• Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules and Ions (p42-68 )
• 2.1 The Atomic Theory
• 2.2 The Structure of the Atom
• 2.3 Atomic Number, Mass Number and Isotopes
• 2.4 The Periodic Table
• 2.5 Molecules and Ions
• 2.6 Chemical Formulas
• 2.7 Naming Compounds
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Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
The Atomic Theory
• Dalton’s atomic theory has four assumptions:
1. Atoms are the building blocks of elements.
2. For the same element all atoms are identical. The atoms for one element
are different from the atoms of all other elements.
3. Atoms combine in definite ratio to makes compound.
4. A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination and
rearrangement of atoms. It dos not result in their creation or destruction.
H2O → 2H + O
What is atom?
Atom is the basic unit of an element that can enter into chemical
combination.
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Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
Structure of atom
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Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
Structure of atom
• Protons and neutrons are together in the nucleus of an atom, whereas electrons
are in motion in orbits around the central nucleus.
• Protons carry a positive electrical charge, electrons carry a negative charge, and
neutrons carry no charge.
• Most atoms are electrically neutral, meaning that they have an equal number of
protons and electrons
Particle Symbol Charge Mass
Electron e- -1 0.0005486 amu
Proton p+ +1 1.007276 amu
Neutron n0 0 1.008665 amu
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Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
Structure of atom
• J.J. Thomson is the scientist who determine the ratio between electronic
charge to the mass of an electron using a cathode ray tube experiment
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Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
Structure of atom
• What is amu?
amu is atomic mass unit
1 amu = 1.66053886 × 10-27 kilograms
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Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
Atomic Number and Mass Number
• Atomic number , Z, is the number of proton in the nucleus.
• In neutral atom the number of proton is equal to the number of electron
thus the atomic number also refer to the number of electron.
Z=P
P = e- (only for neutralized atom)
• Mass number, A, is the total number of neutrons and protons present in
the nucleus of an atom of an element.
A=Z+n
Mass Number
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Example. Give the mass No. and the atomic No. and how many electrons,
protons and neutrons for :
Z=
Mass Number A 19 A=
ZX F
Element Symbol P=
Atomic Number
9 e=
n=
56 56
Fe Fe ++ + 2e-
26 26
Z= Z=
A= A=
P= P=
e= e=
n= n=
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Ions : an ion is an atom or group of atoms that has a net positive or negative charge.
Ions
Cation Anion
An ion with positive charge
An ion with negative charge
If a neutral atom loses one or more If a neutral atom gains one or more
electrons it becomes a cation. electrons it becomes an anion
Cl-, O2- , N3-
Na+ ,K+ , Mg2+ , Al3+
Symbol A Z P e n
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K+
19
80
Br-
35
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Al+++
13
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Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
Structure of atom
Isotopes: it is the same atoms of element with the same number of protons (the
same atomic number) but different numbers of neutrons
For example there are 3 isotopes for hydrogen
1H 2H 3H
Hydrogen Deuterium Tritium
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Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
Structure of atom
Example: Carbon (atomic number 6) has three natural isotopes with atomic
weights of 12, 13 and 14.
isotope #p #n
====== == ==
C-12 6 6
C-13 6 7
C-14 6 8
• With exception of hydrogen, which has different names for each of its
Isotopes, isotopes of element are identified by their mass number. For
example carbon isotopes are called : carbon-12 , carbon 13 and carbon 14
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Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
Structure of atom
Average of At. Wt. = ∑ At. Wt. of isotopes x abundance
Example: When a sample of natural copper is vaporized and injected into a mass
spectrometer, it gave major peaks for two isotopes. The mass values for 63Cu and 65Cu are
62.93 amu and 64.93 amu respectively and the abundances are 69.09% and 30.91%
respectively. Compute the average mass of natural copper?
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Exercises
1. What is the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in O2- ion?
2. What do you call atoms of the same element with different mass numbers?
3. What is the appropriate symbol for the isotope Z = 11, A = 23?
4. From the table answer the following questions:
Atoms or ions A B C D E F G
Number of electrons 5 10 18 28 36 5 9
Number of protons 5 7 19 30 35 5 9
Number of neutrons 5 7 20 36 46 6 10
a. Which of the species are neutral?
b. Which of the species are negatively charged?
c. Which of the species are positively charged?
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Chapter Two
Atoms, molecules and Ions
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• Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules and Ions (p42-68 )
• 2.1 The Atomic Theory
• 2.2 The Structure of the Atom
• 2.3 Atomic Number, Mass Number and Isotopes
• 2.4 The Periodic Table
• 2.5 Molecules and Ions
• 2.6 Chemical Formulas
• 2.7 Naming Compounds
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Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
Periodic Table
• Between 1800 and 1900 more than half the elements were discovered.
• Scientists tried to organize all the elements based on similarities which led
to the born of the periodic table.
• The periodic table is a chart in which elements having similar chemical and
physical properties are grouped together.
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Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
Periodic Table
Alkali Earth Metal
Alkali Metal
Noble Gas
Halogen
Group
Period
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Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
Periodic Table
Elements in the periodic table are divided into three categories:
Metal: (in green colour, Most elements) is a good conductor of heat and
electricity
Nonmetal: (in blue colour, 17 elements) is a poor conductor of heat and
electricity
Metalloid: (in brown colour, 8 elements) has properties that are intermediate
between those of metals and nonmetals
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Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
Molecules
• Molecules : is an aggregate of at least two atoms or more in a definite
arrangement held together by chemical forces.
• What is the difference between molecule and compound?
Molecules may contain two atoms of the same element or atoms of different
elements.
Compound only contain two or more elements
Thus all compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds.
Molecules or compounds ?
H2O , I2 , NaCl , H2 , O2 , NaOH
compound
H2O , NaCl , NaOH
All molecules
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Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
Molecules
Diatomic Molecules Polyatomic molecules
Molecules contain only two Molecules contain more than
atoms. Example : H2 , O2 N2 , two atoms. Example : H2O,
HCl , CO NH3, O3
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Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
Chemical Formula
Molecular Formula Empirical Formula
It’s a formula shows the exact shows the simplest whole-number ratio
number of atoms of each elements of the atoms in a substance
in the smallest unit of a substance
•C3H6O
•C6H12O2
•NH2
•N2H4
•O
•O3
•ClCH2
•Cl2C2H4
•C4H5N2O2
•C8H10N4O4
•Al2O3
•Al2O3
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Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
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Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
Formula of Ionic Compounds
•Ionic compound consist of a cation and an anion
• the formula is always the same as the empirical formula
• the sum of the charges on the cation and anion in each formula unit must equal zero
The ionic compound NaCl
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Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
Formula of Ionic Compounds
• The subscript of the cation is numerically equal to the charge on the anion, and
the subscript on the anion is numerically equal to the charge on the cation
Examples:
Al+3 O-2 k+ Br - Mg+2 N-3
Al2O3 KBr Mg3N2
Ca+2 O-2
Ca2O2 CaO 24
Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
1+
2+ 3+ 3- 2- 1-
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Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
Naming compounds There are some compounds
containing carbon are also
considered as inorganic such as
CO2 , CO3- HCO3-, CS2, CO, CN-
Contain carbon usually in Compound
All other
combination with elements such as compounds
hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
Organic Inorganic
Ionic Molecular Acid and hydrate
base
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Common monatomic cations and inions
Cation Name Anion Name
H+ Hydrogen H- Hydride
Li+ Lithium F- Fluoride
Na+ Sodium Cl- Chloride
K+ Potassium Br- Bromide
Cs+ Cesium I- Iodide
Be2+ Beryllium O2- Oxide
Mg2+ Magnesium S2- Sulfide
Ca2+ Calcium Se2- Selenide
Ba2+ Barium Te2- Telluride
Al3+ Aluminum N3- Nitride
Ag+ Silver P3- Phosphide
C4- Carbide
Si4- Silicide
NH4+ is called ammonium
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Rules for naming Binary Ionic Compounds (Type I)
1. The cation is always named first and the anion second.
2. A monatomic cation takes its name from the name of the element. For example: Na+ called
sodium in the names of compounds containing this ion.
3. A monatomic anions is named by taking the root of the element name and adding –ide.
Thus the Cl- ion is called chloride.
Exc. Name each of binary compounds
a. NaCl
b. KI
c. CaCl2
Exc. Give the formula for each of systematic name.
a. Lithium nitride
b. Cesium bromide
c. Magnesium oxide
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Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
Ionic Compounds
-
+
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Binary Ionic Compounds (Type II) Common Type II Cation
Ion Systematic Name Ion Systematic Name
Fe3+ Iron(III) Mn2+ Manganese(II)
Fe2+ Iron(II) Sn4+ Tin(IV)
Cu2+ Copper(II) Sn2+ Tin(II)
Cu+ Copper(I) Pb4+ Lead(IV)
Co3+ Cobalt(III) Pb2+ Lead(II)
Co2+ Cobalt(II) Hg2+ Mercury(II)
Zn2+ Zinc(II) Ag+ Silver(I)
Mn4+ Manganese(IV) Cd2+ Cadmium(II)
Exc. Give the systematic name of each of the following compounds.
a. CuCl
b. HgO
c. Fe2O3
d. PbCl2
e. MnO2
f. CaCl2
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Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
Common Polyatomic Negative Ions
-1 ions
hydrogen sulfate
HCO3- bicarbonate HSO4-
(bisulfate)
CH3CO2- acetate SCN- thiocyanate
NO3- nitrate ClO3- chlorate
NO2- nitrite MnO4- permanganate
OH- hydroxide H2PO4- dihydrogen phosphate
CN- cyanide OH- hydroxide
-2 ions
CO32- carbonate O22- peroxide
SO42- sulfate CrO42- chromate
SO32- sulfite Cr2O72- dichromate
HPO42- hydrogen phosphate
-3 ions
PO43- phosphate AsO43- arsenate
BO33- borate
a. Na2SO4 e. Fe(NO3)2
b. K2CrO4
f. Cu(NO3)2
c. NaHCO3
d. Mn(OH)2 g. NH4ClO3
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Binary Compounds (Type III, Covalent-Contain Two Atoms Nonmetals)
Binary Covalent compounds are formed between two nonmetals.
Number of Atoms Prefix Number of Atoms Prefix
1 mono 6 hexa
2 di 7 hepta
3 tri 8 octa
4 tetra 9 nona
5 penta 10 deca
For example
Compound Systematic Name
N 2O Dinitrogen monoxide
NO Nitrogen monoxide
NO2 Nitrogen dioxide
N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide
N2O4 Dinitrogen tetraoxide
N2O5 Dinitrogen pentoxide
Exc. Name each of the following compounds
a. PCl5 e. SO2
b. PCl3 f. CO2
c. SF6 g. KH2PO4
d. SO3 h. SiC
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Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
Molecular Compounds
EXC. Write the chemical formula of the following compounds:
a) Carbon disulfide
b) disilicon hexabromide
c) sulfur tetrafluoride
Notes
Compounds containing hydrogen are exception from this rule.
Example: B2H6 diborane, CH4 methane, NH3 ammonia , SiH4 silane, PH3 phosphine, H2O
water, H2S hydrogen sulfide
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Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
homework
• Name these compounds:
a) Na2CrO4 j) CdI2
b) K2HPO4 k) SrSO4
l) Al(OH)3
c) HBr
m) Na2CO3
d) Li2CO3 n) FeCl2
e) K2Cr2O7 o) FeO
f) NH4NO2 p) Fe2O3
g) PF3
h) PF5
i) P4O6
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Chapter Two / Atoms, molecules and Ions
homework
• Write the chemical formula for the following compound:
a) Rubidium nitrite
b) potassium sulphide
c) magnesium phosphate
d) calcium hydrogen phosphate
e) potassium dihydrogen phosphate
f) iodine heptaflouride
g) ammonium sulphate
h) silver perchlorate
i) boron trichloride
j) copper (I) cyanide
k) copper (II) cyanide
l) lead (II) carbonate
m) lead (IV) carbonate 35
Thank you
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