Quantitative Research Designs,
Sampling & Instruments
Practical Research 2 | Quarter 2 –
Module 1
Focus: Systematic, Objective,
Numerical Inquiry
What is Quantitative Research
Design?
• • Definition: The blueprint/coherent strategy
guiding all parts of your study
• • Purpose: Ensures valid, reliable, accurate,
and objective results
• • Determines how you will answer research
questions
Types of Quantitative Research
Design
• Descriptive – Describe what is happening
• Correlational – Find relationships between
variables
• Ex Post Facto – Analyze cause from existing
results
• Quasi-Experimental – Test cause-effect
without random assignment
• Experimental – Prove cause-effect through
manipulation
Sampling Basics
• Population: Total group of interest
• • Target Population
• • Accessible Population
• Sample: Representative subset of the
population
• Goal: Reduce cost/time while allowing
generalization
How to Determine Sample Size
• • Heuristics
• • Literature Review
• • Cochran’s Formula: n₀ = Z²pq/e²
• • Power Analysis (~80% statistical power)
Probability Sampling Methods
• • Simple Random Sampling
• • Stratified Random Sampling
• • Cluster Sampling
• • Systematic Sampling
Research Instruments
• Tools to gather numerical data
• Common: Questionnaires, Tests, Observation
Checklists
• Qualities: Concise, logical, valid, reliable
• Scales: Likert and Semantic Differential
Validity vs Reliability
• Validity: Measures what it should measure
• Types: Face, Content, Construct, Concurrent,
Predictive
• Reliability: Gives consistent results
• Types: Test-Retest, Equivalent Forms, Internal
Consistency
Key Takeaways
• • Choose the right research design
• • Use proper sampling methods
• • Ensure validity and reliability
• • Produce credible, objective, useful findings