GEOMETRY FINAL EXAM

Study Guide
Grades 9–10 • 9 Chapters • 20 Questions Each
 Chapter 1: Foundations of Geometry

📐 How to Solve
• Points, lines, and planes are the basic building blocks. A point has no size, a line extends forever in 2
directions, a plane extends forever in 2D.
• To find the MIDPOINT of two points (x₁,y₁) and (x₂,y₂): M = ((x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2)
• To find DISTANCE between two points: d = [(xx)² + (yy)²]
• Complementary angles sum to 90°. Supplementary angles sum to 180°. Vertical angles are equal.
• Angle bisector: divides an angle into two equal halves. Segment bisector: divides a segment into two
equal parts.

Question Answer

1. What is the midpoint of (2, 4) and (8, 10)? Answer: (5, 7)

2. What is the distance between (0, 0) and (3, 4)? Answer: 5 units

3. Two angles are complementary. One is 35°. Find the other. Answer: 55°

4. Two angles are supplementary. One is 110°. Find the other. Answer: 70°

5. What do vertical angles always equal? Answer: Each other (they are
congruent)

6. Name the three undefined terms in geometry. Answer: Point, line, plane

7. Find the midpoint of (4, 6) and (2, 2). Answer: (1, 2)

8. What is the distance between (1, 2) and (4, 6)? Answer: 5 units

9. An angle measures 78°. What is its complement? Answer: 12°

10. An angle and its supplement are equal. Find the angle. Answer: 90°

11. Two lines intersect forming a 65° angle. What is the vertical Answer: 65°
angle?

12. Segment AB has A(0,0) and B(10,0). Where is its midpoint? Answer: (5, 0)

13. What is the distance between (3, 3) and (1, 0)? Answer: 5 units

14. An angle bisector cuts a 92° angle. What is each half? Answer: 46°

15. Name two angles that sum to 180°. Answer: Supplementary angles

16. Find the distance between (2, 1) and (6, 4). Answer: 5 units

17. What type of angle measures exactly 90°? Answer: Right angle

18. What type of angle measures more than 90° but less than Answer: Obtuse angle
180°?

19. Segment CD is bisected at M. CM = 3x and MD = 15. Find x. Answer: x = 5

20. What is a ray? Answer: Part of a line with one

endpoint, extending infinitely in one
direction
 Chapter 2: Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

📐 How to Solve
• A TRANSVERSAL crosses two or more lines, creating special angle pairs.
• When lines are PARALLEL: corresponding angles are equal, alternate interior angles are equal, co-
interior (same-side interior) angles are supplementary (sum to 180°).
• SLOPE of a line: m = (yy)/(xx). Parallel lines have EQUAL slopes. Perpendicular lines have slopes that are NEGATIVE RECIPROCALS (m
• To prove lines parallel: show any pair of parallel angle relationships above holds.

Question Answer

1. Parallel lines have _____ slopes. Answer: Equal

2. Perpendicular lines have slopes that are _____ _____ of each Answer: Negative reciprocals
other.

3. A transversal cuts two parallel lines. One angle is 70°. Find the Answer: 70°
alternate interior angle.

4. Co-interior angles on parallel lines sum to how many degrees? Answer: 180°

5. What is the slope of a line through (0,0) and (3,6)? Answer: 2

6. Line 1 has slope 3. What slope is perpendicular to it? Answer: 1/3

7. Two parallel lines are cut by a transversal. One angle is 115°. Answer: 115°
Find the corresponding angle.

8. Find the slope through (2,5) and (4,11). Answer: 3

9. Are lines y = 2x + 1 and y = 2x 4 parallel? Answer: Yes, both have slope 2

10. Are lines y = 3x and y = (1/3)x perpendicular? Answer: Yes, slopes are negative
reciprocals

11. A transversal crosses two parallel lines. One angle is 60°. Answer: 120°
Find the co-interior angle.

12. What are alternate exterior angles? Answer: Angles on opposite sides of
the transversal, outside the parallel
lines; they are equal

13. Line has slope 2. Find slope of a parallel line. Answer: 2

14. Corresponding angles are formed where? Answer: On the same side of the
transversal, same position at each
intersection

15. Two lines are cut by a transversal. Alternate interior angles Answer: x = 17
are 5x and 85°. Find x.

16. What does it mean for two lines to be skew? Answer: Non-intersecting and not
parallel (in 3D space)

17. Find the slope of a line perpendicular to y = (1/4)x + 3. Answer: 4

18. A pair of co-interior angles are (3x + 10)° and (2x + 20)°. Find Answer: x = 30
x.

19. Name the postulate that proves lines parallel using Answer: Corresponding Angles
corresponding angles. Postulate (Converse)

20. If two lines are both perpendicular to the same line, what is Answer: They are parallel to each
their relationship? other
 Chapter 3: Transformations

📐 How to Solve
• TRANSLATION (slide): Add (a, b) to each coordinate. (x, y) (x+a, y+b).
• REFLECTION: Over x-axis (x,y)(x,y). Over y-axis (x,y)(x,y). Over y=x (x,y)(y,x).

• ROTATION around origin: 90° CCW (x,y)(y,x). 180° (x,y)(x,y). 270° CCW (x,y)(y,x).

• DILATION: Multiply both coordinates by scale factor k. (x,y)(kx,ky). k>1 enlarges, 0<k<1 shrinks.
• Rigid motions (translations, reflections, rotations) PRESERVE size and shape (congruent). Dilations
change size.

Question Answer

1. Translate point (3, 1) by (2, 4). Answer: (5, 3)

2. Reflect (4, 7) over the x-axis. Answer: (4, 7)

3. Reflect (2, 5) over the y-axis. Answer: (2, 5)

4. Rotate (3, 4) 90° counterclockwise about the origin. Answer: (4, 3)

5. Rotate (1, 2) 180° about the origin. Answer: (1, 2)

6. Dilate (4, 6) by scale factor 1/2. Answer: (2, 3)

7. Reflect (5, 3) over the line y = x. Answer: (3, 5)

8. Translate (1, 3) by (4, 2). Answer: (5, 1)

9. Rotate (2, 5) 270° counterclockwise about the origin. Answer: (5, 2)

10. Dilate (3, 9) by scale factor 3. Answer: (9, 27)

11. Which transformations are rigid motions? Answer: Translation, reflection, rotation

12. Does dilation preserve congruence? Answer: No, it changes size (creates
similar, not congruent figures)

13. Reflect (3, 4) over the x-axis. Answer: (3, 4)

14. What is the scale factor if (2,4) maps to (6,12)? Answer: 3

15. Translate (0,0) by (5, 7). Answer: (5, 7)

16. Rotate (4, 1) 90° clockwise about the origin. Answer: (1, 4)

17. What does 'isometry' mean? Answer: A transformation that

preserves distance and shape
(congruent)

18. Dilate (5, 10) by scale factor 0.2. Answer: (1, 2)

19. Reflect (6, 2) over the line y = x. Answer: (2, 6)

20. Rotate (0, 3) 180° about the origin. Answer: (0, 3)

 Chapter 4: Triangle Congruence

📐 How to Solve
• Two triangles are CONGRUENT if all sides and angles are equal.
• CONGRUENCE SHORTCUTS (you don't need all 6 parts):
– SSS: all 3 sides equal | SAS: 2 sides + included angle | ASA: 2 angles + included side
– AAS: 2 angles + non-included side | HL: hypotenuse-leg (right triangles only)
• AAA and SSA do NOT prove congruence.
• CPCTC (Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent) — use AFTER proving triangles
congruent.

Question Answer

1. What does SSS stand for? Answer: Side-Side-Side congruence

postulate

2. What does SAS stand for? Answer: Side-Angle-Side congruence

postulate

3. Can you prove triangles congruent with just AAA? Why? Answer: No, AAA only proves
similarity, not congruence

4. Can SSA prove congruence? Answer: No, SSA (or ASS) is not a
valid congruence theorem

5. What does CPCTC stand for? Answer: Corresponding Parts of

Congruent Triangles are Congruent

6. Triangles have two equal angles (50° and 70°) and the Answer: ASA
included side equal. Which theorem applies?

7. What is the HL theorem used for? Answer: Right triangles only:

Hypotenuse-Leg

8. In ABC DEF, which side corresponds to AB? Answer: DE

9. Two triangles each have sides 5, 7, 9. Are they congruent? Answer: Yes, by SSS

10. What does AAS require? Answer: Two congruent angles and a
non-included side

11. If PQR XYZ, then P ___? Answer: X

12. What information is needed to use SAS? Answer: Two sides and the angle
between them (included angle)

13. Name the 5 valid triangle congruence theorems. Answer: SSS, SAS, ASA, AAS, HL

14. A right triangle has hypotenuse 10 and leg 6. Another has the Answer: HL theorem
same. Congruent by?

15. If two angles of a triangle are 45° and 80°, what is the third? Answer: 55°

16. Answer: Yes, by SAS

ABC has AB=5, BC=7, B=60°. DEF has DE=5, EF=7, E=60°. Congruent?

17. What must be true for CPCTC to be used? Answer: The triangles must first be
proven congruent
18. Are all equilateral triangles congruent? Answer: No, they are similar but not
necessarily congruent (sides could
differ)

19. Two triangles share a common side. Which reason justifies Answer: Reflexive Property
that side being equal?

20. Vertical angles in overlapping triangles are used to prove Answer: Vertical angles are congruent
congruence. Which pairs of angles are equal?
 Chapter 5: Relationships in Triangles

📐 How to Solve
• MIDSEGMENT: connects midpoints of two sides; length = 1/2 the third side; parallel to the third side.
• TRIANGLE INEQUALITY: any two sides must sum to MORE than the third side.
• CENTROID (medians meet): located 2/3 of the way from vertex to midpoint of opposite side.
• INCENTER (angle bisectors), CIRCUMCENTER (perpendicular bisectors), ORTHOCENTER (altitudes).
• EXTERIOR ANGLE THEOREM: exterior angle = sum of the two non-adjacent interior angles.

Question Answer

1. The midsegment of a triangle is _____ the third side. Answer: Half the length of / parallel to

2. Can a triangle have sides 3, 4, and 8? Answer: No, 3+4=7 < 8 (fails triangle
inequality)

3. Where do medians of a triangle meet? Answer: Centroid

4. Where do angle bisectors meet? Answer: Incenter

5. Where do perpendicular bisectors meet? Answer: Circumcenter

6. The exterior angle of a triangle is 120°. The two non-adjacent Answer: 70°
interior angles are 50° and ___.

7. A midsegment measures 9. What is the length of the parallel Answer: 18

side?

8. The centroid divides each median in ratio ___. Answer: 2:1 from vertex to midpoint

9. Sides of a triangle are 5 and 12. What is the range of possible Answer: Greater than 7 and less than
third sides? 17

10. Where do the altitudes of a triangle intersect? Answer: Orthocenter

11. In a triangle, the largest angle is opposite which side? Answer: The longest side

12. Can sides 6, 8, and 14 form a triangle? Answer: No, 6+8=14, not strictly
greater

13. The exterior angle theorem: exterior angle = ? Answer: Sum of the two remote interior
angles

14. A median goes from a vertex to the _____ of the opposite Answer: Midpoint
side.

15. If the centroid is at (4, 6) and one end of a median is at (1, 0), Answer: (7, 12)
where is the vertex?

16. In a triangle, what is the sum of all interior angles? Answer: 180°

17. If two sides of a triangle are 7 and 10, what values CAN the Answer: Between 3 and 17 (exclusive)
third side be?

18. What is a perpendicular bisector? Answer: A line that bisects a segment

at 90°

19. The circumcenter is equidistant from all three _____ of the Answer: Vertices
triangle.

20. Answer: x = 15
An exterior angle measures (5x+10)° and the two remote interior angles are 60° and (2x5)°. Find x.
 Chapter 6: Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons

📐 How to Solve
• Sum of interior angles of an n-gon: (n2) × 180°
• Each interior angle of a REGULAR n-gon: [(n2) × 180°] / n
• Sum of EXTERIOR angles of any convex polygon: always 360°
• PARALLELOGRAM: opposite sides parallel & equal, opposite angles equal, diagonals bisect each other.
• RECTANGLE: all angles 90°, diagonals equal. RHOMBUS: all sides equal, diagonals perpendicular.
• TRAPEZOID: exactly one pair of parallel sides. KITE: two pairs of consecutive equal sides.

Question Answer

1. What is the sum of interior angles of a hexagon? Answer: 720°

2. Each interior angle of a regular pentagon measures? Answer: 108°

3. What is the sum of exterior angles of any convex polygon? Answer: 360°

4. In a parallelogram, opposite sides are _____ and _____. Answer: Parallel and equal

5. In a rectangle, do the diagonals bisect each other? Answer: Yes, and they are also equal
in length

6. What makes a rhombus special compared to a parallelogram? Answer: All four sides are equal

7. A trapezoid has bases of 8 and 14. Find the midsegment Answer: 11

length.

8. Sum of interior angles of a quadrilateral is ___. Answer: 360°

9. A regular octagon has how many degrees per interior angle? Answer: 135°

10. In a rhombus, the diagonals are always ___. Answer: Perpendicular (they bisect
each other at 90°)

11. What is the sum of interior angles of a decagon (10 sides)? Answer: 1440°

12. A parallelogram has one angle of 70°. What are the other Answer: 110°, 70°, 110°
three?

13. How many sides does a polygon have if its interior angle sum Answer: 8 sides (octagon)
is 1080°?

14. What is a kite? Answer: A quadrilateral with two pairs

of consecutive congruent sides

15. Are all squares rhombuses? Answer: Yes

16. Are all rhombuses squares? Answer: No, only if they also have right
angles

17. What is the midsegment formula for a trapezoid? Answer: Midsegment = (base₁ +
base₂) / 2

18. A regular polygon has exterior angles of 30°. How many Answer: 12 sides
sides?

19. What type of quadrilateral has exactly one pair of parallel Answer: Trapezoid
sides?

20. In a parallelogram, angles next to each other are always ___. Answer: Supplementary (sum to 180°)
 Chapter 7: Similar Figures and Dilation

📐 How to Solve
• SIMILAR figures have the same shape but different sizes: equal angles, proportional sides.
• SCALE FACTOR (k): ratio of corresponding sides. k = new/old.
• AA SIMILARITY: Two pairs of equal angles triangles are similar.
• SAS SIMILARITY: Two sides proportional + included angle equal.
• SSS SIMILARITY: All three pairs of sides proportional.
• PERIMETER scales by k. AREA scales by k². VOLUME scales by k³.

Question Answer

1. Two triangles have angles 50°, 60°, 70° each. Are they similar? Answer: Yes, by AA (all angles match)

2. △ABC ~ △DEF with scale factor 3. If AB=4, find DE. Answer: 12

3. Perimeters of similar figures with scale factor k relate how? Answer: Perimeter scales by k

4. Areas of similar figures with scale factor k relate how? Answer: Area scales by k²

5. Two similar triangles have sides 5,7,9 and 10,14,18. What is Answer: 2
the scale factor?

6. What does AA similarity require? Answer: Two pairs of congruent angles

7. A photo is enlarged by scale factor 4. If the original area is 9 Answer: 144 cm²
cm², what is the new area?

8. △PQR ~ △XYZ. PQ/XY = 3/5. Find QR if YZ = 15. Answer: QR = 9

9. What is the similarity ratio of corresponding perimeters 12 and Answer: 3:5

20?

10. SAS Similarity requires what? Answer: Two proportional sides and
the included angle equal

11. Are all squares similar? Answer: Yes

12. Are all rectangles similar? Answer: No, the side ratios can differ

13. Two similar polygons have areas 16 and 64. What is the scale Answer: 1:2
factor of their sides?

14. △ABC has sides 6, 8, 10. △DEF has sides 9, 12, 15. Are they Answer: Yes, ratio 3:2 throughout
similar?

15. If scale factor of perimeters is 5:7, what is the scale factor of Answer: 25:49
areas?

16. In similar triangles, corresponding angles are always ___. Answer: Equal (congruent)

17. A rectangle 3×5 is similar to one with width 9. Find the length. Answer: 15

18. What does it mean for figures to be similar? Answer: Same shape, proportional
sides, equal angles

19. Two similar triangles have corresponding sides 4 and 12. Answer: 1:9
What is the ratio of their areas?
20. Can a triangle with sides 3,4,5 be similar to one with sides Answer: Yes, scale factor 2
6,8,10?
 Chapter 8: Right Triangles and Trigonometry

📐 How to Solve
• PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM: a² + b² = c² (c = hypotenuse, the longest side opposite the right angle).
• SOH-CAH-TOA: sin(θ) = Opposite/Hypotenuse, cos(θ) = Adjacent/Hypotenuse, tan(θ) =
Opposite/Adjacent.
• 45-45-90 triangle: legs = x, hypotenuse = x2.
• 30-60-90 triangle: short leg = x, long leg = x3, hypotenuse = 2x.
• To find a missing angle, use inverse trig: θ = sin⁻¹(opp/hyp), etc.

Question Answer

1. Find the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs 6 and 8. Answer: 10

2. Find the missing leg: hypotenuse = 13, one leg = 5. Answer: 12

3. sin(30°) = ? Answer: 1/2 (or 0.5)

4. cos(60°) = ? Answer: 1/2 (or 0.5)

5. tan(45°) = ? Answer: 1

6. In a 45-45-90 triangle with leg = 7, find the hypotenuse. Answer: 72

7. In a 30-60-90 triangle with short leg = 5, find the long leg and Answer: Long leg = 53, hyp = 10
hypotenuse.

8. Find sin(θ) if opposite = 4 and hypotenuse = 5. Answer: 4/5 = 0.8

9. Find the angle if tan(θ) = 1. Use inverse tan. Answer: θ = 45°

10. A right triangle has legs 9 and 12. Find the hypotenuse. Answer: 15

11. What is the Pythagorean theorem? Answer: a² + b² = c²

12. Find cos(θ) if adjacent = 3 and hypotenuse = 5. Answer: 3/5 = 0.6

13. What does SOH stand for in SOHCAHTOA? Answer: Sine = Opposite/Hypotenuse

14. In a 30-60-90 triangle, the hypotenuse is 20. Find the short Answer: 10
leg.

15. In a 45-45-90 triangle, hypotenuse = 10. Find each leg. Answer: 52

16. Find tan(θ) if opposite = 5 and adjacent = 12. Answer: 5/12

17. A 10 ft ladder leans against a wall at 60°. How high does it Answer: 53 8.66 ft
reach?

18. Find the missing leg: hypotenuse = 17, one leg = 8. Answer: 15

19. Which trig function uses adjacent and hypotenuse? Answer: Cosine (cos)

20. Find the hypotenuse if legs are 5 and 12. Answer: 13

 Chapter 9: Circles

📐 How to Solve
• Circumference = 2πr = πd. Area = πr².
• ARC LENGTH = (central angle / 360°) × 2πr
• SECTOR AREA = (central angle / 360°) × πr²
• INSCRIBED ANGLE = half the central angle that subtends the same arc.
• TANGENT: perpendicular to the radius at the point of tangency.
• CHORD: a segment whose endpoints are on the circle. Chords equidistant from center are equal.

Question Answer

1. Find the circumference of a circle with radius 7. Answer: 14 43.98

2. Find the area of a circle with radius 5. Answer: 25 78.54

3. Find the arc length of a 90° arc in a circle with radius 8. Answer: 4 12.57

4. Find the sector area for a 120° sector in a circle with radius 6. Answer: 12 37.70

5. An inscribed angle is 40°. What is the central angle for the Answer: 80°
same arc?

6. A central angle is 100°. What is the inscribed angle for the Answer: 50°
same arc?

7. A tangent line meets a radius at what angle? Answer: 90°

8. Find the diameter of a circle with circumference 10π. Answer: 10

9. What is a chord? Answer: A segment with both

endpoints on the circle

10. A circle has area 49π. What is the radius? Answer: 7

11. Find the arc length of a 180° arc in a circle with radius 3. Answer: 3 9.42

12. Two chords are equidistant from the center. What do we know Answer: They are equal in length
about them?

13. A sector has a central angle of 60° in a circle with radius 12. Answer: 24 75.40
Find its area.

14. What is the relationship between a tangent and radius at the Answer: They are perpendicular
point of tangency?

15. Find the circumference of a circle with diameter 14. Answer: 14 43.98

16. An inscribed angle of 35° subtends an arc. What is the arc Answer: 70°
measure?

17. A circle has radius 10. Find the length of a 270° arc. Answer: 15 47.12

18. What is a secant line? Answer: A line that intersects a circle at

two points

19. Find the area of a circle with diameter 20. Answer: 100 314.16
20. A central angle is 45° in a circle with radius 4. Find the arc Answer: /2 × 4 = 3.14
length.