Chapter Three

Mass Relationships in Chemical

Reactions
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Chapter 3 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reaction (p78-107)
• 3.1 Atomic Mass
• 3.2 Avogadro’s Number and Molar Mass of an element
• 3.3 Molecular Mass
• 3.5 Percent Composition of Compounds
• 3.6 Determining the Formula of a Compound: Empirical, Molecular and
Structural Formulas
• 3.7 Chemical Equations and Reactions, Balancing Chemical Equations
• 3.8 Stoichiometric Calculations: Amount of Reactants and Products
• 3.9 Calculation Involving Limiting Reagents
• 3.10 Reaction Yield

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 Chapter Three / Mass relationships in Chemical Reactions

Atomic mass

• Atomic mass = protons + neutrons

• The atom is too small to be weighted.
• However, we can determine the mass of one atom relative to another.
• Atomic mass = the mass of atom in amu
• amu is the mass that exactly equal to one-twelfth the mass of one carbon-
12 (12C) atom.
• By definition: 1 atom 12C weight 12 amu.
• Setting the atomic mass of carbon-12 at 12 amu provied the standard for
measuring the atomic mass for the other elements.

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 Chapter Three / Mass relationships in Chemical Reactions

Average atomic mass

• Most element in nature have more than one isotopes. This mean when
calculating the atomic mass we should calculated for all isotopes then take
the average this called Average atomic mass.
• Natural abundance is the abundance of isotopes in nature.

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 Chapter Three / Mass relationships in Chemical Reactions

Average atomic mass

• Average atomic mass= sum of (natural abundance x atomic mass) for each
isotope
Example: calculate the average atomic mass of carbon?
C-12 natural abundance = 98.90% , atomic mass = 12 amu
C-13 natural abundance = 1.10% , atomic mass = 13 amu

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Chapter Three / Mass relationships in Chemical Reactions

Average atomic mass

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 Chapter Three / Mass relationships in Chemical Reactions

Avogadro’s number

• The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that contains as many

elementary entities as there are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of C-12.
• They calculate this number, and it was found to be 6.022 x 10+23 atoms.
• This number was called Avogadro's number (NA) ( after Italian scientist
Amedeo Avogadro).
• 1 dozen of airplanes = 12 airplanes
• 1 dozen of students = 12 students
• 1 dozen of H2O = 12 H2O
• 1 mole of O = 6.022 x 10+23 O atoms
• 1 mole of N = 6.022 X 10+23 N atoms

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 Chapter Three / Mass relationships in Chemical Reactions

Molar Mass

• Molar mass (M)= the mass (in gram) of 1 mole of a substance.

For any element

atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams/mole)

• Example:
Atomic mass of Na is 22.99 amu then Molar mass is 22.99 g/mol
Atomic mass of P is 30.97 amu then Molar mass is 30.97 g/mol

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 No. of Atoms and Moles

Wt. (g) Wt (g)

n=
Atomic Wt.
No. of atoms = No. of mole x 6.022 x 1023 n At. Wt

Exc. Aluminum (Al) is a metal with a high resistance to corrosion, thus it is often used for
structural purposes. Compute the No. of atoms in a 10 g sample of Al?

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 No. of Atoms and Moles

Exc. Cobalt (Co) is a metal that is added to steel to improve its resistance to corrosion.
Calculate both the No. of moles in a sample of cobalt containing 5 x 1020 atoms and the
mass of this sample?

Exc. Calculate the number of atoms in 2 mole of hydrogen?

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 Molecular Mass and No. of Molecules

Molecular Mass: the molecular mass (also called molecular weight) of a compound is the sum
of the molar masses of each of its elements
Wt.
Wt. (g)
n=
Molar Mass n [Link].

No. of molecules = No. of mole x 6.022 x 1023

Exc. Calculate the molar mass ([Link].) of

1. C6H12O2

1. Ca3(PO4)2

1. MgSO4.6H2O

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 Molecular Mass and No. of Molecules

Exc. How many molecules of ethane (C2H6) are present in 0.334 g of C2H6?

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 No. of Molecules and Atoms

Exc: Isopentyl acetate (C7H14O2), the compound responsible for the scent of bananas, can
be produced commercially. Interestingly, bees release about 1µg of this compound when
they sting. The resulting scent attracts other bees to join the attack. How many molecules
of isopentyl acetate are released in a typical bee sting? How many atoms of carbon are
present?.

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 No. of Molecules and Atoms

Exc. How many hydrogen atoms are present in 25.6 g of urea [(NH2)2CO].

Exc. What is the mass, in grams, of one copper atom?

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 Homework

1. How many molecules of ethane (C2H6) are present in 0.30 g of C2H6?

2. Calculate the number of O atoms in 2.00 g of glucose (C6H12O6)

3. Which of the following samples contains the greatest number of lead atoms?

a- 100 g of Pb b- 0.5 mole of PbO

c- 2.0 mole of PbCO3 d- 0.1 mole Pb3(PO4)2

4. What is the molecular weight of CuSO4·5H2O?

5. The density of water is 1.00 g/mL. How many water molecules are present in 4.50 mL?

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 Percent Composition of Compounds

The Simple formula or Empirical formula of a chemical compound is an expression of the

relative numbers of each type of atom in the compound.
The Molecular formula is a way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a
particular chemical compound or it indicates the exact No. of atoms in the molecules.
The Structural formula of a chemical compound is a graphical representation of the
molecular structure showing how the atoms are arranged.
Benzene
Molecular formula: C6H6
Simple formula: CH
Structural formula

Substance Molecular formula Empirical Formula

Water
Methane
Glucose
Ethane
Benzene
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 Percent Composition of Compounds

Exc. Find out the molecular formula of a compound his molecular weight is 284 gmol-1 and his
simple formula is P2O5 .

molar mass of compound known form the quesition

Ratio =
empirical molar mass

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 Percent Composition of Compounds

Percent composition by mass: is the percent by mass of each element in a compound.

No of element atoms x At. Wt.
% mass percent of element = Molecular Weight of compound

Example Penicillin, the first of a now large number of antibiotics, was discovered
accidentally by the Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming in 1928. Penicillin F has the
formula C14H20N2SO4. Compute the mass percent of each element.

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 Percent Composition of Compounds

Percent Composition of a Compounds

• It possible to determine the empirical formula from the percentage of

elements in the compound.
1- change % to g
Wt. (g)
2- change g to mole n=
Molar Mass

3- divide by the smallest number of moles.

4- if there was fraction after division change to integer subscripts ( multiply by
1 or 2 or 3 etc until reach integer.

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 Percent Composition of Compounds

Exc. Determine the empirical and molecular formulas for a compound that gives the
following analysis : 71.65% Cl, 24.27% C and 4.07% H. The molar mass is known to be 98.96
gmol-1.

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 Percent Composition of Compounds

Exc. Determine the empirical formulas for a compound that gives the following analysis:
40.92% C, 4.58% H.

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 Homework

1. Which pair of the following compounds has the same empirical formula?

a- C2H6O3 and CH2O b- NO2 and N2O4 c- C6H6and CH4 d- NO2 and NO

1. Calculate the percent composition by mass of C in picric acid (C6H3N3O7).

2. The empirical formula of an organic compound with 85.7% C and 14.3% H is:
3. An empirical formula of an organic compound is C3H4O2, if the molecular weight of
the compound is (360 g/mol), what is the molecular formula of the compound?

4. Which of these is the richest source of nitrogen on a mass percentage basis?

a- Urea, (NH2)2CO b- Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3

c- Guanidine, HNC(NH2)2 d- Ammonia, NH3+

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 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations

Chemical reaction is a change involves a reorganization of the atoms in one or more

substances
Chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what happens during a chemical reaction

Physical States

State Symbol
Solid (s)
Liquid (l)
Gas (g)
Dissolved in water (aq)

O2(g) + 2H2(g) H2O(l)

Reactants Product

KBr(aq) + AgNO3(aq) KNO3(aq) + AgBr(s)

Reactants Products
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 Chapter Three / Mass relationships in Chemical Reactions

Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations

• How to read chemical equations

2Mg + O2 2MgO
a) 2 atom of Mg + 1 molecules of O2 makes 2 molecules of MgO
b) 2 mole of Mg + 1 mole of O2 makes 2 mole of MgO
C) From perodic table
48.6 g of Mg + 32 g of O2 makes 80.6 g of MgO
Molar mass (g/mol)

d) 2 g of Mg + 1 g of O2 makes 2 g of MgO

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 Chapter Three / Mass relationships in Chemical Reactions

Balancing Chemical Equation

1. Identify all reactants and products and write their correct formula on the
left side and right side of the equation.

2. Begin balancing by Change the numbers in front of the formulas

(coefficients) to make the number of atoms in each element the same on
both sides of the equation. Do not change the subscripts.
NO2 when multiply by 2=======2NO2 not N2O4

3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in only one reactant and
one product.

4. Balance those elements that appear in two or more reactants or products.

5. Check to make sure that you have the same number of each type of atom
on both sides of the equation.
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 Balancing Chemical Equations

H2 (g) + O2 (g) H2O (l)

CS2 (s) + Cl2 (g) CCl4 (l) + S2Cl2 (s)

(NH4)2Cr2O7 (s) Cr2O3 (s) + N2 (g) + 4H2O (g)

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 Balancing Chemical Equations

C5H12 + O2 CO2 + H2O

C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

Al + O2 Al2O3

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 Chapter Three / Mass relationships in Chemical Reactions

Amount of Reactants and Products

Stoichiometric Calculations: Amount of Reactants and Products

The Steps for Calculating Masses of Reactants and Products in Chemical Reactions
1. Balance the equation for the reaction
2. Convert the known mass of the reactant or product to moles of that substance.
3. Use the balanced equation to set up appropriate mole ratios.
4. Use the appropriate mole ratios to calculate the number of moles of the desired
reactant or product
5. Convert from moles back to grams if required by the problem.

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 Chapter Three / Mass relationships in Chemical Reactions

Amount of Reactants and Products

Example: Monoxide (CO) can be reacted with diiodine pentoxide (I2O5) to give 0.192 g of
iodine (I2). Calculate the weight of CO?

I2O5 + CO I2 + CO2

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 Amount of Reactants and Products

Example: Solid lithium hydroxide is used in space vehicles to remove exhaled carbon
dioxide from the living environment by forming solid lithium carbonate and liquid water.
What mass of gaseous carbon dioxide can be absorbed by 1 kg of lithium hydroxide?
LiOH (s) + CO2 (g) Li2CO3 (s) + H2O (l)

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 Amount of Reactants and Products

Homework
[Link] the reaction:
2 PbS (s) + 3 O2 (g) → 2 PbO (s) + 2 SO2 (g)
If 5.0 mol of PbS reacts with excess oxygen, how many moles of SO2 will produced?
2. Sodium metal and water react to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. The mass of
Na that will react with excess water to produce 16.0 g NaOH is

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → H2(g) + 2NaOH(aq)

[Link] many moles of SO3 are produced by reaction of 10 g oxygen according to the
reaction?

2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3

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 Limiting Reagent (Limiting Reactant) and Theoretical Yield

Limiting Reagent: is the chemical that determines how far the reaction will go before the
chemical in equation gets "used up", causing the reaction to stops.

Example: Assume that we have 20 mol of F2 and 4 mol of S. which compound is the
limiting reagent.
S + F2 SF6

Always take the smallest Ratio

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 Limiting Reagent (Limiting Reactant) and Theoretical Yield

Theoretical yield: is how much product will be synthesized in ideal conditions.

Actual Yield: this is how much product was actually synthesized in the experiment.

Percentage Yield = Mass of Actual Yield x 100%

Mass of Theoretical Yield

Steps for Solving a Stoichiometry Problems Involving Limiting Reagent:

1. Write and balance the equation for the reaction.
2. Convert the known masses of substances to moles.
3. Determine which reactant is the limiting.
4. Using the amount of the limiting reactant and the appropriate mole ratios,
compute the number of moles of the desired products.
5. Convert from moles to grams, using the molar mass.

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 Limiting Reagent (Limiting Reactant) and Theoretical Yield

Example : Nitrogen gas can be prepared by passing gaseous ammonia over solid copper(II)
oxide at high temperatures. The other products of reaction are solid copper and water
vapor. If a sample containing 18.1 g of NH3 is reacted with 90.4 g of CuO. Which is the
limiting reactant? How many grams of N2 will be formed?
NH3 (g) + CuO (s) N2 (g) + Cu (s) + H2O (g)

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 Limiting Reagent (Limiting Reactant) and Theoretical Yield

Example: Methanol (CH3OH) is the simplest alcohol. It is used as a fuel in race cars and is
potential replacement for gasoline. Methanol can be manufactured by combination of
gaseous carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Suppose 68.5 Kg of CO(g) is reacted with 8.60 Kg of
H2 (g). Calculate the teortical yield of methanol. If 3.57 x 104 g of CH3OH is actually produced,
what is the percent yield of methanol?

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Limiting Reagent (Limiting Reactant) and Theoretical Yield

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 Limiting Reagent (Limiting Reactant) and Theoretical Yield

Homework
1. How many grams of SF4 (g) can theoretically be prepared from 6.00 g of SCl2 (g) and 3.50 g of
NaF(s)?
The equation of reaction is:

3 SCl2 (g) + 4 NaF (s) → SF4 (g) + S2Cl2 (l) + 4 NaCl (s)

2. Hydrogen fluoride is used in the manufacture of Freon (which destroy ozone in the stratosphere) and in
the production of aluminum metal. In one process 6.000 kg of CaF2 are treated with an excess of H2SO4
and yield 2.860 kg of HF.
Calculate the percent yield of HF. It is prepared by the reaction:

CaF2 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + 2HF

3. In an experiment, the actual yield was 7.05 g and the theoretical yield was 8.55 g, what is the percentage
yield of the product?

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