is the simplest form while level
3 defines the highest level of maturity.

Level 0: PRE BIM

• This stage is the starting point, the status before the implementation of BIM, and means no
collaboration between project team and is defined as unmanaged CAD.
• 2D documentation is most likely used to share information. Though 3D visualizations can
be used, 2D is the basis for all documents.
• Quantities, cost estimates and specifications are generally not linked to the visualizations
model or documentation.
• In this stage, there is no digital collaboration.
• The output is paper drawings or electronic prints, or mixture of both.
Level 1: OBJECT BASED MODELLING
• Object-based 3D parametric software tool is used to produce models.
• Users produce models within all stages of a construction, and the model is the basis for 2D
documentation and 3D visualization.
• The difference between stage 0 and 1 are minor process changes and contractual relations.
• Typically, in stage 1 a mixture of 3D CAD, for concept work, and 2D CAD for
documentation and product information.
• Electronic sharing of data is carried out from a common data environment, often managed
by the contractor.
• Collaboration between different disciplines does not occur.
Level 2: COLLABORATIVE BIM
• In this stage, different disciplines are actively cooperating with others through a model
based collaboration process.
• The collaboration often occurs through a cloud based application.

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• Contractual amendments become necessary and models can be linked to various analysis
tools.
• Processes are assessed through the models.
• Each discipline is building up their own model, instead of single shared model.
• The collaboration appears through information exchange between disciplines, which
becomes the crucial aspect of this level.
• Design information is shared through a common file format (such as IFC and BCF), within
a Common Data Environment (CDE).
• This enables organisations to combine data with their own model and use the information
onwards.
Level 3: Integrated BIM (iBIM)
• In this level, semantically-rich network based integrated models are created, shared and
maintained collaboratively through the project life-cycle phases.
• Models in this stage become interdisciplinary models, where complex analyses at early
stages of design and construction are allowed.
• Model deliverables include business intelligence, lean construction principles, green
policies and whole life-cycle costing.
• The Project Lifecycle is now phase-less. In this stage, major changes are necessary on
contractual relationships, risk allocation models and procedural flows.
• A shared interdisciplinary model is necessary to provide two-way access to project
stakeholders, which will eventually facilitate into Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)
• The precise details and aspects of Level 3 are yet to be defined, but are likely to be centered
around open standards and will require new legal frameworks.

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BIM DIMENSIONS
• BIM models are often divided into dimension.
2ND DIMENSION (2D)
• In a traditional project, information is represented in 2D drawings and text.
• The geometry in the 2D drawings is described with lines and curves, where the receiver of
the information is left to interpret what is missing.
• Furthermore, the information on what is being drawn is often described in specifications in
another document, with no link to the drawing.
• When changes occur, it is up to team members to remember where to change quantities,
text, lines and curves.
RD
3 DIMENSION (3D)
• A 3D BIM model contains 3D objects that builds up the information model.
• These objects represent the building or buildings spaces, in a virtual reality.
• These 3D objects contain information, as a minimum, on length, width and height. Other
information can be applied, such as material and finish. Key benefits of a 3D information
model are improved coordination, enabled visualization and general information gathering.
• 3D modelling requires 3D modelling software and LOD definition.
4RTH DIMENSION (4D) – TIME
• The 4th dimension refers to adding time to the 3D, often called 4D modelling or model-
based scheduling.
• This is done by linking objects from the 3D model, to a task in the construction schedule,
using a 4D scheduling tool like Vico Office21, Synchro22 or Navisworks23.
• This approach is changing how complex projects are planned, making it possible to
visualize the whole construction project or just some phases of it, and see who timing of
tasks affect the workflow.
• This includes comparison of planned versus actual schedules; time based clashes, such as
verifying the planned sequence towards constrained activities (i.e. demolition, permanent
construction and temporary construction), site utilization planning and more.
• A 4D model can be used at all stages of the project.
• During the conceptual design, it can be used to discuss site logistics.
• During the construction phase it can be used to validate costs of completed work,
demonstrate work to owners, provide health and safety instructions and justify
subcontractor billings to the owner for completed work.
• Once a 4D schedule is setup, it requires little work to maintain and update.
• 4D modelling has become very popular dimension of BIM, due to its ability to give
immediate clarity to all stakeholders in understanding the construction activities and space
requirements on the building site.
• 4D modelling can be referred to either as 4D timeline and 4D sequencing.
• A 4D timeline is the process of linking the 3D objects to the construction schedule and
defining time on each object. The output is a virtual animation of the whole construction
phase. When done properly, it is possible to control the whole construction site, including
labour, equipment and logistics.

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• A 4D sequencing is where 3D objects are arranged in a sequence, the time is not so

important in this scenario. The goal is to analyse the workflow before work begins on site
for better understanding of complications and risk factors.
TH
5 DIMENSION (5D) - COST
• 5D modelling or model-based estimating is the 4D model in addition to cost information.
• A model-based schedule or 4D schedule is associated with information on cost, which
allows the owner to know the exact amount the contractor should be billing at a given time.
• Over the past years the method has been redefined, where the 5D estimations is done in the
form of a take-off, where the model is used to extract quantities of materials and associate
costs with those materials for estimating purposes.
• It should be noted that the model cannot provide accurate estimates until LOD has been
properly defined.
• Experienced personnel in both technology and in cost estimation are required to achieve
success in applying the 5th dimension.
6 DIMENSION (6D) – SUSTAINABILITY
TH

• 6D BIM is used to make a structure self-sustainable & energy efficient.

• This method includes information that allows stakeholders to analyze the energy
consumption of a structure and create estimates of energy usage during the initial design
phase.
• Using a 6D BIM model will help reduce energy consumption in the long run and improve
operational management after construction is completed.
TH
7 DIMENSION (7D) - FACILITIES MANAGEMENT
• The 7th dimension is devoted to Facilities Management and focuses on leveraging the
model information to reduce owners’ cost over the life cycle of the building or structure.
• Sometimes 6D BIM models are referred to as Asset Information Models (AIM).
• A 6D model does not necessarily contain all the information from previous dimensions.
• Over the design and construction phase, information for the operation of the facility is
gathered.
• The model should contain information on the colour of a wall, types of doors, frequency
of maintenance on the roofing felt, type of light bulbs etc., but size of reinforcing bars is
generally not necessary.
• Time and cost are included, but the objective here is to gather information on frequency of
maintenance and analysing the operational cost.
BIM USES IN THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE (EVALUATE AND COMMUNICATE
IDEAS RELATED TO THE USE OF BIM IN THE BUILDING LIFE CYCLE)
BIM uses are the actual outputs from the BIM process
Existing Conditions Modelling or Field Capturing
• A 3D model is developed of existing conditions for a site, facilities on site, or a specific
area or a space within a facility.
• The model can be developed in multiple ways; modelling software, laser scanning and other
surveying techniques, depending on what the goal is and what is of most value for the
project.

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• When laser scanning is used, an extremely accurate 3D point cloud is created which can be
linked to the BIM model and used to model the space or validate existing models.
• Today authoring software is evolving fast, so it is possible to model almost directly from
the point cloud, with the use of specialized plugins.
Benefits:
• Enhances efficiency and accuracy of existing conditions documentation
• Provides documentation for future uses
• Aids in future modelling and 3D coordination
• Provides accurate representation of work that should be put in place
• Real-time quantity verification for accounting purposes
• Provides detailed layout information
• Pre-disaster planning
• Post-disaster record
• Use for visualization purposes
Cost Estimation or Quantity Take-off
• Information models are used to generate accurate quantity take-offs and cost estimates at a
faster rate of modelled materials.
• Here the model is linked to a cost database, which then computes a cost estimate.
Benefits:
• Assist decision making process
• Better visual representation of project and construction elements that must be estimated
• Provide more accurate cost information to the owner during the early decision making
phase of design and throughout the lifecycle, including changes during construction
• Reduce time on quantity take-offs and cost estimations
• Allows estimators to focus on more value adding activities in estimating such as:
identifying construction assemblies, generating pricing and factoring risks, which are
essential for high quality estimates
• Added to a construction schedule (such as a 4D Model), a BIM developed cost estimate
can help track budgets throughout construction
• Easier exploration of different design options and concepts within the owner's budget
• Quickly determine costs of specific objects
• Easier to strain new estimators through this highly visual process
Phase planning
• Phase planning is described as the process of a 4D model used to plan the phased occupancy
in renovation, addition, retrofit, or to show the construction sequence, and space
requirements on a building site.
• A 4D modelling is a very powerful visualization and communication tool that can give
project stakeholders a much better understanding of the project.
• Phase planning is used today when selecting winning contracts and communicate how the
job would be run.
• This can include design, staging, phasing, access requirement, scheduling and other
qualifications.
Benefit:

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• A better understanding of the phasing schedule for stakeholders which shows the critical
path of the project
• Dynamic phasing plans of occupancy offering multiple options and solutions to space
conflicts on site
• Integrate planning of human, equipment and material resources with the BIM model to
better schedule and cost estimate the project
• Space and workspace conflicts identified and resolved ahead of the construction process
• Marketing purposes and publicity
• Identification of schedule, sequencing or phasing issues
• More readily constructible, operable and maintainable project
• Monitor procurement status of project materials
• Increased productivity and decreased waste on job sites
• Conveying the spatial complexities of the project, planning information, and support
conducting additional analyses
Site Utilization
• Planning Information models are used to visualize permanent and temporary facilities on
site during multiple phases of the construction process.
• The model can also be linked with the 4D schedule to convey space and sequencing
requirements on site.
• Furthermore, information on labour resources, materials with associated deliveries and
equipment location.
Benefits:
• Efficiently generate site usage layout for temporary facilities, assembly areas, and material
deliveries for all phases of construction
• Quickly identify potential and critical space and time conflicts
• Accurately evaluate site layout for safety concerns
• Select a feasible construction scheme
• Effectively communicate construction sequence and layout to all interested parties
• Easily update site organization and space usage as construction progresses
• Minimize the amount of time spent performing site utilization planning
3D Coordination and Clash detection (APPLY BIM TO REDUCE ERROR AND
CHANGE ORDERS IN PROJECTS)
• Clash detection software is used to coordinate field conflicts by comparing 3D models of
building system.
• The goal here is to eliminate major system conflicts prior to installation.
• Every system and subsystem is colour coded for ease of visual understanding.
• Clash detections are based either on geometry or on rulesets.
• Geometry-base clash detection detects when two or more objects interfere.
• Rule-based clash detection detects when for example an object is place before a door, but
is not interfering, or when a column is placed on a slab with no footing, of if a space is large
enough as it should be, according to building regulations or space requirements from owner.
• Rule-based clash detection is used for checking the quality of the design.
Benefit:
• Coordinate building project through a model

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• Reduce and eliminate field conflicts; which reduces RFI's significantly compared to other
methods
• Visualize construction
• Increase productivity
• Reduced construction cost; potentially less cost growth (i.e. less change orders)
• Decrease construction time
• Increase productivity on site
• More accurate as built drawings
Construction system design or Virtual Mock-up
• A 3D modelling software is used to generate, design and analyse the construction of a
building system such as form work, glazing, tie-backs etc. in order to increase planning of
resources and sequencing alternatives.
• Typical areas of interests are the joints and edges between assemblies, which requires
collaboration between multiple trades.
• Virtual Mock-ups can also be 3D printed to increase understanding of the project task.
Benefits:
• Increase constructability of a complex building system
• Increase construction productivity
• Increase safety awareness of a complex building system
• Decrease language barrier
Digital Fabrication
• Digital information is used to facilitate the fabrication of construction materials or
assemblies.
• Some uses of digital fabrications can be seen in sheet metal fabrication, structural steel
fabrication, pipe cutting, prototyping (3D printing) for design intent reviews etc.
• This BIM use assist in ensuring that the downstream phase of manufacturing has minimum
ambiguities and enough information to fabricate with minimal waste.
• It can also be used with suitable technologies to assemble the fabricated parts into final
assembly, and is useful for better understanding of the project.
• 3D printing is used to print out models, and the technology today is able to produce real
components of a building directly from the model.
Benefits:
• Ensuring quality of information
• Minimize tolerances through machine fabrication
• Increase fabrication productivity and safety
• Reduce lead time
• Adapt late changes in design
• Reduced dependency on 2D paper drawings
3D control and planning or Digital layout
• An information model is used to layout facility assemblies or automate control of
equipment’s movement and location.
• Detailed control points are created from the model to aid in assembly layout, i.e. layout of
walls using a total station with points preloaded and/or using GPS coordinates to determine
if proper excavation depth is reached.

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Benefits:
• Decrease layout errors by linking model with real world coordinates
• Increase efficiency and productivity by decreasing time spent surveying in the field
• Reduce rework because control points are received directly from the model
• Decrease/Eliminate language barriers
Field/manage tracking
• A Field Management software and Field BIM software is used during the construction,
commissioning and handover process.
• It is used to manage, track, task and report on quality (QA/QC), safety, documents to the
field, commissioning and handover programs, connected to the information models.
• The goal of Field management and Field BIM is to ensure conformance to contract
documents, compliance to safety regulations, and performance to owner’s projects
requirements, through BIM-based workflows out in the field and at the point-of-
construction.
Benefits:
• Ability for field personnel to access, read and update, building information models (BIM)
in the field.
• Optimize first work and minimize rework due to non-conformances and defects.
• Manage work to complete and correct efficiently with no communication lags and errors.
• Prevent jobsite hazards and at-risk behaviour, and ensure jobsite safety.
• Optimize system and component performance to owner's project requirements.
• Document as-installed information for the record and for handover, at the point-of-
construction.
• Accelerate project schedule, time to operations and time to revenue.
• Reduce the operations and maintenance (O&M) handoff, onboarding and uptime process.
• Develop a digital handover asset of structured data and documents, to complement the
physical asset.
• Gain real-time visibility into organization, project and stakeholder performance.
• Create a secure history log of field management activity for future audit-ability.
• Identify trends with leading indicators to take proactive, preventive action versus reactive,
corrective action.
• Managing and mitigate performance and other risks.
• Avoid contractor call-backs and warranty claims due to construction defects
Record modelling
• Record modelling is used to depict an accurate representation of the physical conditions,
environment, and assets of a facility.
• At minimum, the record model should contain information relating to the main
architectural, structural and MEP elements.
• It is the culmination of all the BIM Modelling throughout the project, including linking
Operation, Maintenance and Asset data to the AsBuilt model (created from the Design,
Construction, 4D coordination models, and subcontractor fabrication models) to deliver a
record model to the owner or the facility manager.
• Additional information including equipment and space planning systems may be necessary
if the owner intends to use the information in the future.

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Benefits:
• Aid in future modelling and 3D design coordination for renovation
• Improve documentation of environment for future uses, e.g., renovation or historical
documentation
• Aid in the permitting process (e.g. continuous change vs. specified code.)
• Minimize facility turnover dispute (e.g., link to contract with historical data highlights
expectations and comparisons drawn to final product.)
• Ability for embedding future data based upon renovation or equipment replacement
• Provide owner with accurate model of building, equipment, and spaces within a building
to create possible synergies with other BIM Uses
• Minimize building turnover information and required storage space for this information
• Better accommodate owner's needs and wants to help foster a stronger relationship and
promote repeat business
• Easily assess client requirement data such as room areas or environmental performance to
as-designed, as-built or as-performing data.
CASE STUDY
CASE 1 - 22 BISHOPSGATE, CITY OF LONDON
Lead Contractor: Multiplex
BIM Consultant: Freeform
• Complex construction logistics and health & safety planning requirements for the 62-storey
commercial tower, located at the centre of London’s financial district, resulted in one of
the most fully-realised 4D BIM models in existence.
• Currently under construction, for client AXA Real Estate and Lipton Rogers
Developments, the project has limited site access and features a deep triple basement, 57
lifts and complex interfaces with existing structure.
• A fully federated 3D BIM model, produced by Multiplex and structural engineer WSP, was
expanded by London-based 4D consultancy Freeform, to include features such as site
escape routes, signage, hoarding lines, access gates, pit lanes, tower cranes, temporary site
staircases, and edge protection details.
• 4D BIM modelling involves the intelligent linking of individual 3D CAD components or
assemblies with time- or schedule-related information.
• By linking the 3D CAD model with project planning software Multiplex was able to scrub
backwards or forwards in time through planned sequences of work to check for “clashes”
and make adjustments.
• This helped the supply chain intuitively plan and interrogate sequences of work to ensure
they were efficient and safe. In addition, the 4D models were visualised by the team in
virtual reality headsets to improve safety planning and communication.
• This enabled a level of spatial awareness and spatial understanding not possible when
working in a 2D, or even in 3D on a screen
• Users were able to navigate and interact with the model, either at 1:20 scale, or in first
person at 1:1 scale, using a pair of handheld controllers.
• Virtual tools were used to drag and drop logistics objects from a library into a scene,
including tower cranes, excavators, skips and scaffolding.

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• Panning logistics between 6 and 12 months in advance of the work resulted in various
sequence adjustments and a more secure safety plan with a level of detail only previously
possible when work was starting on site.
CASE 2 - CURZON BUILDING, BIRMINGHAM CITY UNIVERSITY
Client: Birmingham City University
Lead Contractor: Willmott Dixon
Lead Architect: Associated Architects
• The £46.2m project is intended to function as a “front door” and student hub for the campus
and forms a key element of Birmingham City University’s (BCU) expansion around City
Park.
• It comprises two buildings: a large two storey block, featuring a library, catering, student
services, a student’s union, connected to a Grade II-listed pub; and two wings of five- and
six- storey accommodation linked by a central atrium, housing the faculties of Business,
Law and Social Sciences, and Arts, Design and Media, and the University Directorate.
• The project was the first to fully road test BCU’s BIM ambitions as a client and integrates
lessons learnt on the previous Parkside Building, the first ever project carried out by the
University in BIM.
• It evolved the Employer’s Information Requirements (EIRs) and consolidated every
parameter BCU wanted in its models for facilities management, going through a strict
process of agreeing who should input what data into what part of a model when and how.
• The client required a comprehensive set of FM deliverables in BIM, for which a bespoke
schedule was developed, referred to as an Asset Information Matrix, specifying what
information should be attached to every BIM object in the model.
• Associated Architects coordinated 3D models, produced by M&E consultant Hoare Lea,
structural and civils consultant White Young Green and landscape architect Atkins.
• Willmott Dixon subsequently assumed the role of BIM Manager, post contractaward, when
the scope was expanded to include the coordination of models and data produced by M&E
contractor NG Bailey, novated consultants and all subcontractors.
• The clash detection process was streamlined, exporting Revit models to cloudbased
collaboration software to enable anyone on the project team to view them via an internet
browser.
• Around a dozen clashes were picked up, a process estimated to save Willmott Dixon about
£10,000-£30,000 per clash in onsite remedial work, depending on the severity.
• The contractor deployed iPads onsite, to access BIM models for snagging and onsite
checking processes.
• Post-handover, iPads are being used by the FM team to scan barcodes and pull up 3D BIM
models for specific rooms.
• Touching on any object in the model displays embedded data, such as original design
information, tasks, checklists, and links to relevant drawings.
• In addition, they provide the client with a complete record of every issue picked up during
construction and how it was rectified.
• The requirement for BIM as an FM deliverable placed a strong emphasis on the accuracy
of 3D geometric models.

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• A laser point cloud survey of the entire building was carried out at several points during
construction: before floors and ceilings were installed, to map all voids, and post-
completion.
• These were used to audit and update the accuracy of the original 3D models. Accuracy was
further improved by incorporating numerous photos of every room, including service runs
concealed under ceilings, to help the FM team check the location of hidden services before
them disturbing anything.
• The extension to the Curzon Building, Curzon part B, is currently underway and features a
number of BIM enhancements, such as a fully realised landscape model and more detailed
3D structural models from steel fabrication suppliers.
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING USING BIM
• Participants in the building process are constantly challenged to deliver successful projects
despite tight budgets, limited staffing, accelerated schedules, and limited or conflicting
information.
• The significant disciplines such as architectural, structural and MEP designs should be
well-coordinated, as two things can't take place at the same place and time.
• BIM additionally is able to aid in collision detection, identifying the exact location of
discrepancies.
• The BIM concept envisages virtual construction of a facility prior to its actual physical
construction, in order to reduce uncertainty, improve safety, work out problems, and
simulate and analyse potential impacts.
• Sub-contractors from every trade can input critical information into the model before
beginning construction, with opportunities to pre-fabricate or pre-assemble some systems
off-site.
• Waste can be minimised on-site and products delivered on a just-in-time basis rather than
being stock-piled on-site.
• Quantities and shared properties of materials can be extracted easily.
• Scopes of work can be isolated and defined.
• Systems, assemblies and sequences can be shown in a relative scale with the entire facility
or group of facilities.
• BIM also prevents errors by enabling conflict or 'clash detection' whereby the computer
model visually highlights to the team where parts of the building (e.g. Structural frame and
building services pipes or ducts) may wrongly intersect.
.Role of construction manager in BIM
• BIM is most associated with the design team.
• Construction managers (CM) may not usually be involved in model authoring but they do
play a vital role in making sure the key elements needed to deliver a successful project are
present and correct.
• Construction managers need to understand the processes and tools that are used throughout
a project's lifecycle, beyond the design phase.
• There is a need to manage the asset from inception through to operation and end of life.
• Construction managers need to understand, interrogate, contribute and validate BIM data,
to maximise its benefits.

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• They need to harness the value of data by using model information and new ways of
working to better support new construction techniques, scheduling, cost, quality,
coordination, fabrication, sequencing and facilities management to name but a few.
• To be able to tackle this expanded role of the construction manager he needs to consider
new tools, processes and skillsets.

LABOUR LEGISLATION
• The term ‘Labour Legislation’ is used to cover all the laws which have been enacted by the
government to deal with employment and non- employment, wages, working conditions,
industrial relations, social security and welfare of persons employed in industries.

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• Labour Legislation is “A Provision for equitable distribution of profits and benefits

emerging from industry, between industrialists and workers and affording protection to the
workers against harmful effects to their health, safety and morality.”
• Thus labour legislation refers to all laws of the government to provide social and economic
security to the workers.
• These acts are aimed at reduction of production losses due to industrials disputes and to
ensure timely payment of wages and other minimum amenities to workers.
Need for labour legislation
• Weak labour organizations
• Occupational insecurity
• Hazardous working conditions
• Law and order
• Achieving socio- economic progress
Objectives of Labour Legislations
• To protect the workers from profit seeking employers
• To ensure that the service conditions should be clearly spelt out by the employer to the
employee
• To improve and regulate the conditions of workers employed in different industries and
establishments
• To ensure that the employees are paid their wages on fixed dates and there should be no
illegal deductions made from the wages
• To promote industrial peace and industrial relations
• To preserve the health, safety and welfare of the workers
• To protect the interest of women and young persons working in the factories.
• To maintain the dignity of employees in their organizations
Labour Policy Highlights
• Creative measures to attract public and private investment.
• Creating new jobs with New Social security schemes for workers in the unorganized sector.
• Social security cards for workers.
• Unified and beneficial management of funds of Welfare Boards.
• Model employee-employer relationships
• Long term settlements based on productivity.
• Vital industries and establishments declared as `public utilities`.
• Special conciliation mechanism for projects with investments of Rs. 150 crores or more.
• Industrial Relations committees in more sectors.
• Labour Law reforms in tune with the times. Empowered body of experts to suggest required
changes.
• Statutory amendments for expediting and streamlining the mechanism of Labour Judiciary.
• Efficient functioning of Labour Department.
• More labour sectors under Minimum Wages Act.
• Child labour act to be aggressively enforced.
• Modern medical facilities for workers.
• Rehabilitation packages for displaced workers.

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• Restructuring in functioning of employment exchanges. Computerization and updating of

data base.
• Revamping of curriculum and course content in industrial training.
• Joint cell of labour department and industries department to study changes in laws and
rules.
The legislations can be categorized as follows:
• Labour laws enacted by the Central Government, where the Central Government has the
sole responsibility for enforcement.
• Labour laws enacted by Central Government and enforced both by Central and State
Governments.
• Labour laws enacted by Central Government and enforced by the State Governments.
• Labour laws enacted and enforced by the various State Governments which apply to
respective States.
LABOUR LAWS
Construction workers also come under the purveiw of labour and industrial laws. Thus in order
to improve and regulate the working conditions of labourers in different industrial and business
establishments the central and state legislatures have enacted a number of laws. The total
number of laws may be more than one hundred. The Labour and industrial laws can be broadly
classified into the following three categories.
1. Laws relating to the payments of wages.
2. Laws relating to the working conditions of the labourers.
3. Laws relating to the social security and civil rights of the labourers
PAYMENT OF WAGES ACT, 1936
• For the first time, in India payment of wages act was enacted in 1936. After its enactment
this act has been amended many times as in 1957, 1962, 1976 and 1977.
• It specifies by what date the wages are to be paid, when it will be paid, and what deductions
can be made from the wages of the workers.
• The Act is formulated to ensure regular and prompt payment of wages, and to prevent the
exploitation of a wage earner by prohibiting arbitrary fines and deductions from his wages.
• This act is applicable to employees whose salary is less than Rs. 1000/- (one thousand per
month).
• Wages. As per this act, the wages are defined as the salary including all allowances, bonus,
compensation, incentive and reward etc. However wages do not include the value of the
housing accommodation, medical aid, water and electricity supply, provident fund,
travailing allowance and pension if applicable.
• Wage period. This act prescribes the maximum wage period as one month. The payment of
wages should be made by 7th of the following month by firms employing less than 1000
workers and by the 10th or the following month by firms employing 1000 or more than one
thousand workers.
• The wages should be paid in the form of currency. In case a worker is terminated, his all
wages should be paid with 48 hours of his termination.
• It recommends equal remuneration for men and women.
This act provides following safe guards against deductions from the wages of the worker:
1. No fine can be imposed on children below the age of 15 years.

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2. The amount of fine imposed on a worker due to any reason should not be more than one
day wages of the worker.
3. The fine money should be deposited in a separate fund. This money should be used for the
welfare of the workers.
4. The deductions for losses or damages should only be made if it occurred due to the
negligence of the worker. The amount of deduction should not be more than the loss incurred
to the establishment.
5. The house rent, water and electricity dues deductions should be acceptable to the workers
Following deductions only can be made from the wages of the worker:
1. Dues due to absence of duty
2. Fines
3. House rent
4. Water and electricity charges
5. Provident fund dues
6. Income tax
7. Contribution to cooperative societies
8. Insurance premium
9. Subscription to government sureties
10. Recoveries on account of damages and losses due to his negligence
11. Recoveries on account of advance payment
MINIMUM WAGES ACT, 1948
• The employer is to pay not less than the minimum wages fixed by appropriate government
as per provisions of the Act, if the employment is a scheduled employment.
• Construction of buildings, roads and runways is scheduled employment.
• The Act is applicable to all employees (skilled, unskilled) including out-workers.
• It also deals with:
✓ Fixation of minimum wage of employees
✓ Procedure for fixing and revising minimum wages
✓ Obligation of employees
✓ Rights of workers
• The main provisions of this act are as follows:
1. Under the provision of this act, to fix the minimum wages, a board consisting of
representatives of government, employer and employees may be formed.
2. Under this act daily working hours, holidays and overtime payments can be fixed. Proper
record of payment to workers must be maintained by the employer on the prescribed forms.
This record can be checked by any authorised person.
3. The employer will not pay wages less than minimum wages fixed for any particular class of
workers under his employment.
4. The wages shall be paid in cash and the wage period will be one month.
5. If any labourer is employed on any day for less than the normal day duration, the labourer
will be entitled for full day wages.
6. The normal working hours per day will be as follows:
(a) For a adult labourer - 9 hours per day
(b) For a child labourer 4.5 hours per day

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• The working period for adult worker inclusive of rest interval will not exceed 12 hours on
any day.
7. Every worker will be allowed a day's rest with full wages every week.
8. If any worker works on his rest day, he will be entitled for wages for that day at the rate of
over time and shall be allowed a substitute rest day with full wages.
9. If a worker works more than 9 hours on any day, he will be paid double the ordinary wages
for the overtime period.
WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION ACT, 1923
• The workmen's compensation act was passed in 1923 for the first time and has been
amended in 1959 and 1976.
• The Act provides for compensation in case of injury by accident arising out of and during
the course of employment.
• The object of the act is to protect and provide relief to workers and their family who become
victims of accidents and lose their caning capacity due to accidents while on duty. On the
one hand this act forces the employer to take all possible safety measures and on the other
hand it forces the worker to work carefully and with full responsibility.
• This act covers all the persons employed in any capacity in a hazardous occupation
including construction work as specified in the schedule II of the act and whose wages are
less than Rs. 1000/- (one thousands) but people engaged in clerical or administrative work
are excluded from the preview of this act.
• This act provides for payment of compensation in case of accident on site of work.
• The cover of compensation starts immediately on joining the employment. The employer
is liable to pay compensation to a worker under the following conditions.
1. The personal injuries resulting in temporary or permanent disabilities or death.
2. Injuries took place by accident while on duty.
• Conditions under which compensation is not payable:
(a) Injuries due to negligence or disobedience.
(b) Worker being under the influence of liquor or other intoxicant.
(c) Willful removal of safety guards or wilful non observance of safety measures.
(d) Due to disease with which the worker was suffering before joining the employment.
• However in case of death compensation has to be paid under all circumstances.
SECTION 4
Amount of Compensation
Compensation for death-Minimum: ₹ 50,000
Compensation for permanent disablement - Minimum: ₹ 60,000
Temporary disablement -50% of wages for a maximum period of 5 years
SECTION 10B
Reports of Fatal Accidents and Serious Bodily Injuries
Report to be submitted within 7 days
CONTRACT LABOUR (REGULATION AND ABOLITION) ACT, 1970
• The Act provides for certain welfare measures to be provided by the contractor to contract
labour, and in case the contractor fails to provide, the same are required to be provided by
the principal employer by law.

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• The principal employer is required to take certificate of registration and the contractor is
required to take license from the designated officer.
• The Act is applicable to the establishments or contractor of principal employer if they
employ the prescribed minimum (say, 20) or more contract labour.
• According to the Act, workers are not to be required to work beyond 9 hours between 6 am
and 7 pm, with the exception of midwives and nurses in plantations.
Important Points
1) The Act applies to every establishment in which twenty or more workmen are employed as
contract labour.
•This act applies to every contractor who employees twenty or more
workmen.
2) The act is not applicable to the establishments, in which the work is intermittent or casual in
nature.
•The appropriate government shall consult the Central Board or a State Board to decide the
nature of the work and its decision shall be final.
3) The work performed in an establishment is not considered as intermittent in nature:
•If the work is performed for more than one hundred and twenty days in the preceding twelve
months.
•If the work is performed for more than sixty days in a year, in the case of seasonal
establishments.
4) Section 2(b) of the act defines contract labour. As per this section, when a workman is hired
in connection with the work of an establishment through a contractor, with or without the
knowledge of the principal employer, he shall be considered to be employed as contract labour.
5) Establishment (Section 2(e)) refers to the following:
•Any office or department of the government or local authority.
•Any place where any industry, trade, business, manufacture, or occupation is carried on.
6) The Central Advisory Contract Labour Board (The Central Board) constituted by the central
government shall assist it in the matters that are related to the administration of this act.
7) The composition of the Central Board is as follows:
•A Chairman to be appointed by the central government.
•The Chief Labour Commissioner (Central), ex-officio.
•The central government shall nominate such a number of members not exceeding seventeen
but not less than eleven to represent the Government, the Railways, the coal industry, the
mining industry, the contractors, the workmen, and any other interests considered by the central
government.
•The number of members nominated to represent the workmen shall not be less than the number
of members nominated to represent the principal employers and the contractors.
8) The composition of the State Board is as follows:
•A Chairman to be appointed by the state government.
•The Labour Commissioner, ex officio, or any other officer nominated
by the state government in his absence.
•The state shall nominate such a number of members, not exceeding eleven but not less than
nine, to represent the Government, the industry, the contractors, the workmen, and any other
interests considered by the state government.

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•The number of members nominated to represent the workmen shall not be less than the number
of members nominated to represent the principal employers and the contractors.
9) Section 16 of the act is regarding canteens. As per this section, one or more canteens shall
be provided by the contractor for contract labour in every establishment:
•To which this act is applicable.
•In which the work requires contract labour for a specific period.
•In which contract labour numbering one hundred or more are employed by a contractor.
10) The contractor shall provide the following to contract labour in every establishment to
which the act applies:
•Drinking water at convenient places.
•Sufficient number of latrines and urinals.
•Washing facilities.
•First-aid facilities.
11)If any amenity required to be provided under this act for the benefit of the contract labour,
is not provided by the contractor within the time prescribed, then such amenity shall be
provided by the principal employer.
•The expenses shall be recovered by the principal employer from the contractor either by
deduction from any payable amount or as a debt payable by the contractor.
12)The contractor shall be responsible for the payment of wages before the expiry of the
prescribed period.
•A representative to certify the amounts paid as wages by the contractor shall be nominated by
the principal employer to be present at the time of disbursement of wages by the contractor.
•If the contractor fails to make payment of wages within the prescribed period or makes a short
payment, then the principal employer is responsible for the payment of wages or unpaid balance
due and shall be recovered from the contractor.
13)Any person who does the following shall be punishable with a maximum imprisonment of
three months or with a maximum fine of one thousand rupees, or with both and in the case
of a continuing contravention, with a maximum additional fine of one hundred rupees for every
day during the continuation of such contravention:
•Contravening any provision of the act.
•Contravening any rules made thereunder prohibiting, restricting, or regulating the employment
of contract labour.
•Contravening any condition of a license granted under this act.
14)If any person contravenes any provision under this act and if there is no penalty stated, then
he shall be punished with a maximum imprisonment of three months or with a maximum fine
of one thousand rupees or with both.
LABOUR WELFARE FUND ACT, 1965
• In order to provide social security to workers, the government has introduced the Labour
Welfare Fund Act.
• Labour welfare fund is a statutory contribution managed by individual state authorities.
• The state labor welfare board determines the amount and frequency of the contribution.
• The contribution and periodicity of remittance differs with every state.

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• In some states the periodicity is annual (Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu
etc) and in some states it is to be contributed during the month of June & December
(Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra etc).
• This Act is not applicable to all categories employees, the application may depend on the
designation and wages earned by the employees and may differ from state to state.
• Labour welfare is an aid in the form of money or necessities for those in need. It provides
facilities to labourers in order to improve their working conditions, provide social security,
and raise their standard of living.
• The scope of this Act is extended to housing, family care & worker's health service by
providing medical examination, clinic for general treatment, infant welfare, women’s
general education, workers activity facilities, marriage, education, funeral etc.
• State specific Labour Welfare Funds are funded by contributions from the employer,
employee and in few states, the government also.
• The money from the Labour Fund may be utilised for the following purposes-
✓ Vocational training.
✓ Educational facilities for the children of the workers.
✓ Medical facilities for their workers and their families.
✓ Housing facilities etc.
• To cover the employees of the unorganized sector left out by legislation like Employees
Provident Fund Act, the government constituted the Labor welfare fund and under this,
there are five specific finds established for various non-coal mines workers, beedi and cine
workers.
• The contribution to the fund may be made annually or monthly. The employer is
responsible for deducting the contribution from the salary and submit it to the authority in
time.
• The fund may be utilized for providing educational facilities to children of workers,
medical facilities for workers and their families, recreational schemes in the office, housing
loans, vocational training etc.
• The constitution of the fund is for the purpose of improving industrial relations between
the workforce and the employer, to reduce unrest and promote unity.
• If a woman has worked for 6 months and more continuously, she is entitled to claim Rs.
1000 as maternity benefit for the first two deliveries.
Applicability of the Act
• This act has been implemented only in 16 states out of 37 states including union territories.
• The below table depicts the states in which the Act has been implemented.

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