STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
denoted by z, is also a normal distribution having a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. Since the normal
distribution can have different values for its mean and standard deviation, it can be standardized by setting the µ =
0 and the 0= 1.
Steps In Identify The Region Under The Normal Curve
[Link] the normal curve and locate the given z-value or values at the base line of the curve. Then draw a vertical
line through the given z-value or values and shade the required region.
2. Use the z-table to find the areas that correspond to the given z-value or values.
3. Perform appropriate operations to get the required area, if needed.
4. Write the required area.
Take it in Mind
When speaking about a region under the curve, we are interested in the area of the region.
The area in any specified region under the normal curve can be associated with probability, proportion, or
percentage.
When z is negative, simply ignore the negative sign and proceed. The negative sign indicates that the
region is on the left side of the mean or below the mean. Areas are always positive value
Random Sampling, Parameter and Statistic, and Sampling Distribution of
Statistics
POPULATION -refers to the whole group under study or investigation. In research, the population does not
always refer to people. It may mean a group containing elements of anything you want to study, such as
objects, events, organizations, countries, species, organisms, etc.
RANDOM SAMPLING - is the sampling method of choosing representatives from the population wherein
every sample has an equal chance of being selected.
SAMPLE - A sample is a subset taken from a population, either by random sampling or by non-random
sampling. A sample is a representation of the population where it is hoped that valid conclusions will be
drawn from the population.
RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
1. Lottery sampling - is a sampling technique in which each member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected.
2. Systematic sampling - is a sampling technique in which members of the population are listed and
samples are selected at intervals called sample intervals. In this technique, every nth item in the list
will be selected from a randomly selected starting point.
3. Stratified Random Sampling - sampling procedure in which members of the population are grouped on
the basis of their homogeneity. This technique is used when there are a number of distinct subgroups
in the population withinwhich full representation is required.
4. CLUSTER SAMPLING IS SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS AREA SAMPLING AND APPLIED ON A
GEOGRAPHICAL BASIS.
5. Multi-stage sampling uses a combination of different sampling techniques. For example, when
selecting respondents for a national election survey, we can use the lottery method first for regions
and cities. We can then use stratified sampling to determine the number of respondents from selected
areas and clusters.
GENERALLY, FIRST SAMPLING IS PERFORMED AT HIGHER LEVELS BEFORE GOING DOWN TO LOWER
LEVELS.
EXAMPLE : Using stratified random sampling, select a sample of 400 students from the population which
are grouped according to the cities they come from. The table shows the number of students per city.
POPULATION - the entire group that is under study or investigation.
RANDOM SAMPLING - This is a selection of n elements derived from a population N, which is the
subject of t on or experiment, where each sample point has an equal chance of being selected using
the appropriate sampling technique.
SAMPLE - It is a subset taken from a population, either by random or non-random sampling
technique.
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING - A sampling technique where every member of the population
has an equal chance of being selected.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING - It refers to a sampling technique in which members of the population are
listed and samples are selected in intervals called sample intervals.
Parameter and Statistic
PARAMETER - is a descriptive population measure. It is a measure of the characteristics of the entire
population (a mass of all the units under consideration that share common characteristics) based on
all the elements within that population.
Example:
1. All people living in one city, all-male teenagers worldwide, all elements in a shopping cart, and all
students in a classroom.
2. The researcher interviewed all the students of a school for their favorite apparel brand.
STATISTIC - number that describes the sample. It can be calculated and observed directly. The statistic
is a characteristic of a population or sample group. You will get the sample statistic when you collect
the sample and calculate the standard deviation and the mean. You can use sample statistic to draw
certain conclusions about the entire population.
Example:
1. Fifty percent of people living in the U.S. agree with the latest health care proposal. Researchers
can't ask hundreds of millions of people if they agree, so they take samples or part of the population
and calculate the rest.
2. Researcher interviewed the 70% of respondent.
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEANS
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION- of sample mean is a frequency distribution using the means computed from
all possible random samples of a specific size taken from a population.
Example:
1. A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 10, and 12. Consider samples of size 2 that can be
drawn from this population.
A. How many possible samples can be drawn?
MEAN AND THE VARIANCE OF THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE
SAMPLE MEANS
STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION kadugtong po di ko
nakasi ma edit cp lang gamit ko 😭🙏