JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

DEPARTMENT
MODULE 5
Polynomials

Introduction

Polynomials are the algebraic expressions which consist of variables and coefficients.
Variables are also sometimes called indeterminate. We can perform the arithmetic operations
such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and also positive integer exponents for polynomial
expressions but not division by variable. The word polynomial is derived from the Greek
words’ poly’ means ‘many’ and ‘nominal’ means ‘terms’, so altogether it means “many terms”.
A polynomial can have any number of terms but not infinite. Learn about degree, terms, types,
properties, polynomial functions in this module.

Content course competencies

1. Classify the types of polynomials and their degree

2. Add, subtract, multiply and divide polynomials
3. Derives the laws of exponents
4. Solve problems involving special products

Performance competency

The learner is able to model situations using algebraic methods in solving problems
involving polynomials.

Topics

To attain intended learning competencies of this module, the topics that will be covered
are the following:

1. Basic definition
2. Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials
3. Laws of exponents
4. Multiplying Polynomials
5. Dividing Polynomials
6. Special Products

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Exercises DEPARTMENT
To be able to accomplish the output of this module, the following exercises should be
accomplished.

1. Complete me!
2. Add the Mono!
3. What is my Sum?
4. Subtract the Mono!
5. What is my Difference?
6. Follow the laws!
7. Multiply the Mono!
8. Expand me!
9. Do the Smiley!
10. Divide the Mono!
11. What is my Quotient?
12. Do the Specials

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TOPIC 1
Basic Definition

This lesson introduces to students the terms associated with polynomials. It discusses
what polynomials are.

Polynomial is a kind of algebraic expression where each term is a constant, a variable

or a product of a constant and variable in which the variable has a whole number (non-
negative number) exponent.

So, a polynomial is a kind of an algebraic but take not that all polynomials are algebraic
expressions but not all algebraic expressions are polynomials.

Here are some of the examples of algebraic expressions which can be considered as polynomial:

1. 5x1/3 – 8 + 4xy
 This can’t be a polynomial because its exponent is not a whole number and it
is fraction.
2.
 You cannot considered this as a polynomial because the variable is inside the
radical sign which is the square root.
3. + 8y – 5
 This expression cannot be considered as a polynomial because the variable is
in the denominator which is the x.

Every algebraic expression that has a variable in the denominator cannot be called as
polynomial.

4. 5x-2 + 3
 This cannot be considered as a polynomial because it has a negative
exponent which is -2 and it can also be + 3 and this expression cannot be a
polynomial because every algebraic expression that has a variable in the
denominator cannot be called as polynomial.

A polynomial consist of a leading term, leading coefficient, and a constant term or it can be also
if without a constant term.

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Important TermsDEPARTMENT
to Remember
A leading term is a term containing the degree or the highest exponent or highest sum of
the variables.
The leading coefficient is the numerical coefficient of the leading term.
A constant term is a term whose degree is zero or a term with no variable.

Example: In a polynomial 4x3 – x2 + 8x – 10

Leading term = 4x3

Leading coefficient = 4

Constant term = -10

Polynomials are classified according to the number of terms and degree.

According to the number of terms

Monomial – one term

Binomial – two terms
Trinomial – three terms
Multinomial – many terms
According to the degree

Constant – degree 0
Linear – degree 1
Quadratic – degree 2
Cubic – degree 3
Quartic – degree 4
Quintic – degree 5

Note:

The degree of a constant is zero (0). Zero has no degree. The degree of a monomial is 1
variable is the exponent of the variable. The degree of a monomial in 2 or more variables
is the sum of the exponents of the variable. The degree of a polynomial in 1 variable is
the highest exponent of the variable. The degree of a polynomial in 2 or more variables is
the highest sum of the variables in each term.

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Let’s focus first on the parts

Example:

1. x3 + 2x2 + x – 5

Leading term: x3

Leading coefficient: 1 if you can’t see any number in the first term it means that it is 1.

Constant term: -5

2. 3y3 + 7y – 1
Leading term: 3y3

Leading coefficient: 3

Constant term: -1

3. 3x2 + 7
Leading term: 3x2

Leading coefficient: 3

Constant term: 7

4. 5ab
Leading term: 5ab

Leading coefficient: 5

Constant term: none

Moving on from the parts, identify those examples according to their number of terms.

1. x3 + 2x2 + x – 5
 multinomial
2. 3y3 + 7y – 1
 trinomial

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3. 3x2 + 7
 binomial
4. 5ab
 monomial

How about their degree? Before identifying, here are some examples first

Constant: -7 (degree 0)

Linear: 3x + 10 (degree 1)

Quadratic: z2 – 4z + 8 (degree 2)

Cubic: 3x3 – 5x2 + 2x (degree 3)

Quartic: mn3 – 9mn (degree 4)

Quintic: y5 – 2y4 + 6y (degree 5)

In the examples below, identify their degree:

1. x3 + 2x2 + x – 5
 cubic (degree 3)
2. 3y3 + 7y – 1
 cubic (degree 3)
3. 3x2 + 7
 quadratic (degree 2)
4. 5ab
 quadratic (degree 2) because you add the exponent of the two variables which 1+1
= 2 therefore it is quadratic

Note: if you can’t see any exponent or a number above the variable it means that the
exponent is 1.

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Exercise:

1. Complete me!

Objectives:

 Identify the parts of the polynomial

 Classify the types of polynomials and their degree

Assessment tool:

1 point each (25/25 rating scale)

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Worksheet 1: Complete me!

Name:______________________________ Date:___________________________

Grade & Section: _____________________ Score: ________________

Complete the table below by identifying the parts, number of degree and terms.

Polynomial Leading Leading Constant Degree Term

term coefficient term
1. 3x5 + 4x + 7
2. 5p – 2p + 8
𝟐 𝟏
3. + 𝟓 y2
𝟓

4. 2 – a2 + 3a3 – 7a4
5. 3m4 – m10 + 4m3

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DEPARTMENT
TOPIC 2
Addition of Polynomials

Topic 2.1 Addition of monomials

A monomial is an algebraic expression that consists of one term.

Two or more monomials can be added if they are like terms.

Example:

5x and 3x

They are like terms because they have the same variable which is x or they have the same literal
coefficient which is x.

Since you can add them, the answer will be 8x.

2x2 and 10x2 are also like terms. They are called x2 -terms

There are rules in adding monomials having similar terms:

1. The sum of two positive monomials having similar terms is a positive monomial.

Example:
a. 3y + 2y = 5y
b. 11ab + 4ab = 15ab
c. 15abc + 13abc = 28abc
d. 25xy + 10xy = 35xy
e. 14 e2f + 12 e2f + 10 e2f = 36e2f

2. The sum of two negative monomials having similar terms is a negative monomial.

Examples:
a. -6mn3 + - 2mn3 = -8mn
b. -8b2 + - 3b2 = -11b2
c. -5 a5b + -3 a5b = -8 a5b
d. -14x + -4x = -18x
e. -26rs + - 7rs = -33rs

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The sum of positive and negative monomials is the difference between their absolute
values, and the sign of the sum follows the sign of the monomials with greater absolute
value.

Examples:
a. -3yz + 9yz = 6yz
b. -12xb + 3xb = -9xb
c. -15a3 + 3a3 = -12a3
d. -4by + 14by = 10by
e. -20ct + 12ct = -8ct

You cannot add monomials if they are unlike terms.

Example:
a. 8x + 8y
The answer will be still 8x + 8y because they don’t have the same terms.
b. ab2 + 8ab2
The answer will be as is ab2 + 8ab2.

Exercise:
1. Add the Mono!
Objective:
 Add monomials
 Apply the rules in adding monomials
Assessment tool: 1 point each (10/10 rating scale)

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Worksheet 2.1: Add the Mono!

Name:______________________________ Date:___________________________

Grade & Section: _____________________ Score: ________________

Add the following monomials. Put your solution in the space provided.

1. 56xyz + 78xyz = ________

2. -44ab + 84ab = ________

3. 62f + -14f = ________

4. 13s + -26s = ________

5. 50x6 + 25x6 + -8 = ________

6. -2n2 + 9n2 + -x2 = ________

7. -4a + 4a + -5a = ________

8. 2n + –6n + n + -24 = ________

9. 23 lm2 + -26km2 + 24lm2 = ________

10. -90sx + 90sx + 56nm + -56nm = ________

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Topic 2.2 Addition of Polynomials

Rules for Adding Polynomials

1. Remove the grouping symbols.

2. Combine like terms

It is helpful to underline like terms with the same kind of line before adding.

Examples:

1. (3x2 + 4) + (5x2 + 2)

= 3x2 + 4 + 5x2 + 2

= 8x2 + 6

2. (3x2 + 5x – 4) + (2x + 5) + (x3 – 4x2 + x)

= 3x2 + 5x – 4 + 2x + 5 + x3 – 4x2 + x

= x3 – x2 + 8x + 1

Adding Polynomials Vertically

More addition of polynomials will be done horizontally as already shown. However, in some
cases, it is convenient to use the vertical addition.

To add polynomials vertically:

1. Write the polynomials below one another so that like terms are in the same column.

2. Find the sum of the terms in each column by adding their numerical coefficients.

Example:

1. Add x3 + 4y2 – 16 and -2x3 – 6x2 + 6

x3 + 4y2 – 16
3
+ (-2x ) – 6x + 62

-x3 + 4y2 – 6x2 – 10

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2.
DEPARTMENT
Add 4a – 3b + 2c, 5a + 8b – 10c and -12a + c.

4a – 3b + 2c

5a + 8b – 10c
+ -12a +c

-3a + 5b - 7c

3. Add 13x4 – 20x3 + 5x – 10 and -10x2 – 8x4 – 15x + 10.

0
13x4 – 20x3 + 5x – 10

+ -8x4 – 10x2 – 15x + 10

5 x4 20x3 10x3 – 10x

4. Add -15yz2 + 7 xyz – 19x + 24 and 18 yz2 – 23xy + 16x – 34

-15yz2 + 7xyz – 19x + 24

+ 18 yz2
– 23xy + 16x – 34
3 yz + 7xyz – 23xy – 3x – 10
2

Exercise:

1. What is my Sum?

Objective:

 Add the polynomials

Assessment tool:

3 points each (15/15 rating scale)

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DEPARTMENT

Worksheet 2.2: What is my Sum?

Name:______________________________ Date:___________________________

Grade & Section: _____________________ Score: ________________

Add the following polynomials vertically.

1. (2m2 + –m + 4) + (3m2 + m + -5)

2. (17 a3 + 4a + -9) + (8a2 + -6a + 9)

3. (-b3 + 5b2 + -8) + (-20 b4 + 2b3 + 7)

4. (14x2y3 + -11xy2 + 8xy) + (-9x2y3 + 6xy2 + –3xy) + (7x2y3 + -4xy2 – 5xy)

5. (12a2b + –8ab2 + 6ab) + (-7a2b + 11ab2 + -3ab) + (4a2b + -ab2 + -13ab)

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TOPIC 3

Subtraction of Polynomials

Topic 3.1 Subtraction of monomials

Just like addition, two or more monomials can be subtracted if they are LIKE TERMS.

To subtract two or more monomials that are like terms, subtract the coefficients; keep the
variables and exponents on the variables the same.

Rules for Subtracting Monomials

The rules for subtracting monomials are the same as the rules for adding monomials:

• Similar monomials can be subtracted. The difference of the monomials is another

monomial that has the same literal part and whose coefficient is the difference of the
coefficients.

• A polynomial is obtained if monomials are not similar.

Examples

In the above example, the powers of the variables are the same, hence we will subtract the
coefficients of the variables and write the final answer like this:

In the above examples, the powers of the variables of all the monomial terms are different.
is the common factor in all the monomials. Hence, we will write the final answer as:

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When the monomials involve addition or subtraction sign, it is better to write the final answer by
factoring out the common term.
Another example:

Subtract 10y2 – (-xy2) - 17y2 – xy2

10y2 – (-xy2) - 17y2 – xy2 Step 1: Only like terms can be subtracted. In this algebraic
expression like terms are 10y2 and 17 y2 and –xy2 and
xy2.

= 10y2 – 17y2 – (-1xy2) – 1xy2 Step 2: Subtract the coefficients of like terms.

= -7y2 + 0xy2 Step 3: Simplify 0xy2 to 0 since 0 multiplied by anything

equals to 0.

= -7y2 + 0 Step 4: -7y2 plus 0 is just -7y2

= -7y2

Exercise:

1. Subtract the Mono!

Objectives:

 Subtract monomials
 Apply the rules and steps in subtracting monomials

Assessment tool:

2 points each (20/20 rating scale)

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Worksheet 3.1: Subtract the Mono!

Name:______________________________ Date:___________________________

Grade & Section: _____________________ Score: ________________

Subtract the following monomials:

1. 12y – 18y

2. 10xy – 8xy

3. 10x2y3 – 10x3y2

4. 2.7 m – 6.9 m – 5.2 m

5. 16xy2z3 – 27xy2z3 – 25 xy2

6. 32gh – 15gh – 36gh – 83hg

7. -73qr – 26qr – 26qr

8. -93s6t – 38s6t2 – 17s6t2

9. -27abc – 27abc – abc

10. 100xyz – 29xyz – 78xy

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Topic 3.2 Subtraction of polynomial
We subtract polynomials the same way we subtract signed numbers. That is, we change the signs
of the terms in the polynomial being subtracted, then add the resulting polynomials.

To subtract one polynomial from another polynomial

1. Change the sign of each term in the polynomial being subtracted,

2. Add the resulting polynomials.

Example: Subtracting polynomials

This is the polynomial being
subtracted.
a. (-4x + 8x – 2x – 3) – (4x – 7x + 6x + 5)
3 2 3 2

= 4x3 + 8x2 –…..

2x – 3 – 4x3 + 7x2 –…..
6x – 5
= -8x + 15x – 8x – 8
3 2

This is the polynomial being

subtracted.

b. Subtract (-4x2y + 10xy2 + 9xy – 7) from (11x2y – 8xy2 + 7xy + 2).

= (11x2y – 8xy2 + 7xy + 2) – (-4x2y + 10xy2 + 9xy – 7)
= 11x2y – 8xy2 + 7xy
.…..+ 2 + 4x y – 10xy – 9xy
2 2
.…. + 7
= 15x y – 18xy – 2xy
2 2
. +9 ..

c. Subtract the sum of (x2 – 3) and (2x2 – 1) from (x2 + 5).

This is the polynomial
(x2 + 5) – [(x2 – 3) + (2x2 – 1)] being subtracted.

= (x2 + 5) – [(x2 – 3 + 2x2 – 1)] remove innermost ( ).

= (x2 + 5) – [3x2 – 4] combine like terms inside [ ].
= x2 + 5 – 3x2 + 4 remove grouping symbols.
= -2x2 + 9 combine like terms.

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Subtracting Polynomials Vertically
In most cases, subtraction of polynomials will be done horizontally as already shown, but
in some cases it is convenient to use vertical subtraction.

To subtract polynomials vertically:

1. Write the polynomial being subtracted under the polynomial from which it is being
subtracted. Write like terms in the same column.
2. Mentally change the sign of each term in the polynomials being subtracted.
3. Find the sum of the resulting terms in each column by adding the numerical coefficients.

Examples:

Subtract (3x2 – 2x – 7) from (x3 – 2x – 5) vertically.

Solution:

x3 – 2x – 5 Mentally change the sign of each term in the polynomial being

(−) + 3x2 – 2x – 7 subtracted. Then add the resulting terms in each vertical line.

x3 − 3x2 +2

Subtract (x4 + 4x – 7) from (x4 – 2x – 10) vertically.

Solution:

x4 – 2x – 10

(−) x4 + 4x – 7

− 6x - 3

Exercise:

1. What is my Difference?

Objectives:

 Subtract polynomials
 Apply the rules in subtracting polynomials
Assessment tool: 3 points each (24/24 rating scale)

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Worksheet 3.2: What is my Difference?

Name:______________________________ Date:___________________________

Grade & Section: _____________________ Score: ________________

Subtract the following polynomials vertically.

1. Subtract (-5b2 + 4b + 8) from (8b2 + 2b – 14).

2. Subtract (-8c2 – 9c + 6) from (11c2 – 4c + 7).

3. (3x2 + 4x – 10) – (5x2 – 3x + 7)

4. (2a2 – 3a + 9) – (3a2 + 4a – 5)

5. (4a2 + 6 – 3a) – (5a + 3a2 – 4)

6. (15x3 – 4x2 + 12) – (8x3 + 9x – 5)

7. (-14y2 – 6y – 24) – (7y3 + 14y2 – 13y)

8. Subtract the sum of (x3y + 3xy2 – 4) and (2x3y – xy2 + 5) from the sum of (5 + xy2 + x3y)
and (-6 – 3xy2 + 4x3y).

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DEPARTMENT
TOPIC 4

Laws of Exponents

Exponents are also called Powers or Indices.

The exponent of a number says how many times to use the number in a multiplication. In
this example: 72 = 7 × 7 = 49

base 72 exponent (or index,

or power)

In words: 72 could be called "7 to the second power", "7 to the power 2" or simply "7 squared"

There are 7 laws of exponents:

1. Product of powers
 to multiply when two bases are the same. Write the base and add the
exponents.
xm ∙ xn = xm+n

Example:

a) x2x3 = (xx)(xxx) = xxxxx = x5 which shows that x2x3 = x5

b) x3 ∙ x6 = x3+6 = x9
c) 22 ∙ 24 = 22+4 = 26
d) (x2y)(x3y) = x2+3 y1+1 = x5y2
e) t10 ∙ t20
f) (r14s9)(r2s20)

2. Power of a power
 to raise a power to another power, write the base and MULTIPLY the
exponents.
(xm)n = xm∙n

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Example: DEPARTMENT
a) (x3)2 = x6
b) (32)4 = 38
c) (z5)2 = z10
d) (j2)16 = j32
e) (d4)3 = d12

3. Power of a product
 where xy is the base and m is the exponent.

(xy)m = xmym

Example:

a) (2a)3 = 23a3 = 8a3

b) (6x3)2 = 62x6 = 36x6
c) (2cd4)2 = 22c2d8 = 4c2d8
d) (e3f4)5 = e15f20

4. Quotient of powers
 to divide when two bases are the same, write the base and SUBTRACT the
exponents.

Example:
a)

b)
c)

d)
e)

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Power of a quotient
𝑥 𝑚 𝑥𝑚
(𝑦) = 𝑦 𝑚

Example:
4
𝑥2 (𝑥 2 )4 𝑥8
a) ( 𝑦 ) = = 𝑦4
𝑦4
2𝑥 3 (2𝑥)3 23 𝑥 3 8𝑥 3
b) ( 2) = 3 = 3 =
3𝑦 (3𝑦 2) 33 (𝑦 2) 27𝑦 6

6. Zero exponent rule

 a0 = 1, this expression says that anything raised to the zero power is 1.
 a is not equal to 0. The expression 00 is indeterminate, or undefined.

Example:

a. y0 = 1
b. 60 = 1
c. (7a3b-1)0 = 1

7. Negative Exponent Rule

 The rule states that when there is a negative exponent, we need to create a
fraction and put the exponential expression in the denominator and make the
exponent positive.
1 1 𝑥 𝑦
x-m = = xm ( )-n = ( )n
𝑥𝑚 𝑥 −𝑚 𝑦 𝑥

Example:

a) Simplify: 3-2

Solution:
But working with negative exponents is just a
-2
3 = rule of exponents that we need to be able to use
when working with exponential expressions.

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b) Simplify:

Solution:

Apply the Negative Exponent Rule to both the numerator and the denominator.

1
CAUTION: -x ≠ 𝑥

1 REMEMBER: An exponent applies to only the factor it is

Example: -3 ≠ 3
directly next to unless parentheses enclose other factors.
Exercise:

1. Follow the Laws!

Objective:

 Apply the laws of exponents

Assessment tool:
2 points each (30/30 rating scale)

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Worksheet 4: Follow the Laws!

Name:______________________________ Date:___________________________

Grade & Section: _____________________ Score: ________________

Simplify the following using laws of exponents. Write your answer in the space provided.

1. 3  43 2. (-2mn)(6m3n5) 3. 4x3  2x2

65 5. (a2b5)0 6. (2g5h2)3
4. 63

7. (2cd4)2(cd)5 8. 30 + p0 – 4x0 9. 1/x-5

10. x5  x-1 11.

24 𝑥6 12. (j-13)(j4)(j6)
12 𝑥8

𝑥5𝑦6 −2
13. 8 15. 5x2y(2x4y-3)
𝑥𝑦2 14. (𝑑2 )

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TOPIC 5

Multiplication of Polynomials

Topic 5.1 Multiplication of Monomials

To simplify the product of monomials

1. Write the appropriate sign. The sign of the product is negative if there is an odd number of
negative factors. The sign is positive if there is an even number of negative factors (or no
negative factors).
2. Write the number whose sign was found in Step 1. The number is the product of all the
absolute values of the numbers.
3. Write the letters (usually in alphabetical order). Use rule 1 of exponents to determine the
exponent of each letter in the product.

Examples: Simplify the following products.

Associative property is used to
a) (-2a2b)(5a3b3) regroup. Commutative property
= −(2∙5) (a2a3) (bb3) is used to change the order.
= −(10)(a5)(b4) = −10a5b4
Rule 1 of exponents

10 is the product of the absolute

values of the numbers in the factors.

The sign is negative because there is an odd number of

negative factors.
b) (4xy2)(-3x2y3)(-2x3y)
= +(4∙3∙2)(x2x3x)(y2y3y)
= +(24)(x6)(y6) = 24x6y6
The sign is positive because there is
an even number of negative factors.

c) (-2xy2)(5xyz)(-y2z3)(-10x2z2)
= - (2∙5∙10)(x[x]x2)(y2[y]y2)([z]z3z2)
= -(100)(x4)( y5)( z6) = -100x4 y5 z6
The sign is negative because there is
an odd number of negative factors.

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Exercise:

1. Multiply the Mono!

Objective:

 Apply the rules in multiplying monomials.

Assessment tool:

2 points each (20/20 rating scale)

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Worksheet 5.1: Multiply the Mono!

Name:______________________________ Date:___________________________

Grade & Section: _____________________ Score: ________________

Multiply the monomials.

1. (-2a)(4a2) 2. (-3x)(5x3) 3. (4x2)3

4. (3x2)2 5. (-5x3)(2x2)(-3x) 6. (4x2)(-7x2)(2x)

7. (2mn2)(-4m2n2)(2m3n) 8. (5x2y)(-2xy2)(-3xy) 9. (-5x2y)(2yz3)(-xz)

10. (3xyz)(-2x2y)(-yz2)

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Topic 5.2 Multiplying Monomial to Polynomial

When you multiply a monomial to a polynomial with more than one term, you make use of
one of the fundamental properties of real numbers – the distributive property of
multiplication over addition:

a(b + c) = ab + ac

Simply, to multiply a Polynomial by a Monomial

Use the Distributive property and multiply each term in the polynomial by the monomial.

Example 1: Using the distributive property when more than two terms appear within the
parentheses

-5a(4a3 – 2a2b + b2) = -5a (4a3 + -2a2b + b2)

= (-5a)(4a3) + (-5a)(-2a2b) + (-5a)(b2)

= -20a4 + 10a3b – 5ab2

Using the distributive and the commutative properties of multiplication, it follows that:

(b + c)a = a(b + c) = ab + ac = ba + ca

Therefore, (b + c)a = ba + ca.

This can be extended to include more terms.

(b + c + d + …)a = ba + ca + da + …

Example 2: Using the distributive property when the factor appears on the right

a. (2x – 5)(-4x) = ( 2x + -5) ( -4x )

= (2x)(-4x) + (-5)(-4x)

= -8x2 + 20x

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b. (-2x2 + xy – 5y2)(-3xy)

= ( -2x2 + xy + -5y2) ( -3xy )

= (-2x2)(-3xy) + (xy)(-3xy) + (-5y2)(-3xy)

= 6x3y – 3x2y2 + 15xy3

Major Mistake Territory!

A common mistake students make is to think that the distributive property applies
to expression like
2(3∙4) ≠ (2∙3)(2∙4) 2(3 ∙ 4)
The distributive property
2(12) ≠ 6∙8 applies only when this is an
24 ≠ 48 addition.

Exercise:

1. Expand me!

Objective:

 Multiply monomial to polynomial

Assessment tool:

2 points each (20/20 rating scale)

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Worksheet 5.2: Expand me!

Name:______________________________ Date:___________________________

Grade & Section: _____________________ Score: ________________

Find each product using the distributive property.

1. 3(m-4)

2. 3(a-5)

3. -3(2x2 – 4x + 5)

4. -5(3x2 – 2x – 7)

5. (3x2 – 6) 4x

6. (5x2 – 10) 3x

7. -2x(5x2 + 3x – 4)

8. -4x(2x2 – 5x + 3)

9. -15x2 (4 – 1.5x – 1.2x2)

10. -0.7a2 (3a2 – 0.2a – 0.04)

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Topic 5.3 Multiplying Binomial by Binomial

Simply distribute the first term of the first binomial to each term of the other binomial then
distribute the second term to each term of the other binomial and simplify the results by
combining similar terms. This procedure is also known as the F-O-I-L method or Smile
method. Another way is the vertical way of multiplying which is the conventional one.

Examples

1. (x + 3)(x + 5) = x2 + 8x + 15 F = (x)(x) = x2
O = (x)(5) = 5x
F - First terms L - Last terms
I = (3)(x) = 3x
(x + 3)(x + 5)
L = (3)(5) = 15
I - Inner terms Since 5x and 3x are similar terms we
can combine them. 5x + 3x = 8x
O - Outer terms
The final answer is x2 + 8x + 15.

2. (x - 5)(x + 5) = x2 + 5x – 5x – 25 = x2 – 25
3. (x + 6)2 = (x + 6)(x + 6) = x2 + 6x + 6x + 36 = x2 + 12x + 36
4. (2x + 3y)(3x – 2y) = 6x2 – 4xy + 9xy – 6y2 = 6x2 + 5xy – 6y2
5. (3a – 5b)(4a + 7) = 12a2 + 21a – 20ab – 35b
There are no similar terms so example #5 is already in its simplest form.

Another way in multiplying polynomials:

1. Consider this example

34
This procedure also
× 12
applies the
68 distributive property.

34

408

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2. Now, consider this.

2x + 4 This one looks the same as

x-5 the first one.
10x – 20
2
2x + 4x

2x2 + 14x - 20

Exercise:

1. Do the Smiley!

Objective:

 Multiply binomial by binomial

Assessment tool:

1 point each (20/20 rating scale)

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DEPARTMENT

Worksheet 5.3: Do the Smiley!

Name:______________________________ Date:___________________________

Grade & Section: _____________________ Score: ________________

Find the product using the F-O-I-L method.

1. (x + 3)(x – 2)
F=
O=
I=
L=
Final answer:

2. (x + y)(a – b)
F=
O=
I=
L=
Final answer:

3. (3t – 5)(t + 6)
F=
O=
I=
L=
Final answer:

4. (ab – cd)(mo + pq)

F=
O=
I=
L=
Final answer:

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DEPARTMENT TOPIC 6
Division of Polynomials

6.1 Dividing Monomials

In dividing a monomial by monomial, you must follow these rules:

𝑎𝑚
1. = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 thus an ≠ 0
𝑎𝑛
−1 1
2. 𝑎 =𝑎
3. 𝑎0 = 1

Examples:
𝑎5
1. = a2
𝑎3
𝑎𝑚
2. 𝑎𝑛
= 22 = 4
-3 𝟏
3. x = 𝒙𝟑
𝟏
4. a-2b-1 = 𝒂𝟐 𝒃

How about this example,

4𝑥3
2𝑥2
In expansion,
4 ∙ x ∙ x ∙ x
2𝑥 ∙𝑥
4𝑋
We cancel the two Xs, therefore the result will be . Since you can divide 4 and 2 so the
2
final answer will be 2x.

4𝑥3
Applying the rule, ,
2𝑥2

4 4
x3-2 = x
2 2

= 2x

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And by applying the SNL (sign, number letter)

First is the sign, since they are both positive the answer will be positive.

4𝑥3 4𝑥 3−2
2 =
2
= 𝟐𝒙
2𝑥

Look at the examples below,

9 𝑎2 𝑏 𝟑𝒂
1. = 𝟐
3𝑎𝑏3 𝒃
10 𝑥 5 𝑦
2. = 𝟐 𝒙𝟐
5𝑥 3 𝑦
36𝑥𝑦
3. = 𝟔𝒙
6𝑦
49 𝑒 5 𝑦 6
4. = 𝟕 𝒆𝟑 𝒚𝟐
7𝑒 2 𝑦 4
56 𝑟 10 𝑠 14 𝑡 2
5. = 𝟕 𝒓𝟔 𝒔𝟒 𝒕
8𝑟 4 𝑠 10 𝑡

𝟓 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟔
How about this example, 𝟏𝟓 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟒 ?

Apply again the SNL, since 5 and 15 are divisible by 5 so,

5 𝑥2 𝑦 6 𝑦2
=
15 𝑥3 𝑦4 3𝑥

Look at the other examples:

11 𝑎5 𝑏7 𝒂𝟐 𝒃
1. 3 6 =
55 𝑎 𝑏 𝟓
12 ℎ 10 𝑖 7 𝑗 2 𝒊𝟕 𝒋𝟐
2. = 𝟐
60 ℎ12 𝟓𝒉
13 𝑎5 𝑏6 𝒂𝟓
3. 7 =
26 𝑏 𝟐𝒃
15 𝑒 4 𝑓6 𝑔5 𝒆𝟑 𝒇𝟓 𝒈𝟒
4. =
45𝑒𝑓𝑔 𝟑

2 𝑥2 𝑦
How about this example, ?
5𝑥𝑦

Always apply the SNL so,

𝑥 2 𝑦 𝟐𝒙
=
5𝑥𝑦 𝟓

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Examples: DEPARTMENT
13 𝑎5 𝑏8 𝟏𝟑 𝒃𝟖
1. =
9 𝑎7 𝟗 𝒂𝟐
3 𝑦7 𝑧6 𝟑 𝒚𝟕 𝒛
2. =
11 𝑧 5 𝟏𝟏

Exercise:

1. Divide the mono!

Objective:

 Divide monomial by a monomial

 Apply the rules in dividing a monomial to a monomial.

Assessment tool:

2 points each (10/10 rating scale)

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Worksheet 6.1: Divide the Mono!

Name:______________________________ Date:___________________________

Grade & Section: _____________________ Score: ________________

Divide the following and show your solution below the given.
24 𝑟 12 𝑠 2 𝑡 6
1. 12 𝑟𝑠𝑡

3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐 4
2. 18 𝑎5 𝑏7 𝑐

11 𝑒 7 𝑓𝑔
3. 54 𝑓𝑔

36 𝑎5 𝑏9
4. 9𝑐

14 𝑙12 𝑚7 𝑛6 𝑜 5
5. 28 𝑙10 𝑚7 𝑛8 𝑝

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6.2 Dividing Polynomial by Monomial

In dividing polynomials, you must follow these rules:

𝑎𝑚
1. = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 thus an ≠ 0
𝑎𝑛
−1 1
2. 𝑎 =𝑎
3. 𝑎0 = 1

Example:

5𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥
𝑥
Since there is only one term in the divisor, you need to divide the divisor in each term in
the dividend so,

5𝑥 2 𝑦 3𝑥
+
𝑥 𝑥
= 5xy + 3

Other examples:
10𝑎5𝑏3 +16𝑎𝑏4 −14𝑎6 𝑏4
1. 2𝑎𝑏

10𝑎5𝑏3 16𝑎𝑏4 14𝑎6 𝑏4

2𝑎𝑏
+ 2𝑎𝑏
− 2𝑎𝑏

= 5a4b2 + 8b3 – 7a5b3

60𝑥 5 −12𝑥 7 +72𝑥 3 60𝑥 5 12𝑥 7 72𝑥 3
2. = − + = 𝟓𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟓 + 𝟔𝒙
12𝑥 2 12𝑥 2 12𝑥 2 12𝑥 2
7𝑎6 𝑏−28 𝑎5 𝑏10 −42𝑎7 𝑏3 6
7𝑎 𝑏 28 𝑎5 𝑏10 42𝑎7 𝑏3 𝟏 𝟐𝒃𝟖 𝟑𝒃
3. = − − = − 𝟑 −
14𝑎8 𝑏2 8
14𝑎 𝑏 2 14𝑎8 𝑏2 14𝑎8 𝑏2 𝟐
𝟐𝒂 𝒃 𝒂 𝒂

Exercise:
1. Divide me!
Objective:
 Divide a polynomial by a monomial
Assessment tool:

5 points each (15/15 rating scale)

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Worksheet 6.2: What is my Quotient?

Name:______________________________ Date:___________________________

Grade & Section: _____________________ Score: ________________

Direction: Divide the following and show your solutions below the given.
16 𝑥 13 𝑦 7 −4𝑥𝑦 6
1. 4𝑥 10 𝑦 15

24 𝑒 4 𝑓6 + 6𝑒 3 𝑓0− 𝑒 10 𝑓4
2. 24𝑒𝑓

81 𝑟 2 𝑠4𝑡−90𝑟𝑠 2 𝑡+45𝑟𝑠𝑡−36𝑎𝑏𝑐
3. 9𝑟

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TOPIC 7
Special Products

Study the following patterns

1. 𝒂(𝒂 ± 𝒃) = 𝑎2 ± 𝑎𝑏
2. (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒄 + 𝒅) = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑
3. (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒄 + 𝒅 + 𝒆) = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑎𝑒 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑏𝑒
4. (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟐 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝒂 − 𝒃)𝟐 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)

= 𝑎 (𝑎 ) + 𝑎 (𝑏 ) + 𝑏 ( 𝑎 ) + 𝑏 (𝑏 ) = 𝑎 ( 𝑎 ) − 𝑎 (𝑏 ) − 𝑏 (𝑎 ) + 𝑏 (𝑏 )

= 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2

= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2

5. (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 − 𝒃) = 𝑎(𝑎) + 𝑎(−𝑏) + 𝑏(𝑎) + 𝑏(−𝑎)

= 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏2

= 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2

6. (a + b)3 = (a)3 + 3(a)2(b) + 3(a)(b2) + (b)3 (a – b)3 = (a)3 – (3)(a)2(b) + (3)(a)(b)2 – (b)3
= a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
= (a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3

Guide Questions

1. What did you notice with the patterns in number 1 – 3?

2. How about in number 4, 5 and 6?
With these patterns, we observed the used of distributive property and FOIL method.

Multiplication of polynomials

Monomial to binomial: 𝒂(𝒂 + 𝒃) = 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏

Examples:
o 2(5𝑎 + 7) = 𝟏𝟎𝒂 + 𝟏𝟒
o 4𝑛(5𝑛2 − 7𝑛 − 3) = 𝟐𝟎𝒏𝟑 − 𝟐𝟖𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒏
o 2𝑎3 (8𝑎 + 𝑏) = 16a4 + 2a3b
o 3𝑛2 (8𝑛2 + 5𝑛 − 8) = 24n4 + 15n3 – 24n2

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Binomial to Binomial: (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒄 + 𝒅) = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑

Examples:
1. (𝒙 + 𝟔)(𝒙 − 𝟕) = (𝑥)(𝑥) + (𝑥)(−7) + 6(𝑥) + 6(−7)
= 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 42
= 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟒𝟐

2. (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 3) = x2 + 3x + 4x + 12
= x2 + 7x + 12

3. (3𝑥 − 5)(2𝑥 + 3) = (3x)(2x) + (3x)(3) + (2x)(-5) + (-5)(3)

= 6x2 + 9x – 10x – 15
= 6x2 – x – 15

Binomial to Trinomial: (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒄 + 𝒅 + 𝒆) = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑎𝑒 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑏𝑒

Steps:

1. Distribute
2. Multiply
3. Combine like terms

Examples:

1. (2𝑥 + 4)(3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5)

Distribute (2𝑥 )(3𝑥 ) + (2𝑥 )(2𝑦) + (2𝑥 )(5) + (4)(3𝑥 ) + (4)(2𝑦) + (4)(5)

Multiply 6𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 10𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 20

Combine like terms 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝟐𝒚 + 𝟖𝒚 + 𝟐𝟎

2. (6𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 4) = (6x)(2x) + (6x)(7y) + (6x)(4) + (1)(2x) + (1)(7y) + (1)(4)

= 12x2 + 42xy + 24x + 2x + 7y + 4
= 12x2 + 42xy + 26x + 7y + 4
3. (𝑥 2 + 5)(𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 6) = (x2)(x2) + (x2)(-11x) + (x2)(6) + (5)(x2) + (5)(-11x) + (5)(6)
= x4 – 11x3 + 6x2 + 5x2 – 55x + 30
= x4 – 11x3 + 11x2 – 55x + 30

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Square of Binomial:

Steps:

1. Square the first term of the binomial.

2. Multiply the first term and last term of the binomial together and then double that
quantity (in other words multiply by 2).
3. Square the last term of the binomial.
4. Put the three term acquired together and get the answer

Examples:
 (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟐 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝒂 − 𝒃)𝟐 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)

= 𝑎 (𝑎 ) + 𝑎 (𝑏 ) + 𝑏 (𝑎 ) + 𝑏 ( 𝑏 ) = 𝑎 ( 𝑎 ) − 𝑎 (𝑏 ) − 𝑏 (𝑎 ) + 𝑏 (𝑏 )

= 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2

= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2

STEPS (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟐 (𝒂 − 𝒃)𝟐

Square the first term of the 𝑎2 𝑎2

binomial.

Multiply the first term and last 2𝑎𝑏 −2𝑎𝑏

term of the binomial together
and then double that quantity
(in other words multiply by
2).

Square the last term of the 𝑏2 𝑏2

binomial.

Put the three term acquired 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2

together and get the answer

1. (𝑥 + 4)2 = (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 4)
= 𝑥(𝑥) + 𝑥(4) + 4(𝑥) + 4(4)
= 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 16
= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔

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2
2. (𝑥 − 2) = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 2)
= 𝑥(𝑥) − 𝑥(2) − 2(𝑥) + 2(2)
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4
= 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒
3. (2𝑘 − 4)2 = (2k – 4) (2k – 4)
= (2k) (2k) – 2(2k) (4) + (4)2
= 4k2 – 16k + 16
4. (6𝑡 + 13𝑠)2 = (6t + 13s)(6t + 13s)
= (6t)(6t) + (6t)(13s) + (13s)(6t) + (13s)(13s)
= 36t2 + 78st + 78st + 169s2
= 36t2 + 156st + 169s2

Sum and Difference of two terms:

(𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 − 𝒃) = 𝑎(𝑎) + 𝑎(−𝑏) + 𝑏(𝑎) + 𝑏(−𝑎)

= 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏 2
= 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐

Steps:

1. Square the first term, minus

2. Square of the second term
Example:

1. (3𝑥 + 4)(3𝑥 − 4) =

Square the first term, minus (3𝑥)2 −

Square of the second term 42

Final answer 𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔

2. (𝑛5 − 12)(𝑛2 + 12) = n7 - 144

2 2 𝟒
3. (10𝑎3 − )(10𝑎3 + ) =100a6 -
3 3 𝟗
4. (2𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 4 )(2𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 4 ) =4x6y4 – z8

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DEPARTMENT
Cube of a Binomial

How do you get the cube of a binomial?

For cubing a binomial we need to know the formulas for the sum of cubes and the
difference of cubes.

Sum of cubes:

The sum of a cubed of two binomial is equal to the cube of the first term, plus three times
the square of the first term by the second term, plus three times the first term by the square of the
second term, plus the cube of the second term.

(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3

= a3 + 3ab (a + b) + b3

Difference of cubes:

The difference of a cubed of two binomial is equal to the cube of the first term, minus
three times the square of the first term by the second term, plus three times the first term by the
square of the second term, minus the cube of the second term.

(a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3

= a3 – 3ab (a – b) – b3

Example 1: Solve (x + 5)3

As you can see, x occupies the "a" slot in the left side of your formula, and 5 occupies the "b"
slot. Substituting x and 5 into the right side of the formula gives you:

x3 + 3x25 + 3x52 + 53

A little simplifying gets you closer to an answer:

x3 + 3(5)x2 + 3(25)x + 125

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And finally, once you've simplified as much as you can:

x3 + 15x2 + 75x + 125

Example 2: Solve (y - 3)3

As already discussed, your first step is to rewrite the problem to [y + (-3)]3.

Next, remember your formula for the cube of a binomial:

(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3

In your problem, y occupies the "a" slot on the left side of the equation, and -3 occupies the
"b" slot. Substitute those into the appropriate slots on the right side of the equation, taking
great care with your parentheses to preserve the negative sign in front of -3. This gives you:

y3 + 3y2(-3) + 3y(-3)2 + (-3)3

Now it's time to simplify. Again, pay close attention to that negative sign when you apply
exponents:

y3 + 3(-3)y2 + 3(9)y + (-27)

One more round of simplifying gives you your answer:

y3 - 9y2 + 27y - 27

Exercise:

1. How Special

Objective:

 Apply the rules/patterns in multiplying special products.

Assessment tool: 5 points each (40/40 rating scale)

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 JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT

Worksheet 7: How Special

Name:______________________________ Date:___________________________

Grade & Section: _____________________ Score: ________________

Multiply the following:

1. (x + 4) (x + 8)

2. (x – 2) (x – 4)

3. (2x + 3) (2x – 3)

4. (x + y2) (x – y2)

5. (x + 5)2

6. (4 – 5x)2

7. (x+1)3

8. (x-1)3

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 JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT
MODULE OUTPUT

Name:______________________________ Date:___________________________

Grade & Section: _____________________ Score: ________________

Answer the following problems. Show your complete solution. Item 1 is done for your guidance.

Detached pages 48 and 49.

1. Two friends Andrea and Bobby challenges Cassie and Denver for individual badminton
games. How many games will be played if they play each other once?

Solution:

a. First, assign a variable for each: Andrea can be represented by the expression A, Bobby
by B, Cassie by C and Denver by D.

b. Next, represent or model the situation using a polynomial. Since they are going to play
each other once, then it can be represented by (A + B) (C + D).

c. Solve the polynomial. (A + B) (C + D) = AC + +BC + AD + BD.

d. Finally, interpret the result. An answer which is not interpreted is meaningless. In this
case, Andrea will be playing against Cassie as represented as AC and Denver as
represented by AD; Bobby will play against Cassie as represented by BC and Denver as
represented by BD. There will be 4 games in all.

The diagram below summarizes the steps you can follow when solving word problems.

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4

Assign variable/s to Model the Solve. Interpret results

known and situation using Perform the and write final
unknown values polynomials operations. answer.

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 JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
2. Three groupsDEPARTMENT
of students: E&F, G&H and I&J decided to play scrabble. In each game,
there will be three players one from each group. A different set of players will be playing
for every game. All players will have an equal number of games. If there are 8 games,
show all possible combination of players?
[Hint: binomial × binomial × binomial]

3. The amount of ingredients needed to prepare a pancake good for three (3) servings are:

1 cup all-purpose flour

2 tablespoons sugar
2 teaspoons baking powder
½ teaspoon salt
1 large egg, slightly beaten
2 tablespoons vegetable oil
If you wish to prepare 12 servings, what is the amount of each ingredient? Provide a
monomial times a polynomial that models the amount of each ingredient for any desired
number of servings.

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 JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT
REFERENCES

Aseron, E. R., Armas, A. D., Canonigo, A. M., Dullete, J. T., Franciso, F. F., Garces, I. L., . . .
Yu, C. V. (2013). Mathematics – Grade 7 Learner's Material. Pasig City: Department of
Education.

Chua, S. L., Sy Tan, J. L., Ubarro, A. D., Rodriguez, A. A., Glorial, J. C., & Kotah, M. T.
(2018). Soaring 21st Century Mathematics Grade 7. Quezon City, Philippines: Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc.

PEAC Junior High School (JHS) Trainees (2016). “Learning Module in Mathematics 7”. PEAC
National Secretariat. Makati City, Philippines. Retrieved from
[Link]

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