COMPUTER NETWORK
PROBLEM
1. Find the subnetwork address for the following
IP Address: [Link]
Subnet Mask: [Link]
Step 1: Convert to Binary
Decima Binary
l
192 11000000
168 10101000
10 00001010
25 00011001
IP Address: 11000000.10101000.00001010.00011001
Subnet Mask:
Decima Binary
l
255 11111111
255 11111111
255 11111111
0 00000000
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Step 2: Perform AND Operation
IP Address : 11000000.10101000.00001010.00011001
Subnet Mask : 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subnet Address : 11000000.10101000.00001010.00000000
Step 3: Convert Back to Decimal
11000000 = 192
10101000 = 168
00001010 = 10
00000000 = 0
Final Subnetwork Address
[Link]
2. Determine the Hamming Code for the binary sequence 1001001
In Hamming Code, parity bits are always placed at positions that are powers of 2.
Step 1: Number of Data Bits
Data bits = 1001001
M= 7
Find number of parity bits r using:
r
2 ≥ m+ r +1
m = number of data bits
r = number of parity bits
+1 = used for error detection position
Check values
Try r=1,2,3,4
r = 3 → 23=8<11 ❌
r = 4 → 24 =16 ≥12 ✅
Try r = 4
2⁴ = 16
m + r + 1 = 7 + 4 + 1 = 12
16 ≥ 12 ✅
Now the condition is satisfied.
Therefore, r = 4 parity bits
20,21,22,23,...
Parity bit positions = 1, 2, 4, 8
3. Calculate the number of host and subnets
Formula
Subnets = 2^(given mask − default mask)
Hosts = 2^(32 − given mask) − 2
Compare with Class Ranges (Remember)
Class First Octet Range Default Subnet Mask
Class A 1 – 126 [Link] (/8)
Class B 128 – 191 [Link] (/16)
Class C 192 – 223 [Link] (/24)
Class D 224 – 239 Multicast
Class E 240 – 255 Experimental
Step 1 : Know Total Bits in IP Address
IPV4 has 32 bit
These bits are divided into: Network bits + Host bits
Example: /24 - means 24 network bits.
Step 2: Find Host Bits
Formula:
Host bits = 32 − Network bits
Host bits = 32 − 24 = 8
Step 3: Calculate Number of Hosts
Formula: number of hosts = 2^(host bits) – 2
Example: 2^8 – 2
= 256 − 2
= 254 hosts
Step 4: Calculate Number of Subnets
Subnet bits = Given mask − Default mask
Default masks:
Class Default Mask
Class A /8
Class B /16
Class C /24
Formula:
Number of subnets = 2^(subnet bits)
Example
IP Address:
[Link] /16
Step 1: Identify class
122 → Class A
Default mask = /8
Step 2: Subnet bits
16 − 8 = 8
Step 3: Subnets
2^8 = 256 subnets
Step 4: Hosts
Host bits = 32 − 16 = 16
2^16 − 2 = 65534 hosts
4. Calculate the number of host and subnets corresponding to the address
[Link]/16
Remember
CIDR Subnet Mask
/8 - [Link]
/16 - [Link]
/24 - [Link]
Given the IP address
[Link]/16
Step 1: Identify the Subnet Mask
/16 means 16 bits are used for network
/16 means first 16 bits are 1.
Subnet mask: [Link]
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Step 2: Find the Class
First number = 122
Class Range
Class A 1 – 126
So this is Class A.
Default mask of Class A: /8
Step 3: Find Subnet Bits
We are using /16, but default was /8.
Extra bits used for subnet:
16 − 8 = 8
So 8 bits are used for subnetting.
Step 4: Number of Subnets
Formula:
Number of subnets = 2^(subnet bits)
2^8
= 256
Number of subnets = 256
Step 5: Number of Hosts (IPV4 has 32 bits)
Total bits in IP address = 32
Network bits = 16
Remaining bits for hosts: 32 − 16 = 16
Formula:
Hosts = 2^(host bits) − 2
= 2^16 − 2
= 65536 − 2
= 65534
Hosts per subnet = 65,534