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emolecule82Origin of Life
_____________________ Generation
• An obsolete idea that living organisms
could originate (poof into existence) from
_____________ material
• Believed from 300BC to 1862 (over 2000
years!)
• Disproving Spontaneous
Generation
o 1. _____________ showing life was not spontaneously generating
o 2. More powerful microscopes observing bacteria
dividing by binary fission
Third Part of the Cell Theory
• These findings led to the ______ part of the Cell Theory: that
cells come from _____________ cells (they do not
spontaneously generate)
• This means ____ life on Earth is ____________ and we can
trace all cells that have ever existed back to a single cell
o This cell is called _________ (Last Universal Common
Ancestor)
o This cell is the ________________________
Ancient Earth
• Earth is ____ billion years old
o We know this by __________ dating of the _______ rocks (the moon was created at the same time as
Earth)
• The Earth was too ________ for life for over a billion years → _______ and being impacted by _____________
(heavy bombardment)
• ________ on Earth - Life depends on water and we need it for the origin of life! How did it get here?
o During the Late Heavy Bombardment 4 bya, countless meteors rained down on the Earth
o Over time, these ___ asteroids and comets ______________ oceans to Earth, depositing the water
directly to the surface
The Origin of Life
• Scientists believe the origin of life occurred around ____ billion years ago, after the planet had cooled & stabilized
• Where on Earth did it occur?
o ____________________ Hypothesis – the origin of life occurred in a warm little pond like a hot spring
o _______________________ Hypothesis– still warm and nutrient-rich, but also protected from
damaging
____
radiation in
the deep sea
Chemical Evolution
• A form of ________
_____________ –
the creation of life
from non-living
materials
• The origin of life
occurred not in a
singular event (like
spontaneous
generation), but by
inorganic chemicals
joining, reforming and
becoming _______ and more ___________ over time → eventually giving rise to the first ______
___________________________ Experiment (1950’s)
• Purpose: to test the hypothesis of ____________ evolution/Primordial
Soup Hypothesis
• Set-up: used a closed system of tubes to simulate the
_________________________
o Inorganic gases + Water + Heat + Electricity
• Findings: In just 3 days, simple ______________ molecules including
__________________ had been produced
The Other “Steps”
• Miller & Urey ________________ create life, they proved that the first
“step” in chemical evolution is possible in a short time frame
• Monomers polymerized and aggregated over millions of years to form a
cell
o Ex. Fatty acids form phospholipid bilayers when placed into water
→ _________________________
o ______ can act as a protein and a molecule of heredity →
replication & inheritance
▪ RNA World Hypothesis: RNA existed before DNA
First Life On Earth
• 1. ________: The 1st cell on Earth
o A ____________________ (__________bacteria)
o _______________ (doesn’t need oxygen)
o _________autotroph (makes sugar from inorganic chemicals)
• 2. _________________: The 2nd type of cell on Earth
o A _________________ (bacteria)
o ______autotroph (makes sugar from the suns
energy in a process called photosynthesis)
o Responsible for increasing ___________ levels on
Earth (will eventually cause formation of the
________ to help protect life from ___ radiation)
• 3. __________ Bacteria: the 3rd type of cell on Earth
o Bacteria began using the free oxygen produced
by cyanobacteria in a process known as aerobic
cell respiration (get ___ATP/glucose instead of
__ ATP with anaerobic)
Evolution of Eukaryotes
• Most of the organelles, including the nucleus, evolved by the cell membrane _________ into the cell
• ___________________ Theory: attempts to explain the origin and evolution of the _____________ and
____________
o Endosymbiosis 1: an aerobic bacteria
invaded a larger anaerobic bacteria
and they formed a symbiotic
relationship.
▪ Overtime, this aerobic
bacteria evolved into
mitochondria
▪ Ancestor of all _________
and __________ (also
aerobic and heterotrophic)
o Endosymbiosis 2: the heterotrophic
protist engulfed a cyanobacteria,
forming another symbiotic
relationship
▪ Overtime, the cyanobacteria evolved into chloroplasts
▪ Ancestor of all ________