Learning outcomes Intervals: Revision Solving Inequalities What is a Function?
Domain, Codomain and Range
Functions: Part 1
Frans Nghinaundiyele Ndinodiva
Namibia University of Science and Technology
May 13, 2020
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Functions: Part 1
Learning outcomes Intervals: Revision Solving Inequalities What is a Function? Domain, Codomain and Range
Outline
1 Learning outcomes
2 Intervals: Revision
Types of intervals
3 Solving Inequalities
Some simple rules
Examples
4 What is a Function?
5 Domain, Codomain and Range
Exercise
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Functions: Part 1
Learning outcomes Intervals: Revision Solving Inequalities What is a Function? Domain, Codomain and Range
Learning outcomes
By the end of this Chapter, you should be able to:
Use function notation and evaluate functions,
Graph different types of Functions,
Find Domain and Range of Functions,
Compute sums, products, quotients, composition, and inverse of
functions,
Read and interpret information given graphically.
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Functions: Part 1
Learning outcomes Intervals: Revision Solving Inequalities What is a Function? Domain, Codomain and Range
Intervals: Revision
A subset of the real line is called an interval if it contains at least two
numbers and contains all the real numbers lying between any two of its
elements. For example, the set of all real numbers x such that x > 6 is
an interval, as is the set of all x such that −2 ≤ x ≤ 5.
Generally, an interval is said to be finite if
finite if both endpoints are numbers
infinite if at least one endpoints is infinity.
A finite interval is said to be
closed if it contains both of its endpoints, denoted by [a, b]
open if it contains neither endpoint, denoted by (a, b)
half-open if it contains one endpoint but not the other, denoted by
(a, b] or [a, b)
Infinite interval are closed if they contain a finite end point and open
otherwise. The endpoints are also called boundary points and the
remaining points of the interval are interior points and together.
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Functions: Part 1
Learning outcomes Intervals: Revision Solving Inequalities What is a Function? Domain, Codomain and Range
Types of intervals
Table: Types of Intervals
Notation Set description Type
Finite (a, b) {x|a < x < b} Open
Finite [a, b] {x|a ≤ x ≤ b} Closed
Finite [a, b) {x|a ≤ x < b} Half-open
Finite (a, b] {x|a < x ≤ b} Half-open
Infinite (a, ∞) {x|x > a} Open
Infinite [a, ∞) {x|x ≥ a} Closed
Infinite (−∞, b) {x|x < b} Open
Infinite (−∞, b] {x|x ≤ b} Closed
Infinite (−∞, ∞) {x|x ∈ R} Both
endpoints of the intervals (a, b) and [a, b].
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Functions: Part 1
Learning outcomes Intervals: Revision Solving Inequalities What is a Function? Domain, Codomain and Range
Solving Inequalities
The process of finding the interval or intervals of numbers that satisfy an
inequality in x is called solving the inequality.
When a quantity is added or subtracted from both sides of an
inequality, the inequality still remains. For example,
if x < 3 then p + 2 < 3 + 2 (adding 2 both sides)
and p − 2 < 3 − 2 (subtracting 2 both sides)
When multiplying or dividing both sides of an inequality by a
positive quantity, the inequality remains the same. For example,
If p > 4 then 5p > 20 and p5 > 45
When multiplying or dividing both sides of an inequality by a
bfnegative quantity, the inequality is reversed. For example,
p
If p > 1 then −3p < −3 and −3 < −1 3 (note that < has changed to
> in each example)
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Functions: Part 1
Learning outcomes Intervals: Revision Solving Inequalities What is a Function? Domain, Codomain and Range
Examples
1 Solve the inequality: 2x − 1 < x + 3, and show the solution set on
the real line.
Solution: After some manipulations we get
x < 4.
The solution set is the open interval (−∞, 4).
2 Solve the inequality: − x3 < 2x + 1, and show the solution set on the
real line.
Solution: After some manipulations we get
3 3
− < x, or, x > − .
7 7
The solution set is the open interval (− 37 , ∞).
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Functions: Part 1
Learning outcomes Intervals: Revision Solving Inequalities What is a Function? Domain, Codomain and Range
Now solve the following inequalities, and show the solution set on the
real line:
2x−1 x+3
1 2 ≤ 3 .
7−2x
2 4 ≤ 1.
3 |2x − 3| ≤ x + 3.
4 5 − |2x| > 9.
5 log 21 x ≤ 2.
x+1
6 4 > x3 , x >0
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Functions: Part 1
Learning outcomes Intervals: Revision Solving Inequalities What is a Function? Domain, Codomain and Range
What is a Function?
A function is a rule or a correspondence, relating two sets in such a
manner that each element in the first set corresponds to one and only
one element in the second set. What do we mean when we say
y is a function of x? Symbolically, we write y = f (x), where
1 x is the independent variable. (input value of f )
2 y is the dependent variable. (output value of f at x)
3 f is a function. (rule that assigns x to y )
Definition
A function f from a set D to a set Y is a rule that assigns to each
element x in D a unique element y in Y .
The set D is called the domain of f , the set of corresponding elements y
in Y is called the range of f and the set Y is called a codomain. We
write f : D → Y to represent a mapping from D into Y by f .
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Functions: Part 1
Learning outcomes Intervals: Revision Solving Inequalities What is a Function? Domain, Codomain and Range
Domain, Codomain and Range
Speaking as simply as possible, we can define what can go into a
function, and what can come out:
domain: what can go into a function
codomain: what may possibly come out of a function
range: what actually comes out of a function
See the example below for more explanations, hope you will like it..
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Functions: Part 1
Learning outcomes Intervals: Revision Solving Inequalities What is a Function? Domain, Codomain and Range
Example
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Functions: Part 1
Learning outcomes Intervals: Revision Solving Inequalities What is a Function? Domain, Codomain and Range
Functions are rules, but not all rules are functions. Examples of
functions are: stock market index depending on time, volume of sphere
depending on radius, circle of a given radius has only one area.
Let f be a function. The number y in the range that corresponds to a
selected number x in the domain is said to be the value of the function
at x, or image of x, written f (x), and read ”f of x” or ”f at x” or ”the
value of f at x”. In this notation, y = f (x), so that the function given by
y = x 2 − 9x − 12 can be written as f (x) = x 2 − 9x − 12.
Thus, instead of writing ”when x = −2, the value of y is 10”, we simply
write ”f (−2) = 10” since
f (−2) = (−2)2 − 9(−2) − 12 = 4 + 18 − 12 = 10
Note: There is nothing exclusive about the use of x, y , and f to represent
domain, range, and function. Many other letters can be employed; for
instance,the letters g and h are also often used to name functions.
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Functions: Part 1
Learning outcomes Intervals: Revision Solving Inequalities What is a Function? Domain, Codomain and Range
Exercise: A function f is given by f (x) = 2x 2 − x + 3. Find each of the
following.
(i) f (0) (ii) f (−7) (iii) f (5a) (iv) f (a − 4).
We can think of this formula as follows: f () = 2()2 − () + 3. Then
to find an output for a given input we say: ”Whatever goes in the blank
on the left goes in the blank(s) on the right.” This gives us a ”recipe” for
finding outputs.
The domain of a function f is the largest set of real numbers for which
1
the rule makes sense. Example: Let f (x) = , we cannot compute f (0),
x
1 1
since is not defined. Then the domain of f (x) = is the set of all real
0 x
numbers except 0.
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Functions: Part 1
Learning outcomes Intervals: Revision Solving Inequalities What is a Function? Domain, Codomain and Range
Function Domain x ∈ D Range y ∈ Y
y = x2 (−∞, ∞) or −∞ < x < ∞ [0, ∞)
1
y= {x : x ∈ R/0} {y : y ∈ R/0}
x
√
y = √x [0, ∞) or 0 ≤ x < ∞ [0, ∞)
y = 1 − x2 [−1, 1] or −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 [0, 1]
Inputs that make a denominator 0 or that yield a negative radicand in an
even root are not in the domain of a function.
Table: Examples of functions
You Try It: Let
x
g (x) = .
x 2 + 4x + 3
What is the domain and range of this function?
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Functions: Part 1
Learning outcomes Intervals: Revision Solving Inequalities What is a Function? Domain, Codomain and Range
exercise
Find the domain and range of each of the following functions:
1 f (x) = 1 + x 2
√
2 f (x) = 1 − x
1
3 F (t) = √
t
1√
4 F (t) = 1+ t
√
5 g (z) = 4 − z2
1
6 g (z) = √4−z 2
p √
7 y = 2− x
p
8 y = (1/x) − 1
√
9 g (x) = −x
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Functions: Part 1