INTRODUCTION

TOURISM IN THE 21ST CENTURY

 Tourism is a dynamic sector that is influenced by changes in society.
 Tourism is influenced by external issues impacting on its development, business,
destinations.
Globalisation and global conflict
 Globalisation:
+ Means “crossing borders”.
+ Describes the process by which events, decisions and activities to have significant
outcomes for communities and individuals in quite distant part of the globe.
+ Led to multicutural communities, where a range of cultures co-exist and come together.
+ Even though there are still cultural differences, global conflict is developed – common values,
tastes, products.

 Albrow summaries 4 phenomena:

+ Values and daily behaviour of many groups influenced by other parts.
+ Images, information and products available everywhere and everytime.
+ ICT maintains social relationships and direct communication with lifestyles and daily
routines.
+ International laws and agreements.

 Drawbacfis:
+ Reducing the power of national governments.+ Reducing cultural differences and fading
national identities.
+ Environment degradation.
+ Increasing wealth gap.

-Sustainability and climate change:

●
Rogers: “the term choose to bridge the gulf between development and environment”.
●
Dresner: “sustainable development as the aim to intergrate environmental
consderations into economic policy”.

 3 determinants:
+ Consumption: not to use resources beyond the reasonable limit set by nature through
regeneration.
+ Production: take into account the economic, environmental and social benefits.
+ Distribution: reduce poverty and inequalities.

 Climate change: human activity has increased the “greenhouse effect”: warming that
results when the atmosphere traps heat radiating from Earth towards space.

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY

 ICT is the use of technologies that help organisations store, process and communicate
eclectronically.
 4 stages:
+ Data processing (DP).
+ Management Information Systems (MIS).
+ Strategic Information Systems (SIS).
+ The network era

DATA PROCESSING
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

STRATEGIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

DP MIS SIS
 Impact on organisations:
+ Greater productivity.
+ Rapid submission, transmission and sharing.
+ Quicker decisions.

The sharing economy

 Peer-to-peer (P2P) economy: exchange, swap, rent or sell their possessions and property to
strangers around the world at the touch of a button.
 Airnb: online marketplace to rent out homes, rooms to travelers.
 Online travel agencies (OTAs): Worldwide marketing platform for tourism suppliers;
Convenience for customers.
 The internet of things (IoTs): Including everything that is connected to the Internet:
Mobile checking in and checking out; Use the guest’s smartphone as a room key; Viewing of
social media and streaming channels via the room’s TV;Control of heating, lighting, air
conditioning and curtains.

UNDERSTANDING TOURISM
WHAT IS TOURISM?
 Tourism: to circle or to turn, means a trip that ends un the same place that it began; a
round trip.
 Definitions:
+ Conceptual definitions: what tourism really is in theory not just who tourists are or how
many trips they make; a broad and holistic framework
+ Technical definitions: what tourists are and what the tourism industry is; data about the
size of tourism and its economic value.
Conceptual definition of tourism
 Travel and stay of non-residents.
 Not lead to permanent residence.
 Not connected to any earning activity.
 To be served services, away from the usual habitat.
 Impacts that both he and the industry have on the host socio-cultural, economic, and
physical environments.
 3 basic elemts:
+ The dynamic element: easy to change.
+ The destination alement: static.
+ The consequential elemt: economic, environmental, social impacts.
Technical definitons pf tourism
 2 perspectives: demand-side and supply-side.
+ Demand-side perspectives : consider tourism consumption and identify the
characteristics of tourists and their behaviour and expenditure in destinations.
Technical definitions of tourism have traditionally focused on the demand side.
+ Supply-side perspectives : examine the businesses and organisations that
supply tourism products.
 U main purposes of a tourism trip:
+ Holidays, leisure and recreation.
+ Visitting friends and relatives (VFR).
+ Education and training.
+ Health and medical care.
+ Religion and pilgrimage.
+ Shopping.
+ Transit.
+ Other.
+ Business and professional.

 Function of tourism supply:

+ Products.
+ Intermediaries.
+ Support serices.

 Visitors can be classified

+ Tourists: stay in the country visited for at least 24 hours
+ Excursionists: stay at less than 24 hours in the country visited – non
overnight.
TOURISM INCOME APPROACH
Tourism as an industry
Tourism characteristic supply:
 Accommodation for visitors.
 Food and beverage serving services.
 Railway passenger transport.
 Road passenger transport.
 Water passenger transport.
 Air passenger transport.
 Transport equipment rental services.
 Travel agencies and other erservation services.
 Cultural services.
 Sport and recreational services.
 Country-specific tourism characteristic services.

FORMS OF TOURISM
The geographical setting of the destinations
 Urban tourism: tourism in cities and towns using the resources that are provided
primarily for local residents and businesses as atttraction for tourists.
 Rural tourism: tousism ion small towns and villages or to remote natural areas. Demand is
heavily influenced by weather. Mainly attract holidaym leisure and recreation visitors.
 Resort tourism: tourism in a place that attracts large volumes of tourits, and where the
economy and services are dominated by tourism. May develop in an existing village or town, or
be purpose built. Usually located in coastal or mountain regions.
Types of tourism by activities

Type Explain Example

Heritage tourism Monument, building, Independence
geographical feature Palace, HuếCapital
Eco tourism Rural/ wilderness/ Cát Tiên national
natural environment; park, Kruger national
positive impacts park
Sun, sea and sand Coastal destinations Vũng Tàu beach
tourism
 Cultural tourism Art galleries, Ðức Bà cathedral
museums, village
architecture,
religion,local
lifestyle, language
and traditions,
culturalevents
Sport tourism Sporting event SEA games,
climbingmountain,
kayaking
MICE tourism Business and SECC
professional
purposes: meetings,
exhibiton
Event tourism Organised event, Worldcup
which may be
cultural orsporting
Dark tourism Prison, muder sites Củ Chi tunnel, Ba
Chúctomb, Hỏa Lò
prison
Cruise tourism Ocean and river Titanic
journeys
VFR tourism Friends and relatives

Demand – Destination
 Domestic tourism: own country.
 Inbound tourism: from other country.
 Outbound tourism: to other country.
Characteristics of the trip:
Independent travel - Not travel with an
organised group.
- Research, make reservations,
payments direct with suppliers.
- Demand increases greatly as
the internet has improved and
low-cost airlines.
Inclusive (Pacfiage) travel - Tour.
- Sold at one price.
- Group or individual.
Group travel - Know or not know each other,
for personal or business
purpose.
Corporate travel - Companies corporate
customers.
Mass tourism - Large-scale holiday touriam.
- Offer standardlized products
and experiences.
- Require major infrastructure.
- Appeal to broad tourists.
- Not totally true:
negative environmental
and social impacts.
Alternative tourism - Attracts low volumes
of tourists.
- Benefits the host economy,
environment and society.
- Soft/slow/green/eco/
 responsible tourism.

POON’S NEW TOURISM

Mass tourism would not survive at the end of the 20thcentury because of:
 New consumers.
 New technologies.
 Emergece of a new global best practice.
 Limits to growth.

OLD TOURISTS NEW TOURISTS

Experience Less experienced Experienced
Travel style Group travel Independent travel
Tour type Pre-arranged, pre- Self-planned,
paid, inclusive tours flexible,
customizable
Motivation A break from routine, Seek unique
novelty; destination experience,
less important adventure,
individuality
;
destination matters
Behaviour Follow rules, less Spontaneous,
adventurous flexible, adventurous,
enjoy unpredictability
Decision-mafiing Rely on travel agents Research and plan
or tour operators their own trip
Goal Relaxation, escape stand out,
from routine experience
something different,
show individuality
Unit 3:ECONOMIC IMPACTS
Direct economic impacts:
 Impacts are generated directly via tourism expenditure (how much that tourists spend for
buying).
 Tourist income directly generate income and jobs in hotels, attractions, TO,TA.
 Tourists’ expenditure may also generate economic impact in places that are not an
important part of tourism industry such as health, spa.
Indirect economic impacts:
 Tourist expenditure indirectly increases the local economy by purchasing.
 Businesses that are not within the tourism sector are benefitting from tourism indirectly.
Induced economic impacts:
 The result of expenditure by people of the region, who have been directly or indirectly
affected by tourist expenditure.
 If through tourism many residents of a region are better off, they are likely to spend more
and make many local businesses flourish.
 They may in turn hire more staff or pay more taxes.

Income generation The income that is generated via

tourism activities, where it is
generated, and how it is
distributed.
Employment generation The number of jobs that are
generated via tourism activities,
the type and quality of the jobs,
and the type of employees that
work in them.
Tax revenue generation The revenue that the
government makes via taxation
of tourist activities, cand the
products and services that are
taxed.
Balance of payments A record of financial transactions
 between one country and the
rest of the world.
Improvement economic The development of different
structure of a destination linkages between tourism and
region other sectos in the economy of
the destination.
Encouragement of The extent to which tourism
entrepreneurial encourages entrepreneurs in the
activity host community to start or
expand their business.
 Money coming in is called ''Credit," and money going out is called “………Debit............................".
– Having more money from foreign tourists than its residents spend abroad. It is surplus
–If a country's residents spend more on travel abroad than the country earns from
foreign tourists. It is deficit.
ECONOMIC DISADVANATAGES
Costs
 Direct costs : are directly linked to the provision of tourism products or services.
 Indirect costs : are not directly linked to goods and services, but that rise when the volume
of tourists in the destination rises.
 Opportunity costs : the opportunities that are lost because of the development of tourism.
Inflation
 A rise in the general level of prices or a fall in the purchasing power of money.
(The prices of goods and services go up, making money less valuable is called Infaltion)
 Demand-pull inflation: happens when there's too much money in circulation chasing too
few available goods.
Over-dependence
 Tourism brings economic benefits, over-dependence on tourism can make the area more
economically vulnerable.
 A decrease in demand for the destination, a new competitor or an economic downturn.
Seasonality
-Many destinations have the peak season and the low season. Increased
propensity to imports
-Destination becomes more dependent on imports because of tourism.
GRP: Gross Regional Product.
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL IMPACTS
1. The socio-cultural impacts of Tourism on host communities
●
Tourism is a form of meeting.
●
The friendliness of the communities is promoted as an attraction.
●
The extent of contact between hosts and tourists.
●
Social impact: refer to international relations, social conduct, crime, safety and health
●
Cultural impact: refer to material and non-material forms of culture(ex: heritage and
religious buildings, artifact, ritual) and processes of cultural change
2. POSITIVE IMPACTS
Better understanding between cultures
Increasing the cultural awareness between hosts and visitors, tourism can contribute to reducing
stereotypes and prejuduces about nationalities, religions, and cultures.
Revival of culture
+Can increase the cultural pride; revive aspects of this culture that might have been
declining
+Encourage young people in the host community to become actively involved.
Improved standard of living
+Tourism development often requires infrastructural improvements that improve the host
community’s standard.
+Bring new employment opportunities

3. NEGATIVE IMPACTS (10 impacts)

Conflicts of interest
– Tourist may see the destination as a place of rest but for locals it is a place of work
– Tourist sector has little control over these resources
Pressure on limited resources
– Tourists out extra pressure on local resources such as public transport, parking
facilities, waste collection and hospitals, particularly during periods of peak demand.
Resentment
– Will be caused when the economic impact doesn't benefit the host community enough
– Can also be caused by the behaviors of tourist
Loss of cultural pride
– Increase local pride, but reverse effect and cause a feeling of inferiority.
– Local residents may feel that they are objectified in front of the camera and that their
culture is overly commercialised.
– Local population does not feel a part of tourism development.
Staged authencity
- Culture becomes a selling point for many destinations, culture might be commercialised
and lose their true meaning.
- Authenticity is an issue not only for intangible aspects of culture such as norms, but also
for tangible acpects.
Demonstration effect
– Refer to the act of copying tourist's behaviour, dress code or preferences
–
Young people stop wearing traditional clothes
Commodification – Trinketisation – Cocacolonisation
1. Commodification
- A value, a cultural aspect or an artefact is turned into a commodity: in other words, that it is
commercialised.
- Everything becomes consumable and thus similar and familiar.
2. Trinketisation
- A term that refers to the commercialisation and trivialisation of culture.
- Cultural motives and traditions are still recognisable, but they are no longer linked to their
history or meaning.
3. Cocacolonisation
- The spreading of Werstern cultures and values throughout the world.
- These values often represent (over-)consumption and the free market, materialistic wants,
homogeneity and a distancing from nature and the natural environment.
- ‘Disneyfication’ refers to the sanitising of environments into clean and safe places,
removing all risk, until these places feel like a Disney theme park. Although safety and
cleanliness are no doubt positive, the term is used negatively to refer to the modification of
qhat is authentic and complex into easily understandable and consumable chunks.
Displacement
- The local residents, because of the development of tourism, are forced to move away from
their homes.
- In some cases, this may mean the local residents lose not only their homes, but also their
livelihood.
Crime and prostitution
- Tourist-related crimes include theft, robberies and assaults on tourisrs and also the host
community.
- This is mostly the case when there is a big financial divide between the tourist and the host
community, and when the fact of being in another country give the sex tourist a feeling of
being ‘untouchable’.
- ‘Child prostitution’.
Begging by children and child labour
- Tourism opportunities can divert children from education by encouraging them to sell
souvenirs, provide street entertainment pr beg for money.
- In some coutries, giving money to begging children is often frowned upon because it is
seen to encourage a culture of depenence on hand-outs.
 SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS ON TOURISTS
Positive impacts
- Rest and renewal
activities.
+A break from routine, escape from the stressful or boring daily surroundings and
+ Chance to relax
+ Rediscover themselves
+Recharge batteries, refreshed
- Mental and physical health
+ Improvements in health- mainly mental health and mental
+Reduce the risk of stress
- Social interaction – strengthening relationships
+Meet new people
+ Increase the tourists's social support network
+ Contribute to higher confidence levels
+ Better understanding of people and cultures
+ Counteract incorrect negative stereotypes
+Spending quality time with loved
ones
- Broadening experiences
+ Visit a place they might not have been to before
+ Engage in activities new to them
+Development of a new hobby or a skill
+Take an interest in a new art
+ Increased well-being and confidence
- Developing independence: Faced with new situations or unexpected problems.
Negative impacts
- Terrorism: tourist can be a prime target for terrorism since they attract a lot of media
attention.
- Crime aggainst tourists: pick-pocketing or burglary, alcohol-related violence, fear and
anxiety.
- Scams: conning tourists out of their money.
Tourist type

Tourist type Visibility/pressure Attitude towards

local culture
Explorer Very limited Adapts fully
 Elite Rarely seen Adapts fully
Off-beat Uncommon but seen Adapts well
Unusual Occasional Adapts somewhat
Incipient mass Steady flow Seels familiar
amenities
Mass Continuous influx Expects familiar
amenities
Charter Massive arrivals Demands familiar
amenities

🔥 1. Nhớ 1 trục chính:

👉 Ít người → hòa nhập nhiều
👉 Đông người → càng “đòi hỏi tiện nghi quen thuộc”

📊 Chia thành 3 nhóm (dễ nhớ hơn nhiều)

🌿 Nhóm 1: ÍT người → hòa nhập mạnh
 Explorer
 Elite
👉 keyword:
 very limited / rarely seen
 adapts fully
💡 nhớ câu:
👉 “Ít người = sống như local”
Explorer -> very limited -> adapt fully
Elite -> rarely seen -> adapt fully

🌱 Nhóm 2: Trung bình → hòa nhập vừa

 Off-beat – uncommon -> adapt well
 Unusual- ocacasional ->adapt somewhat
👉 keyword:
 uncommon / occasional
 adapts well / somewhat
💡 nhớ:
👉 “Có hòa nhập nhưng chưa hết mình”

🏨 Nhóm 3: Đông → KHÔNG hòa nhập

 Incipient mass – steady flow – seels familiar amenities
 Mass – continous – expects familiar amenities
 Charter – massive – demand familiar amenities
👉 keyword:
 steady → continuous → massive
 expects/demands familiar amenities
💡 nhớ:
👉 “Càng đông = càng muốn giống ở nhà”

THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM

NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Environmental impacts of tourism on a destination
Negative environmental impacts on tourism:
-Visible within destinations but may also occur within the generating region and along
transit routes.
-3 aspects of destinations:
+The natural environment: Climate, water/soil pollution, waste/litter, over-use of resources.
+Animal life: Habitats, animal behaviours, eco-systems, and the dangers of the souvenir trade.
+ The built environment: Over-development, pollution via building work, aesthetic pollution.
The natural environment
1. Climate change
- “The greenhouse effect”.
- The energy sector is the largest contributor to global warming.
- UNWTO estimates that tourism is responsible for 5% of global CO2 emissions.
- The transport sector: 75% of all emissions: Air travel, motorised road , rail transport, sea
transport.
2. Water pollution
- Tourism takes place in areas close to water, such as seas or lakes.
- Inadequate facilities.
- Use of fertilisers and herbicides, not the tourists’ activities in the water.
3. Soil pollution
Chemicals or man-made substances.
 4. Waste/Litter
- Increases the destination’s population, level of waste that is generated too.
- Waste: organic & inorganic.
- No completely safe method of waste disposal.
5. Overuse of Natural Resources
The construction of large resorts places high demands on this resource.
Animal life
1. Animal behaviours
- Contact with tourists may be alterd the behaviour patterns and habits of animals, especially
when that contact is frequent and intense.
- Spend less time hunting and foraging => Higher population.
- Dependent on these humans => not develop or maintain the necessary skills to feed itself
=> habituated to human contact.
2. Animal habitats
- Trees, shrubs and other elements that are vital to the lives of the animals may be removed
during the construction process.
- Harder for some of them to access sources of food and water.
3. Introduction of Foreign life Systems
- Export or import food stuffs, seeds, bulbs, or live animals and plants.
- Introduction of new life forms is particularly dangerous in pristine and fragile environments.
4. Souvenir trade
Unaware of the environmental impacts of this, or because this adds to their value as a
novelty item.
5. The built environment
Requires extensive development of supporting facilities.
S. Overdevelopment
- Strong economic benefits.
- Unplanned fashion.
- Built environment to look ugly.
- Negatively affect the quality of life of the local community.
7. Aesthetic Pollution
- Started looking very similar, with the little sensitivity shown towards local cultures
or building styles.
- Effects for the local population, popularity of the destination.
8. Sediment (Trầm tích) & Destabilisation ( Mất ổn định) after Building work
- Cause large amounts of sediment to settle over the surrounding areas.
- Sediment can smother vegetation, or be washed away via runoff water.
- The construction of new tourist facilities may also involve the removal of certain natural
barriers against erosion, causing destabilisation of the area.
POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
1. Conservation/Protection of the Natural Environment
- The natural environment can become a source of income for the local community. Less
need to replace the natural area with housing, industry or commercial uses.
Beaches,mountains, lakes and countryside are important because they take good care of this asset
=> Awareness from the tourists.
2. Regeneration of the Built environment:
Regeneration can involve the conservation and restoration of heritage buildings, but modern
architecture that become symbols or 'flagships' of the city; the revitalization of run-down
urban areas so that they become an attractive place.
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
The focus the environment in defining sustainable tourism
- ‘Sustain’ has always focused more on the environment in tourism.
- Recently, new emphasis on social sustainability.
- This evolution with a continued focus on the environment will help sustainability.
Responsible tourism
- A term refers to a new attitude to tourism.
- Seeing tourism not as just a product, but as an activity with consequences and everyone:
+ Tourists: behaviors at the destination.
+ Tourism providers: operation, policies and development
+ Local communities: involvement in tourism.
+ Governments: planning and regulating tourism.
Eco-tourism
- Centred on nature-based attractions.
- There is usually an educational element involved in the experience, which can be intensive or
rather light.
- Learn about the environment is usually one of the motivations for tourists to participate in
eco-tourism.
- Key benefits:
+ Revenue stream that can be used to fund conservation activities.
+ Encourage the tourist to adopt a more environmentally friendly attitude.
+ Providing the eco-tourism experience, tourists take on the role of environmental advocates and
stewards.
Agro-tourism (DL nông nghiệp)
- Be confused with rural tourism.
- Refers to a specific set of activities organized by farmers for tourists to stay and engage in
everyday working activity.
 - Based on the customs and culture of the area.
- The customers tend to be educated and of predominantly urban origin, tend to be
environmentally conscious.
Managing environmental impacts
- Economic view is increasingly being left => The management of negative environmental
impacts therefore becomes central.
-New emphasis on the need for environmental sustainability
- Three keys:
+ Determining carrying capacity.
+ Policy and planning.
+ The role of partnerships.
 UNIT 12: The management visitors
1. The needs for visitor management
"The greater the exposure of the site to visitors, the greater is the potential for negative
impacts to arise" - Garrods, 2008.
– Limit the negative impacts by balancing the needs of tourists with those of the
destination. There are 2 equally important parts:
+ Protecting the destination
+ Tourists having a quality experience
– Visitor management plans can address a wide range of pressures, often includes:
(1) To avoid Overcrowding
(2) To influence tourists' behaviors
(3) To address traffic-related problems
(1) To avoid OVERCROWDED
-Tourists number increase, but most destination do not
-Overcrowding, especially in small destinations, may become a problem
* Causing negative environment impacts
* Reducing visitors' experience
* Affect the residents' quality of life
-Can happen in certain places or throughout the destination
-Can happen at certain time of the year or a constat problem
-Depends on the type of destination and the severity of the impacts
-Visitor management strategies can discourage 1 type of tourist whilst attracting others
(2) To INFLUENCE Tourists' behaviors
-Visitors might intentionally do damage to the destination but some of them can have
negative impacts
-Examples of Garrod ( 2008):
+ Trampling: tourists walk on fragile areas -> damage nature + Handing: tourists touching
historical artifacts -> damage
+ Humidity & Temperature (độ ẩm và nhiệt độ) : the breathing of tourists can change the
temperature and humidity levels -> have a profound impact on historical sites and artifacts
+ Pilfering: tourist taking home elements of historical/natural attractions as souvenirs
(usually without malicious intent) ko có ý xâu
(3) To REDUCE Traffic-Related problems
-The big number of vehicles -> Destinations don't have enough parking space or enough quality
of road
-Exhaust fumes -> Damage and Pollution -> Not only destinations at risk, but also increase
risk for visitors and staff
-Historical sites struggle to provide car parking spaces and drop-off points -> Have to park
far away from the destinations -> No enjoyable for the visitors → Need to have better park and
ride schemes.

2. Respecting Carrying Capacity

-Richardson & Fluker (2004): 5 types of CC
+ Physical: the maximum number of visitors
(Sức chứa tối đa)
+ Ecological:The number of visitors that one place can contain before having any damages (Số
lượng tối đa du khách trước khi có bất kì thiệt hại nào)(limits based on protecting nature).
+ Social:the number of visitors that one place can contain before having damages in host
community. (limits based on the tolerance of local residents).
+ Psychological/Perceptual (tâm lý/ nhận thức):
limits based on visitor comfort and experience
the number of visitors in one place before the visitor experience declines. (limits based on visitor
comfort and experience)
+ Economic:
In a destination
-The number of visitors can maintain before other desirable economic activities are squeezed out.
-This refers to the dependency of certain destinations on tourism, and the fact that it is usu-
ally better to rely on a diverse economy with different active sectors than to rely overly on
one sector alone.
-Physical CC is usually the higher number.
3. Visitor Management Measures and Techniques
1. Richard & Flucker (2004) gave the definitions
HARD measure:
-A measurement that can be enforced, firm and blinding (physical and financial measures)
-Measures that are strict and have punishment -ex: "The zoo is closed at C pm" or "Have to wear
helmets"
- Need enforcement mechanisms Staff
should be there to handle.
-> This makes hard measures more complicated to introduce, but in return the guidelines may
be followed more closely
-Pros: The guidelines can be followed more closely (ưu)
-Cons: More complicated to introduce.(nhược)
SOFT measures:
-Measures that cannot be enforced as easily and are not as binding - they are, by contrast,
persuasive.
To informe visitors about the impacts of their actions and suggesting low-impact behaviours.
--> Visitors will behave in ways that will cause fewer negative impacts to the attraction or
destination.
-Just telling, NO punishment.
-Example: Directional signage (turn, stop...), codes of ethics.
- Easier to introduce, informing visitors of the impacts of their actions
-Pros: Not coming across as m being very draconian
-Cons: Relying too much on visitors' goodwill.
+ Measures impacting the Site vs. Visitor.

There are a range of TECHNIQUES and many are often combined to effectively handle the
problems caused by intensive visitation
1. Increasing capacity
-To add a new building or build an extension
-To have solution immediately . If not Tourists do not have good experience
-To have flexible method to reduce the negative impacts but do not affect the visitor
experience
(C techniques):
a/Extended opening times
b/Increasing staff levels
c/Opening more tills / cash register (to reduce queues at tills)
d/Opening additional areas for facilities such as cafes
e/Cross-training staff
f. Managing flows of visitors and offering different routes.
2. Marking Capacity more flexible
3. Site hardening (gia cổ khu vực tham quan)
 -Protects natural environments from negative tourism impacts
-Uses durable infrastructure:
• Well-designed trails
• Gravel, wood, or paved surfaces
• Fencing to keep visitors on track
-Reduces damage from high visitor numbers
-Helps sites remain sustainable long-term
Disadvantages
• May still cause impacts (e.g. off-trail walking → mud, erosion)
• High cost and maintenance
• Can reduce the natural visitor experience.
[Link]/Forbidden access
-Limits or completely bans visitor access to protect resources
-Based on the idea that tourism can harm nature and cultural heritage
-Prioritizes conservation over visitor needs and enjoyment
-Tourism may conflict with conservation because it uses resources for profit
-Conservation focuses on protecting natural and cultural sites
* Protection should come before tourist convenience
Advantages
+Strong protection of environment and heritage
+Prevents damage in sensitive areas
Disadvantages
-Ignores visitor experience (no access = no tourism)
-Too extreme if applied fully
-Not practical: most destinations cannot completely close to tourists
[Link] (phân định ranh giới)
-Refers to strategies used to reduce demand rather than increase it, which is the opposite of
traditional marketing.
-Involve various management techniques, including pricing, entry restrictions, marketing
adjustments, and visitor education.
-Demarketing doesn’t mean stopping advertising or promotions altogether. Instead, it means
shifting the focus from bringing in as many tourists as possible to attracting tourists who are
better suited for the destination.
Example: A small island may stop promoting itself to party tourists who cause noise and litter
but continue marketing to nature lovers who respect the environment.
[Link]/Pricing
-Is pricing important in doing business?
YES. Pricing plays a significant role in influencing demand for a product or service.
-Increasing fees during peak times=> reduce demand rather than encourage more visitors during
off-peak periods.
-During peak times, discounts are rare since enough travelers are willing to pay premium prices.
-In the shoulder season, when demand is lower, businesses may offer discounts to attract more
customers.
-Pricing strategies can be used to regulate demand -lower prices can increase interest in a
tourism product, while higher prices can reduce it.
-Some attractions set high entrance fees to limit visitor numbers and minimize negative impacts
caused by overcrowding.
7. Quota Systems and Timed Entry (hạn ngạch - giới hạn và tgian tham quan)
-Setting a limit on the number of visitors allowed within a specific timeframe.
-This restriction may apply to overall visitor numbers or to the maximum size of a group.
-To maintain a steady flow of visitors while staying within the set limit, some attractions
require visitors to book a specific time slot in advance.
-If the capacity has not yet been reached, immediate entry is granted; otherwise, visitors
may have to wait.
8. Queue Management
-People often lose track of how long they’ve waited
-Waiting feels boring because there is no activity
Main Goals
• Reduce waiting time
• Make the waiting experience more enjoyable
• Because increasing capacity is not always possible)
Techniques make the waiting time shorter
• Hidden queues: Lines are curved so visitors can’t see the full length
• Entertainment & distractions: Screens, music, previews to keep visitors engaged
• Time expectations: Show estimated wait times (actual wait often shorter → positive
feeling)
• Paid priority access: Option to skip queues
[Link] and Interpretation
Helps visitors understand the importance of attractions, exhibits, and historical sites
• Delivered through:
• Guided tours, lectures
• Signs, brochures, guidebooks
• Information centers
• Self-guided trails, reconstructions
• Digital tools (mobile apps, VR(thực tế ảo))
 Benefits
• Improves visitor experience
• Encourages sustainable tourism
• Educates visitors to reduce negative impacts
However, providing information or guides does not always ensure visitors will learn or change
their behavior.
UNIT 14: Tourism and the Future [Link]
planning (fiế hoạch fiịch bản)
-A possible view of the future that allows them to make decisions (Ringland, 2002).
-Disciplined method for imagining possible futures in detail (Schoemaker, 1UU5).
-All scenarios have the following characteristics:
●
Narrative nature. (mang tính kể chuyện)
●
Plural. (nhiều khả năng)
●
Holistic. (toàn diện)
[Link] errors in decision-mafiing
– Under-prediction(thiếu) and over-prediction of change.
– When developing scenarios, we combine the things we think we know about the future
with elements about which we are not certain.
– Develop a different futures.
Aims
– Foster preparedness. (sự sẵn sàng)
– Consider what they would do if each future were to materialize.
– Develop a new understanding of the present.
Benefits and Limitations
Benefits
– Easily memorable and compatible.
– Reduces complexity and is communicative.(dễ dàng truyền đạt ý tưởng)
– Teambuilding
Limitations
– Uncertainty in conclusions: Does not give one single answer.
– Soft methods and soft answers: Qualitative(về ý nghĩa) rather than quantitative(về số
lượng) method.
– Time-consuming.
Scenarios for the tourism of the future
3 main factors influence tourism (and society):
-Wealth.
-Technology.
-Resources.
Your future in tourism
●
The career opportunities available are vast. (variety)
●
Employability.
●
Career planning.
The main skills required for managerial positions are:
●
Organizational skills: The ability to prioritize tasks, manage deadlines, and monitor
several tasks.
●
People management: Recruiting, training, and motivating staff, and having knowledge of
some traditional personnel functions like employment law.
●
Budget management: Daily financial management and long-term financial planning.
●
Strategic management and planning: Identifying long-term goals and developing
plans to attain them.
●
Managing the customer experience: Understanding and enhancing service quality.
●
Delegation skills: (kĩ năng phân công) Distributing tasks and projects to staff.
●
Communication skills: The ability to liaise with people at all levels, to write accurately,
to negotiate, and to be able to react appropriately under pressure.
Tourism occupations
●
Customer-facing roles or back-office roles.
Examples of roles:
●
Reservations staff: Interact with customers via phone or email, or in person.
●
Front desk employees: Work in accommodation, attraction, or transport providers, or
tourist information services.
●
Operations employees: Aircraft cabin crew, coach drivers, food and beverage
employees, resort representatives, and tour guides, housekeeping staff.
●
Sales staff: Work as travel agents and account managers of hotels, attraction, or
transport providers or MICE operators and destination organizations.
Customer contact jobs often require a complex range of skills, which Baum (200C) calls
"the skills bundle":
●
Technical or professional skills: May require formal training and qualifications, for
example, the use of specific computer systems such as Galileo or Sabre or tour guiding
qualifications.
●
General skills: Fluency in other languages, verbal and written communication skills,
organization, and administrative skills and IT expertise.
●
Personality traits: Facilitate the ability to work in conditions that can often
be stressful and demanding.
●
Interpersonal skills: Engage effectively with consumers, clients, suppliers, and
colleagues.