Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

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CHAPTER 5

P. E. 5.1 dS = ρ dφ dzaρ
2π 5 5 2π
z2 1
I =  J • dS =   φρ dzdφ |ρ = 2  2 (1 − cos 2φ )dφ = 240π
2
10 z sin = 10(2)
φ= 0 z =1 2 1 0

I = 754 A

P. E. 5.2

I = ρ s wu = 0.5 ×10−6 × 0.1×10 = 0.5μ A

V = IR = 1014 × 0.5 × 10−6 = 50 MV

P. E. 5.3 σ = 5.8 ×107 S/m

J 8 × 106
J =σE ⎯⎯ → E= = = 0.138 V/m
σ 5.8 ×107

8 × 106
J
J = ρvu ⎯⎯
→ u= = 4.42 ×10−4 m/s
=
ρv 1.81×10 10

P. E. 5.4 The composite bar can be modeled as a parallel combination of resistors as

shown below.

RL
Rc

l π
For the lead, RL = , SL = d 2 − π r 2 = 9 − cm2
σ L SL 4

RL = 0.974 m Ω

l π
For copper, Rc = , Sc = π r 2 = cm2
σ c Sc 4

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Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

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4
Rc = = 0.8781 m Ω
π
5.8 × 107 × ×10−4
4
RL Rc 0.974 x0.8781
R= = = 461.7 μΩ
RL + Rc 0.974 + 0.8781

P. E. 5.5 ρ Ps = P • a x = ax 2 + b

ρ ps x=0
= P • ( − a x ) x = 0 = −b

ρ ps x=L
= P • ax x=L
= aL2 + b

Qs =  ρ ps dS = −bA + (aL2 + b) A = AaL2

d
ρ pv = −∇ • P = − (ax 2 + b) = −2ax
dx

ρ pv x=0
= 0, ρ pv x=L
= −2aL

L
Qv =  ρ pv dv =  (−2ax) Adx = − AaL2
0

Hence,

QT = Qv + Qs = − AaL2 + AaL2 = 0

P. E. 5.6

V 103
E= ax = a x = 500a x kV/m
d 2 x10−3
10−9
P = χ eε o E = (2.55 − 1) x x0.5 x106 a x = 6.853a x μC / m 2
36π
ρ ps = P • a x = 6.853μ C/m 2

P. E. 5.7 (a) Since P = ε o χ e E , Px = ε o χ e Ex

Px 3x10−9 1
χe = = x36π x109 = 2.16
ε o Ex 10π 5

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Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

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P 36π ×109 1
(b) E = = (3, −1, 4)10−9 = 5ax − 1.67 a y + 6.67az V/m
χ eε o 2.16 10π
(c)
ε r P 3.16  1 
D = ε oε r E = = 2
 (3, −1, 4) nC/m = 139.7ax −46.6a y + 186.3az pC/m 2
χ e 2.16  10π 
P. E. 5.8 From Example 5.8,
ρs 2S 2ε F
F= ⎯⎯ → ρs 2 = o
2ε o S
V
But ρ s = ε o E = ε o d . Hence
d
2ε o F ε o 2Vd 2 2 Fd 2
ρs2 = = ⎯⎯
→ Vd 2 =
S d2 ε oS
i.e.
2 Fd 2
Vd = V1 − V2 =
εoS
as required.
P. E. 5.9 (a) Since an = ax ,

D1n = 12ax , D1t = −10ax + 4az , D2 n = D1n = 12ax

ε 2 D1t 1
E2t = E1t ⎯⎯
→ D2t = = (−10a y + 4az ) = −4a y + 1.6az
ε1 2.5

D2 = D2 n + D2t = 12ax − 4a y + 1.6az nC/m2.

D2t (−4) 2 + (1.6) 2

tan θ 2 = = = 0.359 ⎯⎯
→ θ 2 = 19.75o
D2 n 12

(b) E1t = E2t = E2 sin θ 2 = 12sin 60o = 10.392

E2
E 2t

θ2

x
E2n

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Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

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εr2 1
E1n = E2 n = 12cos 60o = 2.4
ε r1 2.5

E1 = E1t 2 + E1n 2 = 10.67

ε r1 2.5
tan θ1 = tan θ 2 = tan 60o = 4.33 ⎯⎯
→ θ1 = 77o
εr2 1

Note that θ1 > θ 2 .

P. E. 5.10

10−9
D = εoE = (60,20, −30) x10−3 = 0.531ax + 0.177 a y − 0.265az pC/m2
36π

10−9
ρ s = Dn =| D |= (10) 36 + 4 + 9(10−3 ) = 0.619 pC/m2
36π

Prob. 5.1

I =  J • dS , dS = dydza x
π /3 4
I =  e cos(4 y )dydz
−x
=e −2
 cos(4 y)dy  dz
x=2 0 0

 sin 4 y π / 3  −2  4π 
= 4e−2   = e  sin( ) − 0  = −0.1172 A
 4 0   3 

Prob. 5.2

Method 1:
10 −103 t 2
I =  J • dS =  e r sin dθ dφ
r t = 2ms, r = 4m
π 2π

  dφ = 40e
3 −3
= 10(4)e−10 ×2×10 sin θ dθ −2
(2)(2π ) = 160π e−2
θ=0 φ=0

= 68.03 A

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Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

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Method 2:

10 −103 t 10
I =  J • dS = 
3
e dS = e −10 t (4π r 2 )
r r
since r is constant on the surface.
I=40π re −2 = 160π e −2 = 68.03 A

Prob. 5.3
dQ
I =− = 3x10−4 e−3t
dt

I(t=0) = 0.3 mA, I(t=2.5) = 0.3 e-7.5 = 166 nA

Prob. 5.4
a 2π 2π a
I =  J • dS =5   e −10 ρ ρ dφ d ρ = 5  dφ  ρ e−10 ρ d ρ
ρ φ
=0 =0 0 ρ=0

 e−10 ρ  a 10π −10 a

= 5(2π )  (−10 ρ − 1)  =  e (−10a − 1) − 1(−0 − 1) 
 100  0 100
π π
= e−0.04 (−0.04 − 1) + 1 = (0.00078) = 244.7 μ A
10  10

Prob. 5.5
5 π
10
I =  J dS =  sin φρ dφ dz = 10  dz  sin φ dφ
ρ 0 0

π
= 10(5)(− cos φ ) = 100 A
0

Prob. 5.6
l l 2 × 10−2
R= → σ=
⎯⎯ = 6 = 3.978 × 10−4 S/m
σS RS 10 (π )(4 × 10 )
−3 2

l 8 ×10−2 8
Prob. 5.7 (a) R = = = = 33.95mΩ
σ S 3 ×10 π (25)10
4 −6
75π

75π
(b) I = V / R = 9 × = 265.1 A
8

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Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

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(c) P = IV = 2.386 kW

Prob. 5.8
If R and S are the same,
  σ
R1 = 1 = R2 = 2 ⎯⎯
→ 1 =  2 1
σ 1S σ 2S σ2
If 1 corresponds to copper and 2 to silver,
σ 1 = 5.8 ×107 S/m, σ 2 = 6.1×107 S/m
5.8
1 =  2 = 0.951 2
6.1
That is, the copper wire is shorter than silver wire or the silver wire is longer.

Prob. 5.9 (a) Si = π ri 2 = π (1.5) 2 x10−4 = 7.068 x10−4

So = π (ro 2 − ri 2 ) = π (4 − 2.25) ×10−4 = 5.498 ×10−4
ρI l 11.8 × 10−8 × 10
RI = = −4
= 16.69 × 10−4
SI 7.068 X 10
ρol 1.77 × 10−8 × 10
Ro = = −4
= 3.219 × 10−4
So 5.498 × 10
Ri Ro 16.69 × 3.219 × 10−4
R = Ri // Ro = = = 0.27mΩ
Ri + Ro 16.69 + 3.219

I i Ro 0.3219
(b) V = I i Ri = I o Ro ⎯⎯⎯
→ = = = 0.1929
I o Ri 1.669
I i + I o = 1.1929 I o = 60 A
I o = 50.3 A (copper), I i = 9.7 A (steel)

Alternatively, using the principle of current division,

Ri
I o = 60 = 50.3 A
Ri + Ro
Ro
I i = 60 = 9.7 A
Ri + Ro

10 × 1.77 ×10−8
(c) R= = 0.322mΩ
1.75π ×10−4

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Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

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Prob. 5.10

From eq. (5.16),

ρ ρ ρ2 ρ2
R1 = 1 = 1 , R2 = =
S1 ab S2 ac
ρ1 ρ 2
R1 R2 ρ1 ρ 2  2
R = R1  R2 = = ab ac =
R1 + R2 ρ1 + ρ 2  ac ρ1 + abρ 2 
ab ac
ρ1 ρ 2 
R=
a (c ρ1 + bρ 2 )

Prob. 5.11

| P |= n | p |= nQd = 2ned = χ eε o E (Q = 2e)

2ned 2 × 5 × 1025 × 1.602 × 10−19 × 10−18

χe = = = 0.000182
εoE 10−9 4
×10
36π

ε r = 1 + χ e = 1.000182

Prob. 5.12

N N

 qi di p i
P= i =1
= i =1

v v

N
| P |= | p |= 2 ×1019 ×1.8 ×10−27 = 3.6 ×10−8
v

P =| P | a x = 3.6 × 10−8 a x C/m 2

P 3.6 × 36π × 109 × 10−18

But P = χ eε o E or χe = = = 0.0407
εoE 105

ε r = 1 + χ e = 1.0407

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Prob. 5.13

Q
E= ar
4πε oε r r 2
χ eQ 3(10)10−3
P = χ eε o E = a =
2 r
ar = 596.8ar μ C/m 2
4πε r r 4π (4)12

Prob. 5.14

P 100 × 10−9
P = χ eε o E ⎯⎯
→ E= = a ρ = 2.261a ρ kV/m
χ eε o 10−9
2.5 (2)
36π
10−9
D = ε oε r E = 3.5 × 2.261×103 a ρ = 70a ρ nC/m 2
36π

Prob. 5.15

(a)
Qs1 =  P dS , dS = r 2 sin dθ dφ (−ar )
S

= −  4r r 2 sin θ dθ dφ
r = 1.2cm
2π
= −4(1.2) (10−6 )  dφ  sin θ dθ (10−12 )
3

= −6.912(2π )(2) × 10−18

= −86.86 × 10−18 C

(b)
Qs 2 =  P dS , dS = r 2 sin dθ dφ (−ar )
S

= −  4r r 2 sin θ dθ dφ
r = 2.6cm
2π
= −4(2.6) (10−6 )  dφ  sin θ dθ (10−12 )
3

= −4(2.6) (2π )(2) ×10−18 = 883.5 ×10−18 C

3

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(c)
1 ∂
ρ pv = −∇P = − (4r 3 ) pC/m3 = −12pC/m3
r 2 ∂r
π 2π 2.6
Qv =  ρ pv dv = −12 dv = −12 sin θ dθ  dφ  r 2 dr (10−18 )
v 0 0 1.2

r 2.6 −18
3
= −12(2)(2π ) (10 ) = −16π (2.63 − 1.23 )(10−18 )
3 1.2
= −796.61×10−18 C

Prob. 5.16

10−9
D = ε oε r E = 2.1x (6,12, −20) = 0.1114a x + 0.2228a y − 0.3714a z nC/m 2
36π
10−9
P = χ eε o E = 1.1x (6,12, −20) = 0.0584a x + 0.1167a y − 0.1945a z nC/m 2
36π

Prob. 5.17

 ∂V 1 ∂V ∂V 
E = −∇V = −  aρ + aφ + az 
 ∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z 
= (10zsinφ a ρ + 10 z cos φ aφ + 10 ρ sin φ a z )
D = ε E = 5ε o E
= −50ε 0 ( zsinφ a ρ + z cos φ aφ + ρ sin φ a z ) C/m 2

Prob. 5.18

 ∂V ∂V ∂V 
(a) E = −∇V = −  ax + ay + a z  = −20 xyza x − 10 x 2 za y − 10( x 2 y − z )a z V/m
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
(b) D = ε E = 5ε o E = −0.8842 xyza x − 0.4421x 2 za y − 0.4421( x 2 y − z )a z nC/m 2
(c) P = χ eε o E = 4ε o E = −0.7073xyza x − 0.3537 x 2 za y − 0.3537( x 2 y − z )a z nC/m 2
(d) ρ v = −ε∇ 2V
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ 2V = (20 xyz ) + (10 x 2 z ) + (10 x 2 y − 10 z ) = 20 yz − 10
∂x ∂y ∂z
ρv = −5ε o10(2 yz − 1) = −0.8854 yz + 0.4427 nC/m3

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Prob. 5.19

D (ε r − 1) D 1.4
P = χ e ε o E =χ e ε o = = × 450a x nC/m 2
ε oε r εr 2.4
P = 262.5a x nC/m 2

Prob. 5.20 (a) Applying Coulomb’s law,

 Dr Q
 ε = 4πε r 2 , r > b
Er =  o o

 Dr = Q , a < r < b
 ε 4πε r 2
ε −1
P= r D (= D − ε O E )
εr
Hence
εr −1 Q
Pr = . , a<r <b
ε r 4π r 2
1 d 2
(b) ρ pv = −∇ • P = − (r Pr ) = 0
r 2 dr
(c)
Q εr −1
ρ ps = P • (−ar ) = − ( ), r=a
4π a 2 ε r

Q εr −1
ρ ps = P • (ar ) = − ( ), r =b
4π b 2 ε r

Prob. 5.21

Q1Q2 Q1Q2
F1 = = 2.6 nN, F2 = = 1.5 nN
4πε o d 2
4πε oε r d 2
F1 2.6
= = ε r = 1.733
F2 1.5

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Prob. 5.22

(a) By Gauss’s law,

Q
 DdS = Q
S
enc ⎯⎯
→ Dr =
4π r 2
Dr Q
Er = =
ε 4πε r 2
1
W =  ε | E |2 dv, dv = r 2 sin θ drdφ dθ
v
2
2π π ∞
1 Q2 Q2
W= ε    r 2
sin θ drd φ dθ =
2 φ =0 θ r = a 16π 2ε 2 r 4 8πε a
(b) Dr remains the same but
D Q Q
Er = r = =
ε 4πε o ( r + a )
2 2
 a
4π r 2ε o 1 + 
 r
2π π ∞ 2
1 1 Q 2 r 2 sin θ drdθ dφ  r + a 
W =  ε | E |2 dv =    εo  
v
2 2 φ =0 θ =0 r = a 16π 2ε 2 ( r + a )4  r 
Q2  1 ∞  Q2 1
∞
Q2 dr
=
32π 2ε o
(4π ) a ( r + a )2 8πε o  r + a a  = 8πε o 2a
= −

Q2
W=
16aπε o

Prob. 5.23
(a)
ρ , 0<r <a
ρv =  o
 0, r>a
4π r 3 ρo r
For r < a, ε Er (4π r 2 ) = ρo ⎯⎯
→ Er =
3 3ε
ρo r 2
V = −  E • dl = − + c1
6ε

4π a 3 ρo a3
For r > a, ε o Er (4π r 2 ) = ρ o ⎯⎯
→ Er =
3 3ε o r 2
ρo a3
V = −  E • dl = + c2
3ε o r
As r ⎯⎯
→∞, V = 0 and c2 = 0

At r = a, V(a+) = V(a-)

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ρo a 2 ρ a2 ρo a 2
− + c1 = o ⎯⎯⎯
→ c1 = (2ε r + 1)
6ε oε r 3ε o 6ε oε r
ρo a 2 (2ε r + 1)
V(r=0) = c1 =
6ε oε r

ρo a 2
(b) V (r = a ) =
3ε o

Prob. 5.24

 Dx  4 1 1  1 
 D  = ε E 1 3 1   1 
 y o o   
 Dz  1 1 2   −1

Dx = ε o Eo (4 + 1 − 1) = 4ε o Eo
Dy = ε o Eo (1 + 3 − 1) = 3ε o Eo
Dz = ε o Eo (1 + 1 − 2) = 0
D = ε o Eo (4a x + 3a y ) C/m 2

Prob. 5.25

∂ρv
Since = 0, ∇ • J = 0 must hold.
∂t

(a) ∇ • J = 6 x2 y + 0 − 6 x2 y = 0 ⎯⎯
→ This is possible.

(b) ∇ • J = y + ( z + 1) ≠ 0 ⎯⎯
→ This is not possible.

1 ∂
(c) ∇•J = ( z 2 ) + cos φ ≠ 0 ⎯⎯
→ This is not possible.
ρ ∂ρ

1 ∂
(d) ∇•J = (sin θ ) = 0 ⎯⎯
→ This is possible.
r2 ∂ r

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Prob. 5.26
∂J ∂J ∂J ∂ρ
∇ J = x + y + z = 2e −2 y cos 2 x − 2e −2 y cos 2 x + 1 = 1 = − v
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
∂ρ v
Hence, = −1 C/m3 s
∂t

Prob. 5.27
1 ∂ 100 100
(a) ∇ • J = ( )=− 3
ρ ∂ρ ρ ρ

∂ρv 100 ∂ρ v 100

− = ∇•J = − 3 ⎯⎯
→ = 3 C/m3 .s
∂t ρ ∂t ρ
2π 1
100 100
(b) I =  J • dS =  ρ dφ dz ρ = 2 =  dφ  dz = 100π = 314.16 A
ρ2 2 0 0

Prob. 5.28
ε 2.5 × 10−9
Tr = = = 4.42 μ s
σ 5 ×10−6 × 36π
Q 1
ρvo = = = 29.84 kC / m3
V 4 π
×10−6 × 8
3
ρ v = ρ vo e − t / Tr = 29.84e −2 / 4.42 = 18.98 kC/m3

Prob. 5.29
∂ρv ∂J
− = ∇ • J = x = 0.5π cos π x
∂t ∂x
At P(2,4,-3), x= 2
∂ρv
= −0.5π cos(2π ) = −0.5π = −1.571 C/m 2 s
∂t

Prob. 5.30
(a)
10−9
3.1×
ε 36π = 2.741×104 s
=
σ 10 −15

10−9
6×
ε 36π = 5.305 × 104 s
(b) =
σ 10−15

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10−9
80 ×
ε 36π = 7.07 μ s
(c) =
σ 10−4

Prob. 5.31
∂ρ
∇ J = − v ⎯⎯ → ρv = −  ∇ Jdt
∂t
1 ∂ 2 1 ∂ 0.5
∇ J = 2 (r J r ) = 2 (0.5r exp( −104 t )) = 2 exp(−104 t )
r ∂r r ∂r r
0.5
ρ v = −  ∇ Jdt = 2 4 exp(−104 t ) + C
r 10
If ρ v → 0 as t → ∞, C = 0.
50
ρv = 2
exp(−104 t ) μ C/m 3
r

Prob. 5.32
D1 4 −1 3
P1 = χ e1ε o E1 = χ e1ε o
ε oε r1 = 4 D1 = 4 D1
= 12a x + 22.5a y − 15az nC/m 2
D2 n = D1n = −20a z
D2t D1t
E2t = E1t ⎯⎯
→ =
ε2 ε1
ε2 6.5ε o
D2t = D1t = (16a x + 30a y ) = 26a x + 48.75a y
ε1 4ε o
D2 = D2 n + D2t = 26a x + 48.75a y − 20a z nC/m 2

Prob. 5.33
Let x > 0 be region 1 and x < 0 be region 2.
D1n = 50a x , D1t = 80a y − 30a z
D2 n = D1n = 50a x
D2t D1t
E2t = E1t ⎯⎯
→ =
ε2 ε1
ε2 7.6
D2t = D1t = (80a y − 30a z ) = 289.5a y − 108.6a z
ε1 2.1
D2 = D2t + D2 n = 50a x + 289.5a y − 108.6a z nC/m 2

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Prob. 5.34
f(x,y)= 4x +3y –10=0
∇f −(4a x + 3a y )
∇f = 4a x + 3a y ⎯⎯
→ an = −
= = −0.8a x − 0.6a y
| ∇f | 5
The minus sign is chosen for an because it is directed toward the origin.

D1n = ( D1 ⋅ an )an = (1.6 − 2.4)an = −0.64a x − 0.48a y

D1t = D1 − D1n = 2.64a x − 3.52a y + 6.5a z
D2 n = D1n = −0.64a x − 0.48a y
D2t D1t
E2t = E1t ⎯⎯
→ =
ε2 ε2
ε2 2.5
D2t = D1t = (2.64, −3.52, 6.5) = (6.6, −8.8,16.25)
ε1 1
D2 = D2 n + D2t = 5.96a x − 9.28a y + 16.25a z nC/m 2
D2 an
θ 2 = cos −1 = 87.66o
| D2 |

Prob. 5.35
10−9
(a) P1 = ε o χ e1 E1 = 2 × (10, −6,12) = 0.1768a x − 0.1061a y + 0.2122a z nC/m 2
36π

(b) E1n = −6a y , E2t = E1t = 10a x + 12a z

D2 n = D1n ⎯⎯
→ ε 2 E2 n = ε1 E1n

ε1 3ε o
or E2 n = E1n = (−6a z ) = −4a y
ε2 4.5ε o

E2 = 10a x − 4a y + 12a z V/m

E2t 102 + 122

tan θ 2 = = = 3.905 ⎯⎯
→ θ 2 = 75.64o
E2 n 4

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Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

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1 1
(c) wE = D•E = ε | E | 2
2 2

1 1 10−9
wE1 = ε1 | E1 |2 = x3x (102 + 62 + 122 ) = 3.7136 nJ/m3
2 2 36π

1 1 10−9
wE 2 = ε 2 | E2 |2 = x 4.5 x (102 + 42 + 122 ) = 5.1725 nJ/m3
2 2 36π

Prob. 5.36 (a) D2 n = 12a ρ = D1n , D2t = −6aφ + 9a z

D1t D2t
E2t = E 2t ⎯⎯
→ =
ε1 ε2
ε1 3.5ε o
D1t = D2t = (−6aφ + 9a z ) = −14aφ + 21a z
ε2 1.5ε o

D1 = 12a ρ − 14aφ + 21a z nC/m 2

(12, −14, 21) ×10−9

E1 = D1 / ε1 = = 387.8a ρ − 452.4aφ + 678.6a z
10−9
3.5 ×
36π
D 0.5ε o
(b) P2 = ε o χ e 2 E2 = 0.5ε o 2 = (12, −6,9) = 4aρ − 2aφ + 3a z nC/m 2
ε 2 1.5ε o

ρv 2 = ∇ • P2 = 0

1 1 D1 • D1 1 (122 + 142 + 212 ) x10−18

(c) wE1 = D1 • E1 = = −9
= 12.62 μ J/m 2
2 2 ε oε r 1 2 10
3.5 x
36π

1 D2 • D2 1 (122 + 62 + 92 ) x10−18
wE 2 = = −9
= 9.839 μ J/m 2
2 ε oε r 2 2 10
1.5 x
36π

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Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

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Prob. 5.37

Gaussian surface

4π r 2 4π r 2
Q =  [Link] = ε1 Er + ε 2 Er = 2π r 2 (ε1 + ε 2 ) Er
2 2

 Q
 , r>a
E r =  2π (ε1 + ε 2 )r 2
 0, r<a


Prob. 5.38
(a) The two interfaces are shown below

glass
oil glass air

1 2 2 3

oil-glass glass-air

E1n = 2000, E1t = 0 = E2t = E3t

D1n = D2 n = D3n ⎯⎯
→ ε1 E1n = ε 2 E2 n = ε 3 E3n

ε1 3.0
E2 n = E1n = (2000) = 705.9 V/m, θ 2 = 0o
ε2 8.5

ε1 3.0
E3n = E1n = (2000) = 6000 V/m, θ 3 = 0o
ε3 1.0

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Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

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(b)

oil glass glass air

θ2

θ 1 = 75 o

1 2 2 3

E1n = 2000cos 75o = 517.63, E1t = 2000sin 75o = E2t = E3t = 1931.85
ε 3 ε 3
E2 n = 1 E1n = (517.63) = 182.7, E3n = 1 E1n = (517.63) = 1552.89
ε2 8.5 ε3 1

E2t
E2 = E2 n 2 + E2t 2 = 1940.5, θ 2 = tan −1 = 84.6o ,
E2 n

E3t
E3 = E3n 2 + E3t 2 = 2478.6, θ3 = tan −1 = 51.2o
E3n

Prob. 5.39
10−9 2900
ρ s = Dn = ε o E = 302 + 402 + 202 × 10−3 = pC/m 2
36π 36π
= 0.476 pC/m 2

10−9
Prob. 5.40 (a) ρ s = Dn = ε o En = 152 + 82 = 0.1503 nC/m 2
36π
(b) Dn = ρ s = −20 nC

D = Dn an = ( − 20 nC)(-a y ) = 20 a y nC / m2

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Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

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Prob. 5.41

At the interface between ε o and 2ε o ,

E1n = Eo cos 30o , E1t = Eo sin 30o
E2t = E1t = 0.5Eo
D2 n = D1n ⎯⎯
→ ε1 E1n = ε 2 E2 n
ε1 ε
E2 n = E1n = o (0.866 Eo ) = 0.433Eo
ε2 2ε o
The angle E makes with the z-axis is
E 0.5
θ1 = tan −1 2t = tan −1 = 49.11o
E2 n 0.433
At the interface between 2ε o and 3ε o ,
E3t = E2t = 0.5 Eo
ε2 2ε
D3n = D2 n ⎯⎯
→ E3n = E2 n = o (0.433Eo ) = 0.2887 Eo
ε3 3ε o
The angle E makes with the z-axis is
E 0.5
θ 2 = tan −1 3t = tan −1 = 60o
E3n 0.2887
At the interface between 3ε o and ε o ,
E4t = E3t = 0.5 Eo
ε3 3ε
D4 n = D3n ⎯⎯
→ E4 n = E3n = o (0.2887 Eo ) = 0.866 Eo
ε4 εo
The angle E makes with the z-axis is
E 0.5
θ 3 = tan −1 4t = tan −1 = 30o
E4 n 0.866

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