SACRED HEART CENTRAL SCHOOL Index

[Link] DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT

Preparation, purification and stability of

1
colloids
To study effect of concentration on rate of
2
the reaction
To measure the enthalpy of solution of
3
hydrated copper sulphate
To separate components of mixture of inks
4
by paper chromatography

5 To prepare crystals of potash alum

Preparation of organic compound –

6
dibenzal acetone
Test for functional groups in organic
7
compounds
VILLUPURAM 8 Study of food components

CHEMISTRY LAB 9
Estimation of potassium permanganate
using Mohr’s salt

MANUAL 10
Estimation of potassium permanganate
using oxalic acid

1
GRADE: Xii 11 Inorganic salt analysis

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 EXPERIMENT 1a.

PREPARATION OF LYOPHILIC COLLOID

AIM:
To prepare a colloidal solution of starch.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Beaker, distilled water, glass rod, tripod stand, Bunsen burner, filter
paper, funnel, starch powder etc.,

THEORY:
Starch forms a hydrophilic colloidal solution. On heating, the
formation of solution is accelerated. Starch is a polysaccharide,
which on hydrolysis yields molecules of β – glucose. The molecules
of starch remain suspended in solvent. The colloidal particles cannot
be seen by the naked eyes but can be seen with the help of ultra-
microscope. Starch forms hydrophilic colloidal solution at 1000C.

PROCEDURE:
1. Boil about 100ml of distilled water in 250ml beaker.
2. Take 2g of starch in a china dish and make a paste using
distilled water.
3. Add the paste to the boiling water with constant stirring.
4. Boil the contents for 5 minutes.
5. Cool to room temperature and filter.
6. The filtrate so obtained is a colloidal solution of starch.

RESULT:

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The prepared solution is a colloidal solution of starch.
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 EXPERIMENT 1b.

PREPARATION OF LYOPHOBIC COLLOID

AIM:
To prepare a colloidal solution of iron hydroxide Fe(OH) 3.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Beaker, distilled water, glass rod, ferric chloride etc.,
FeCl3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl

THEORY:
The ferric hydroxide solution is a lyophobic solution. It is prepared
by hydrolysis of ferric chloride with boiling water. this process
involves peptisation method. Fe(OH)3 is a brown precipitate which
Fe(OH)
Fe(OH)3 3 on fresh preparation, absorbs Fe3+ ions on its surface and the ppt.

breaks into particles of colloidal dimension.

PROCEDURE:
1. Take 100ml of distilled water in a beaker and boil it.
2. Add FeCl3solution to the boiling water drop wise with
constant stirring.
3. Continue heating till a deep brown solution of Fe(OH)3 is
obtained.
4. Cool to room temperature and filter.
5. The filtrate so obtained is a colloidal solution of Fe(OH)3.

RESULT:

The prepared solution is a colloidal solution of Fe(OH)3.

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 EXPERIMENT 1c.

PURIFICATION OF COLLOID BY DIALYSIS

AIM:
To purify the given starch solution containing common salt as
impurity by employing method of dialysis.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Beaker, cellophane or parchment paper bag, colloidal starch with
NaCl as impurity, AgNO3 solution etc.,

PROCEDURE:
1. Take the parchment paper bag and keep colloidal solution in
the bag.
2. Set apparatus as shown in [Link] not fill bag up to brim.
3. Immerse the bag in distilled water.
4. Leave the setup for an hour without disturbance.
5. After an hour take 1ml of water from beaker and test for
starch using iodine solution. If there is no appearance of blue
black colour, it indicates that no starch particles have diffused
out of the membrane.
6. Now take another 1ml of water and test for NaCl by adding
AgNO3 solution. If white ppt. is obtained it shows Cl - ions
diffused out of solution

RESULT:

The solution in parchment membrane bag is a purified colloidal

4
solution of starch.

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 EXPERIMENT 1d.

COMPARISON OF STABILITY OF EMULSIONS

AIM:
To compare the effectiveness of different oils in forming emusions
with water.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
5 conical flasks, stoppers, different kinds of vegetable oils, 1% soap
solution, stop watch etc.,

THEORY:
The stability of emulsions depends on the nature of oil and affinity
towards water. The viscosity and density of oil also matters. The
relative stability can be easily compared by noting time taken for
separation of two liquids. Lesser the stability of emulsion lesser the
time taken for separation of two components.

PROCEDURE:
1. Take 10ml of each type of oil in five different conical flasks
and label them A – E.
2. Add 10ml of water to each flask.
3. Shake the component of each flask and note the time taken for
the separation of two layers in the liquid.
4. Now, add 5 drops of 1% soap solution to each flask shake well
and find out time taken for the two layers to separate. Record
your observations.

5
5. Repeat the procedure with egg albumin as a stabilising agent

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and record your observations.
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OBSERVATIONS:

S. No Types of oil Flask Amount of Time taken

water

1 Coconut oil A 10 ml

2 Olive oil B 10 ml

3 Mustard oil C 10 ml

4 Soyabean oil D 10 ml

5 Castor oil E 10 ml

S. No Flask Without soap With soap With egg

comparison solution albumin

1 A Coconut oil 10 ml

2 B Olive oil 10 ml

3 C Mustard oil 10 ml

RESULT:
4 D Soyabean oil 10 ml
1. The most stable emulsion is ______________.

6
5 E Castor oil 10 ml 2. ______________ is the most effective stabilising agent.

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 EXPERIMENT 2.

TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON RATE OF

THE REACTION

AIM:
To study the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction between
Na2S2O3 ( Sodium thiosulphate) and hydrochloric acid.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
5 conical flasks, beaker, burette, pipette, white tile, stop watch, M/30
hypo solution, 1M hydrochloric acid solution etc.,

THEORY:
As per the observations the rate of reaction increases with the
concentration of the reactants. According to the law of mass action
the rate of the reaction is directly proportional to the product of
molar concentrations of reactants. Hypo solution reacts with
hydrochloric acid to form colloidal solution of sulphur.
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + H2O + SO2 + S
The colloidal solution has a milky or turbid appearance. The rate of
reaction can be determined by noting the time required for
formation of sulphur solution. The effect of change is determined by
changing the concentrations of Na2S2O3 and HCl.

PROCEDURE:
1. Take five conical flasks and label them as A - E.
2. Add 50ml, 40ml, 30ml, 20ml and 10ml of hypo solution in

7
these flasks using a burette.

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3. Also add 10ml, 20ml, 30ml, 40ml water to flask B,C,D and E.
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OBSERVATIONS: 4. Keep one of the flasks on a marked tile.
5. Now, arrange the apparatus as shown in figure. Use the
EFFECT OF CHANGE OF [Na2S2O3]
burette to add 10ml of 1M HCl in to the conical flask and
Flask Volume of Volume of Volume of Time taken to switch on the stopwatch.
M/30 hypo water added HCl added from S solution 6. Now as the mark disappears with the formation of sulphur in
(in seconds) the solution, stop the stopwatch immediately and note the
A 50 ml 0 ml 10 ml time.
7. Repeat the process with each flask and record the
B 40 ml 10 ml 10 ml observations.
8. To study the effect of concentration of HCl in the conical flask
C 30 ml 20 ml 10 ml take different volumes of HCl and add a fixed amount of
hypo solution from burette and record similar observations.
D 20 ml 30 ml 10 ml

E 10 ml 40 ml 10 ml

EFFECT OF CHANGE OF [HCl]

Flask Volume of Volume of Volume of Time taken to

HCl water added M/30 hypo from S solution
added (in seconds)
A 25 ml 25 ml 10 ml

B 20 ml 30 ml 10 ml RESULT:

It is observed that when the concentration of reactants (either hypo

C 15 ml 35 ml 10 ml
or HCl) is maximum, then the time taken for the mass to become
invisible is minimum. Hence, the rate of reaction is highest
D 10 ml 40 ml 10 ml
Rate α [reactant]

8
E 5 ml 45 ml 10 ml

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OBSERVATION: EXPERIMENT 3.
Mass of CuSO4.5H2O dissolved = ________g.
TO MEASURE THE ENTHALPY OF HYDRATED COPPER
Volume of water = 100 ml = 100g (density 1g/ml)
SULPHATE
Initial temperature of water = T1 = ____K
Final temperature = T2 = ____K AIM:
Water equivalent =W g To determine the enthalpy of solution of hydrated copper sulphate
in water at room temperature.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1/100 thermometer, weighing bottle, 250 ml thermos flask, stop
watch, balance, weight box, CuSO4.5H2O, distilled water etc.,

THEORY:
The dissolution process involves solubility of known weight of
CuSO4.5H2O in known volume of water and noting the temperature
change from that condition in this experiment. 1 mole of
CuSO4.5H2O is to be dissolved in 400 moles of water. Keeping the
ratio same we dissolve 3.5g of CuSO4 in 100ml of water. If q heat is
absorbed when x g of CuSO4.5H2O is dissolved then heat of solution
is calculated using specific heat capacity of water and water
equivalent.

PROCEDURE:
CALCULATION: 1. Determine water equivalent of thermos flask.
q = m x c x ∆T (c = specific heat capacity) 2. Take 100 ml of water and note the initial temperature (T1)
q = (W + 100) x 4.18 x (T2 – T1) 3. Add weighed amount of CuSO4.5H2O to the bottle with quick
stirring and note the temperature (T2).
for 1 mole( (W + 100) x 4.18 x (T2 – T1)/X) x M
Molar mass of CuSO4.5H2O = 249.5 g/mol. RESULT:

The enthalpy of dissolution of CuSO4.5H2O in water is _________.

9
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 EXPERIMENT 4.

TO SEPARATE COMPONENTS OF MIXTURE OF INKS BY

PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY

AIM:
To separate the components of mixture of inks y ascending paper
chromatography and find their Rf values.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Whatmann filter paper, gas jar, glass rod, jar cover, mixture of red
and blue inks and distilled water

THEORY:
This process of paper chromatography is based on the difference in
rates at which the individual component migrates through a
stationery phase. The mixture containing red and blue inks are
marked on the spot near one end of the filter paper which is
suspended in a cylinder containing solvent. The solvent acts as
moving phase which rises up the filter paper by capillary action.
When components are separated Rf is calculated. It is defined as the
ratio of distance travelled by the substance from reference line to the
distance travelled by the solvent from the reference line.

PROCEDURE:
1. Take a whatman filter paper and cut a strip of dimensions
30cm x 5 cm.
2. Draw a reference line near one end of the filter paper about
5cm above from the end.
3. Draw a centre line (using pencil) from the reference line to the
other end.

10
4. Put a drop of mixture on the spot marked at the centre line
using a capillary tube and dry it.

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 5. Now suspend the filter paper in the gas jar so that the lower
end of the filter paper gets immersed about 1 cm in the
solvent.
6. Leave this set up for 15 – 20 minutes.
7. After sometime the solvent raises up and separates the two
components of mixture at different heights from the reference
line.
8. Dry the filter paper after taking it out from the gas jar. The
solvent front can be marked above the separate components at
different heights.
9. Calculate Rf value
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑘
Rf value of red ink = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑘

Rf value of blue ink = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡

OBSERVATION:

Distance from Solvent

[Link] Mixture Rf
mark front
RESULT:
1 Red ink ____cm ( ) ________cm
2 Red ink ____cm ( ) ________cm Rf value for red ink = __________
3 Red ink ____cm ( ) ________cm Rf value for red ink = __________
4 Blue ink ____cm ( ) ________cm
5 Blue ink ____cm ( ) ________cm Rf value for red ink = __________
6 Blue ink ____cm ( ) ________cm Rf value for blue ink = __________

Rf value for blue ink = __________

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Rf value for blue ink = __________

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 TO PREPARE CRYSTALS OF POTASH ALUM

AIM:
To prepare crystals of potash alum.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Beakers, china dish, funnel, filter paper, conc.H2SO4, distilled water,
Potassium sulphate (2g)Aluminium sulphate (7.326 g) etc.

THEORY:
Potash alum is also known as [Link] is used to coagulate
impurities in water and has a styptic action on blood. It is prepared
by dissolving equimolar quantity of potassium sulphate and
hydrated aluminium sulphate and then crystallising solution.
Al2(SO4)3.18H2O + K2SO4 + 6H2O  K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
[Link] – 666 174 948

PROCEDURE:
1. Weigh exact amount of K2SO4 and transfer in to a 250 ml
beaker.
2. Add about 25 ml of water and dissolve the crystals by
constant stirring.
3. In another beaker, take 7.326 g of Al2(SO4)3 crystals. Add
about 25 ml of water and about 2 ml of conc.H 2SO4, to prevent
hydrolysis of Al2(SO4)3. Heat and dissolve, filter if the
solution is turbid.
4. Now, mix the two solutions and filter to remove impurities, if
present.
5. Collect the filtrate in china dish and heat the solutions.
Concentrate the solution till the crystallisation point is
reached.

12
EXPERIMENT 5.

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 6. Cool in water bath for half an hour when the crystals of
potash alum separate.
OBSERVATIONS: 7. Decant the mother liquor.
8. Dry the crystals in folds of filter paper.
Weight of crystals obtained = 9. Weigh the crystals.

Colour of crystals obtained =

Shape of the crystals obtained =

RESULT:

13
_________ g of crystals of potash alum are obtained.

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 EXPERIMENT 6.

PREPARATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUND – DIBENZAL

ACETONE

AIM:
To prepare pure sample of Dibenzal acetone from benzaldehyde
and acetone.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Conical flask, funnel, beaker, filter papers, benzldehyde, acetone,
dilute NaOH solution, ethanol etc.,

THEORY:
Dibenzal acetone is prepared when benzaldehyde reacts with
acetone in presence of sodium hydroxide. This reaction is known as
Claisen – Schmidt reaction.

PROCEDURE:
1. Take 30 ml of ethanol and 20 ml of water in a conical flask.
2. Now add 3g NaOH to the ethanol water solution and shake
them to dissolve NaOH flakes.
3. Cool the flask on ice bath.
4. Now add 2ml of benzaldehyde and 2 ml of acetone to the
flask and shake vigorously.
5. A pale yellowish solid is obtained. Filter the solution. Collect
the solid and dry it in a desiccator.

RESULT:

1. Weight of dibenzal acetone ___________g

2. Appearance of crystals _____________

14
3. Melting point of crystal 1120C

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 EXPERIMENT 7.

TEST FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN ORGANIC

COMPOUNDS

TEST FOR UNSATURATION:

BAEYER’S TEST: This test is conducted using Baeyer’s reagent

(KMnO4 + KOH). Baeyer’s reagent is also called as alkaline KMnO4
solution. On addition of this reagent to a unsaturated compound the
Experiment Observation Inference colour of solution disappears.
To 1 ml of sample Decolourisation of Unsaturation is present
add few drops of 2% pink colour of 2KMnO4 + H2O  2KOH + 2MnO2 + 3[O]
alkaline KMnO4 KMnO4 C=C + H2O + [O]  -C–C-
solution.
HO OH

TEST FOR ALDEHYDE GROUP:

TOLLEN’S TEST: On addition of equal volume of Tollen’s reagent

to aldehyde sample and heating the mixture in water bath for 10
minutes forms a silver mirror on the inner side of test tube.

Experiment Observation Inference

Take 2 ml of organic sample Silver mirror on - CHO group is
and add to it equal amount the inner side of conformed.
of Tollen’s reagent the test tube
(ammoniacal AgNO3
solution). Heat the mixture
in water bath for 10 min.

15
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 FEHLING’S TEST: On addition of equal amount of Fehling’s
Experiment Observation Inference
solution A and B with 2 ml of aldehyde sample and heating the
Mix equal amount of Red precipitate. - CHO group is
mixture in a water bath a red precipitate is obtained.
Fehling solution A and B in conformed.
a test tube. Now mix
Fehling’ s solution to 2 ml
of organic sample and heat
the mixture in water bath
for 10 minutes.

Experiment Observation Inference TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC GROUP:

To 1 ml of sample add 1ml of acetic Fruity sweet - OH
acid with a few drops of H2SO4 and smell. group is ESTER TEST: On addition of alcohol sample with acetic acid and
warm the mixture in water bath for conform few drops of H2SO4 and warming the mixture in water bath for 10 –
10 – 15 minutes, cool the contents ed. 15 minutes,cool the contents and on pouring it to 15 – 20 ml of 5% of
and on pour it to 15 – 20 ml of 5% of Na2CO3 solution in a beakera pleasant smell is observed.
Na2CO3 solution in a beaker
ROH + CH3COOH --H+ CH3COOR + H2O

TEST FOR KETONE GROUP:

Experiment Observation Inference
Take 2 ml of sample add to it Red colour - C=O group is SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE TEST: On addition of ketone sample
sodium nitroprusside solution conformed. to 2 ml of sodium nitroprusside solution and few drops of sodium
and a few drops of NaOH hydroxide solution development of a red colour is observed.

CH3COCH3 + OH-+ [Fe(CN)5NO]2- [Fe(CN)5NO.CH2COCH3]3-

Base Red coloured complex

Experiment Observation Inference TEST FOR CARBOXYLIC ACIDS GROUP:

To 2 ml of sample add few Blue turns to - COOH group
LITMUS TEST: On addition of few drops of blue litmus solution to

16
drops of blue litmus solution red is conformed.
2 ml of carboxylic acid sample it turns in to blue.

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RCOOH RCOO- + H3O+
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 NaHCO3 TEST:To a small amount of sample added a pinch of
Experiment Observation Inference
sodium bicarbonate salt. Brisk effervescence due to evolution of CO2
To small amount of sample Brisk - COOH group
is observed.
add pinch of sodium effervescence is conformed.
bicarbonte of CO2 RCOOH + NaHCO3 RCOONa + CO2 + H2O

SAMPLE 2
SAMPLE 1
Experiment Observation Inference
Experiment Observation Inference Test for unsaturation No Decolourisation Unsaturation is
Test for unsaturation No Unsaturation is To 1 ml of sample add few drops of 2% absent
To 1 ml of sample add few drops of 2% Decolourisation absent alkaline KMnO4 solution.
alkaline KMnO4 solution. Test for alcohol No Fruity sweet - OH group
Test for alcohol No Fruity sweet - OH group To 1 ml of sample add 1ml of acetic acid smell. is absent
To 1 ml of sample add 1ml of acetic acid with smell. is absent with a few drops of H2SO4 and warm the
a few drops of H2SO4 and warm the mixture mixture in water bath for 10 – 15 minutes,
in water bath for 10 – 15 minutes, cool the cool the contents and on pour it to 15 – 20
contents and on pour it to 15 – 20 ml of 5% of ml of 5% of Na2CO3 solution in a beaker
Na2CO3 solution in a beaker Test for aldehyde ( Fehling’s test) Red precipitate. - CHO
Test for aldehyde No Red - CHO group Mix equal amount of Fehling solution A group is
Mix equal amount of Fehling solution A and B precipitate. is absent. and B in a test tube. Now mix Fehling’ s conformed
in a test tube. Now mix Fehling’ s solution to 2 solution to 2 ml of organic sample and .
ml of organic sample and heat the mixture in heat the mixture in water bath for 10
water bath for 10 minutes. minutes.
Test for ketone No Red colour - C=O group Test for aldehyde (Tollen’s test) Silver mirror on the - CHO
Take 2 ml of sample add to it sodium is absent Take 2 ml of organic sample and add to it inner side of the group is
nitroprusside solution and a few drops of equal amount of Tollen’s reagent test tube conformed
NaOH (ammoniacal AgNO3 solution). Heat the .
Test for carboxylic acids Blue turns to red - COOH mixture in water bath for 10 min.
To 2 ml of sample add few drops of blue group is Test for ketone No Red colour - C=O
litmus solution conformed. Take 2 ml of sample add to it sodium group is
Test for carboxylic acids Brisk - COOH nitroprusside solution and a few drops of absent
To small amount of sample add pinch of effervescence of group is NaOH
sodium bicarbonte CO2 conformed. Test for carboxylic acids No Brisk - COOH
RESULT: To small amount of sample add pinch of effervescence group is
sodium bicarbonte absent.

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The given liquid is Acetic acid RESULT:

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The given organic substance contains Aldehyde functional group
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 Experiment Observation Inference EXPERIMENT 8.
Test for Carbohydrate ( Fehling’s test) Red precipitate. Carbohydrate is
Mix equal amount of Fehling solution A conformed. DETECTION OF PRESENCE OF CARBOHYDRATES, FATS AND
and B in a test tube. Now mix Fehling’ s
solution to 2 ml of food stuff and heat
PROTEINS IN FOOD STUFFS
mixture in water bath for 10 mins.
Test for Carbohydrate (Tollen’s test) Silver mirror on the Carbohydrate is AIM:
Take 2 ml of food stuff and add to it inner side of the test conformed. To detect the presence of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the
equal amount of Tollen’s reagent tube given food stuffs.
(ammoniacal AgNO3 solution). Heat the
mixture in water bath for 10 min.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Test for oils and fats (Solubility test) Oil or fat is
Food stuff + water and shake Sample is immiscible present Test tubes, beakers, glass rod, pestle mortar burner, grapes, potatoes,
Food stuff + CHCl3 and shake Sample is miscible rice, butter, biscuits, milk, groundnut, boiled egg etc.,
Food stuff + alcohol and shake Sample miscible on ∆
Test for oils and fats A translucent spot Oil or fat is THEORY:
Place some Food stuff on butter paper Obtained in paper present The presence of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in any food stuff is
Test for Protein (Biuret test) Appearance of violet Protein is
Take 2 ml of Food stuff add few drops
detected by performing the tests for carbohydrates, fats and proteins
colour present
of NaOH and CUSO4 solution. with extract of food stuff. These tests don’t interfere with each other.
Test for Protein (Xanthoprotein test) Appearance of Protein is
To small amount of food stuff add yellow colour present PROCEDURE:
Conc.HNO3 and boil. 1. First prepare the extract of the given food stuff by either
grinding in the mortar with a pestle or by boiling with
minimum quantity of water extracting with a small quantity
For carbohydrates For oils and fats For proteins
Food stuff of organic solvent after grinding the food stuff.
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
1. Grapes 2. For grapes – extract the juice, for potatoes – cut in to slices and
2. Potatoes boil with water, for rice – boil with water, for butter – test
3. Rice directly, for biscuits – boil with water, for milk – test directly,
4. Butter
for groundnut – grind in the mortar and for boiled egg – take
5. Biscuits
6. Milk the white of the egg grind and shake with water.
7. Groundnut 3. With the solutions or the suspension perform test for
8. Boiled egg carbohydrates, fats and proteins and record your observations

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RESULT:

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The given food stuff contains ___________
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 EXPERIMENT 9.

ESTIMATION OF POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE SOLUTION

USING STANDARD MOHR’S SALT SOLUTION
SHORT PROCEDURE:
AIM:
Burette solution Potassium permanganate solution To estimate the amount of potassium permanganate present in 1 litre
of given solution by using a 0.1 M standard solution of Mohr’s salt.
Standard Ferrous ammonium sulphate
Pipette solution
solution (Mohr’s Salt solution) MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Burette, pipette, conical flask, burette stand etc.,
Addition solution Equal volume of dilute sulphuric acid
Indicator Self-indicator (KMnO4) THEORY:
It is a redox reaction in which potassium permanganate oxidises
End point Appearance of persistent pale pink colour ferrous ammonium sulphate in an acid medium to ferric sulphate.
Molar mass of KMnO4 158 Dil. H2SO4 acts as a catalyst and the reactions are summarised as

PROCEDURE:
1. Fill the burette with KMnO4 till ‘O’ mark. Read the upper
meniscus. Before filling do not forget to rinse the burette.
2. Pipette out 10 ml of Mohr’s salt solution in a conical flaskand
add equal volume of dil.H2SO4 .

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3. Add KMnO4 to Mohr’s salt solution slowly with shaking till a
persistent light pink colour appears. Note the reading of

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burette.
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OBSERVATIONS: 4. Repeat the procedure to take two more readings which
coincide. They are concordant values.
TITRATION: Std. FAS vs Unknown KMnO4 solution

Burette
reading in
Volume ml Volume of
Concordant
[Link] of FAS KMnO4 Indicator
value
in ml consumed
Initial Final

1 10 0
Self-
2 10 0 indicator
(KMnO4)
3 10 0
CALCULATIONS:

Volume of Mohr’s salt solution = V1 = 10 ml

Volume of KMnO4 solution = V2 = ____ml

Strength of Mohr’s salt solution = M1 = O.1M

Strength of KMnO4 solution = M2 = ____N

RESULT:
We know that V1M1 = V2M2
Strength of KMnO4 solution = ___________M.
V1M1 10 𝑥 0.1
Therefore M2 = = = = ________N. Amount of KMnO4 in 1 litre of given solution = ________g/litre.
𝑉2 ______

Amount of KMnO4 = Molarity x Molar mass = _________ x 158

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= ______g /litre

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 EXPERIMENT 10.

ESTIMATION OF POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE SOLUTION

USING STANDARD OXALIC ACID SOLUTION
SHORT PROCEDURE:
AIM:
Burette solution Potassium permanganate solution To estimate the amount of potassium permanganate present in 1 litre
of given solution by using a 0.1 M standard solution of oxalic acid.
Pipette solution Standard solution of oxalic acid

Addition solution Equal volume of dilute sulphuric acid MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Burette, pipette, conical flask, burette stand etc.,
Reaction condition Heat to a temperature of 60 – 700C
THEORY:
Indicator Self-indicator (KMnO4) It is a redox reaction in which potassium permanganate oxidises
End point Appearance of persistent pale pink colour oxalic acid in an acid medium to CO2 and H2O. Dil. H2SO4 acts as a
catalyst and the reactions are summarised as
Molar mass of KMnO4 158

PROCEDURE:
1. Fill the burette with KMnO4 till ‘O’ mark. Read the upper
meniscus. Before filling do not forget to rinse the burette.
2. Pipette out 10 ml of standard oxalic acid solution in a conical
flaskand add equal volume of dil.H2SO4. Heat the mixture to a
temperature of 60 - 700C
3. Add KMnO4 to hot oxalic acid solution slowly with shaking
before it gets cooled down till a persistent light pink colour

21
appears. Note the reading of burette.

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 = ______g /litre

OBSERVATIONS: 4. Repeat the procedure to take two more readings which

coincide. They are concordant values.
TITRATION: Std. Oxalic acid vs Unknown KMnO4 solution

Burette
Volume reading in
of ml Volume of
Concordant
[Link] Oxalic KMnO4 Indicator
value
acid consumed
in ml Initial Final

1 10 0
Self-
2 10 0 indicator
(KMnO4)
3 10 0
CALCULATIONS:

Volume of Oxalic acid solution = V1 = 10 ml

Volume of KMnO4 solution = V2 = ____ml

Strength of Oxalic acid solution = M1 = O.1M

Strength of KMnO4 solution = M2 = ____N

RESULT:
We know that V1M1 = V2M2
Strength of KMnO4 solution = ___________M.
V1M1 10 𝑥 0.1
Therefore M2 = = = = ________N. Amount of KMnO4 in 1 litre of given solution = ________g/litre.
𝑉2 ______

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Amount of KMnO4 = Molarity x Molar mass = _________ x 158

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EXPERIMENT 11. AgNO3 solution.
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE SALT 8. Boiling with NaOH No ammonia gas NH4+ absent.
solution: evolved
Experiment Observation Inference
9. Preparation of original
[Link] examination:
solution (O.S)
a) Noted the colour of the White Absence of Cu2+, Fe3+ ,
Shook a pinch of the salt with Solution obtained Labelled it as original
given salt. Mn2+, Ni2+ etc.,
water solution.
b) Note the smell of the salt No specific odour Absence of NH4+, acetate
To a part of the O.S added 1- No ppt formed. Group I absent
ions
2ml of dilute HCl
2. Dry heating test
Through a part of the above No ppt formed. Group II absent
Heated a pinch of the salt in a
solution H2S gas is passed.
dry test tube and noted the
To the remaining solution
following observations:
added solution of ammonium No ppt formed. Group III absent
(a) Gas evolved No gas evolved Nitrate absent
chloride and hydroxide
No sublimate
To the above solution H2S gas No ppt formed. Group IV absent
(b) Sublimation formed. Absence of ammonium
passed.
halides, aluminium
To the salt solution added A white ppt formed Presence of group V
No crackling sound chloride etc.,
(c) Description solutions of ammonium element Ca2+
Absence of nitrates of
chloride, hydroxide and
White lead and barium
(d) Colour of residue carbonate is added
Absence of Zinc and lead
10. Confirmatory test for
3. Flame test
Calcium ion
Prepared a paste of the salt Brick red coloured Calcium ion present. To the salt solution added A white precipitate Presence of Calcium
with [Link] and performed flame solution of ammonium is formed conformed.
flame test
hydroxide, chloride and
4. Dil. Sulphuric acid test Absence of CO32-, S2-, carbonate
Treated a pinch of the salt No gas evolved NO2- , SO32- ions.
with dil. H2SO4 and warmed.
5. KMnO4 test
To a pinch of the salt added Pink colour of May be Cl-, Br-, I-, C2O42-
RESULT:
dil.H2SO4 warm and then a KMnO4 was ion.
drop of KMnO4 solution. discharged
The given salt contains Acidic radical – Cl-
6. [Link] acid test
Basic radical – Ca2+
Heated a pinch of salt with A colourless gas Presence of chloride
[Link] acid evolvedgiving white
fumes with rod
dipped in NH4OH

23
7. Confirmatory test for Cl-
To 1ml of salt solution added Curdy white ppt Presence of chloride ion

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dil.HNO3 and few drops of conformed.
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