What Are Modals, Really?
Modals are helper verbs that add extra meaning to the main verb. They don’t describe the action itself —
they describe attitude toward the action.
They can express: possibility, ability, permission, obligation, advice, and certainty (or uncertainty).
Think of modals as the mood lighting of a sentence. Same action, different vibe.
She go ■
She can go ■ (ability)
She must go ■ (strong obligation)
She might go ■■■■ (uncertain)
The Core Modals (The Usual Suspects)
The most common ones: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would.
They all come before the main verb and use the base form (no -s, no to).
• She can speak English.
• You should try again.
• He might come later.
How to Know Which Modal to Use
Instead of memorizing lists, ask yourself one key question:
What am I trying to express?
Ability
Can / Could
Can → ability now
Could → past ability or polite
I can drive.
I could read when I was four.
Permission
Can / May / Could
Can → informal
May → formal
Could → very polite
Possibility & Uncertainty
Might / May / Could
Might → low confidence
May → neutral
Could → possible outcome
Obligation & Necessity
Must / Have to / Should
Must → strong obligation
Have to → external rule
Should → advice
Advice & Expectations
Should / Ought to
Gentle nudges, not commands.
Future & Intention
Will / Shall
Will → decisions, promises
Shall → formal or British suggestions
Hypotheticals & Politeness
Would
Imaginary situations, polite offers, preferences
Decision Cheat■Sheet
• Ability → can / could
• Permission → can / may / could
• Maybe → might / may / could
• Rule or obligation → must / have to
• Advice → should
• Future decision → will
• Imaginary or polite → would
Practice (Answers Included)
• She might be at home.
• You should get some sleep.
• Would you send me the document?
• Employees must wear ID badges.
• I would travel more if I had money.