Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

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77

CHAPTER 4

P. E. 4.1
 5 ×10−9 [(1, −3, 7) − (2, 0, 4)] 
 [(1, −3, 7) − (2, 0, 4)]3 
1×10 −9  
(a) F =  ( −2 × 10 −9
)[(1, −3, 7) − ( −3, 0,5)] 
 10−9   + 
4π   [(1, −3, 7) − ( −3, 0,5)] 3

 36π   

45(−1, −3,3) 18(4, −3, 2)
=[ − ] nN
193/ 2 293/ 2
= −1.004a x − 1.284a y + 1.4 a z nN

F
(b) E= = −1.004a x − 1.284a y + 1.4a z V/m
Q

P. E. 4.2
Let q be the charge on each sphere, i.e. q=Q/3. The free body diagram below helps us to
establish the relationship between various forces.

A
F1

d/2
F2
mg

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 Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

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At point A,
T sin θ cos 30° = F1 + F2 cos 60°
q2 q2 1
= + ( )
4πε 0 d 2
4πε 0 d 2
2

3 q2
=
8πε 0 d 2
T cos θ = mg
3q 2
Hence, tan θ cos 30° =
8πε 0 d 2 mg
d
h d 3
But sin θ = = tan θ =
l 3l d2
l2 −
3
d 3
( )
3 2 = 3q 2
Thus,
2 d2 8πε 0 d 2 mg
l −
3
4π ε0 d 3 m g
or q2 =
d2
3 l2 −
3
Q Q
but q = ⎯⎯
→ q2 = . Hence,
3 9
12 π ε 0 d 3 m g
Q2 =
2 d2
l −
3

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P.E. 4.3
_
_ d2 l
eE = m 2
dt
_ _ d 2 x _ d 2 y _ d 2z _
eE0 ( − 2a x + a y ) = m( ax + 2 a y + 2 az )
dt 2 dt dt
where E0 = 200 kV / m
d 2z
=0 ⎯⎯ → z = ct + c2
dt 2
d2x − 2eE0 t 2
m 2 = − 2eE0 ⎯⎯ → x= + c3 t + c4
dt 2m
d2y eE0 t 2
m 2 = eE0 ⎯⎯ → y= + c5 t + c6
dt 2m
At t = 0, ( x, y, z ) = (0, 0, 0) c1 = 0 = c4 = c6
dx dy dz
Also, ( , , ) = (0, 0, 0)
dt dt dt
At t = 0 ⎯⎯→ c1 = 0 = c3 = c5
eE0t 2
Hence, ( x, y ) = (−2,1)
2m
i.e. 2 | y | = | x |
Thus the largest value of is
80 cm = 0.8 m

P.E. 4.4
(a)

Consider an element of area dS of the disk.

The contribution due to dS = ρ dφ d ρ is
ρ s dS ρ s dS
dE = =
4πε 0 r 2
4πε 0 ( ρ 2 + h 2 )
The sum of the contribution along ρ gives zero.

a 2π a
ρs h ρ d ρ dφ hρ ρ dρ
Ez =
4π ε 0 ρ
 =0
φ =0 ( ρ 2 + h2 )3/ 2 = 2 ε 0s ρ

−0
( ρ + h 2 )3/ 2
2

a
h ρs hρs a

4 ε 0 0
= ( ρ 2
+ h 2 −3/ 2
) d ( ρ 2
) = ( −2( ρ 2
+ h 2 −1/ 2
) |
4ε 0 0

ρs h
= [1 − 2 ]
2ε 0 (h + a 2 )1/ 2

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(b)
As a ⎯⎯
→ ∞,
ρs
E= az
2ε 0

(c) Let us recall that if a/h <<1 then (1+a/h)n can be approximated by (1+na/h).
Thus the expression for Ez from (a) can be modified for a<<h as follows.

 
   − 
1
ρs   = ρs 1 − 1 + a  2 ρs  a2 
2
1
Ez = 1−  ⎯a⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→  
2ε o  a  2ε o
2   h 2  
→0 , but ρ sπa 2 = Q
2ε o  2h 2 
 1+ 2   
 h 
ρ  πa  2
Q
= s  2 
=
2ε o  2πh  4πε o h 2

This is in keeping with original Coulomb’s law.

P. E. 4.5
2 2

QS = ρ S dS =   12 | y| dx dy
−2 −2
2

= 12(4)  2 y dy = 192 mC
0

ρ dS ρ dS | r − r' |
E =  s 2 ar =  s
4πε r 4πε o | r − r' |3
where r − r' = (0, 0,10) − ( x, y, z ) = (− x, − y,10).

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2 2
12 | y |10−3 (− x, − y,10)
E=   10−9 2 2
x =−2 y =−2
4π ( )( x + y + 100)3/ 2
36π
2 2 2 2
− xdx dy a x − y | y | dy dx a y
= 108(10 )[  | y |  2
( x + y 2 + 100)3/ 2 −2  (x
6
+ 2
−2 −2 −2
+ y 2 + 100)3/ 2
2 2
| y | dx dy
+ 10 a z   (x
−2 −2
2
+ y 2 + 100)3/ 2
]

1
2 2 d ( y2 )
2
E = 108(107 ) a z 
−2
[2  2
0
( x + y 2 + 100)3/ 2
]dx

2
1 1
= − 216(107 ) a z 
−2
[ 2
( x + 104)1/ 2
− 2
( x + 100)1/ 2
]dx

x + x 2 + 104 2
= − 216 (107 ) a z ln | |
x + x 2 + 100 −2

2 + 108 −2 + 108
= − 216 (107 )a z (ln( ) − ln( ))
2 + 104 −2 + 104
= − 216 (107 )a z (−7.6202 (10−3 ) )

E = 16.46 a z MV/m

P.E. 4.6
y = -3 plane z
line
charge

O y

x x=2 plane

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 Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

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E1 and E2 remain the same as in Example 4.6.

ρL
E3 = aρ
2πε 0 ρ
This expression, which represents the field due to a line charge,
is modified as follows. To get a ρ , consider the z = −1 plane. ρ= 2

a ρ = a x cos 45° − a y sin 45°

1
= (a x − a y )
2
10(10−9 ) 1
E3 = (a x − a y )
10−9 2
2π ( )
36π
= 90 π (a x − a y ). Hence,

E = E 1 + E 2 + E3
= − 180 π a x + 270 π a y + 90 π a x − 90 π a y
= −282.7 a x + 565.5a y V/m

P.E. 4.7
Q ρ
D = DQ + Dρ = a + s an
2 r
4π r 2
30 ×10−9 [(0, 4,3) − (0, 0, 0)] 10 × 10−9
= + ay
4π (5) 2 5 2
30
= (0, 4,3) + 5 a y nC / m 2
500π
= 5.076a y + 0.0573a z nC / m 2

P.E. 4.8
(a) ρv = ∇ • D = 4 x
ρv (−1, 0,3) = −4 C/m3
1 1 1
(b) Ψ = Q =  ρv dv =    4 xdxdydz
0 0 0

= 4(1)(1)(1/ 2) = 2 C
(c ) Q = Ψ = 2 C

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P.E. 4.9
Q =  ρ vdv = ψ =  D • dS
For 0 ≤ r ≤ 10,
Dr ( 4π r 2 ) =  2r (r 2 ) sin θ dθ dr dφ
2r 4 r
Dr (4π r 2 ) = 4π (
4
|0
) = 2π r 4

r2 r2
Dr = E= ar nV/m
2 2ε 0
4(10−9 )
E (r = 2) = −9 ar = 72π ar = 226 ar V/m
2( 1036π )
For r ≥ 10,
Dr (4π r 2 ) = 2π r0 4 , r0 = 10m
r0 4 r0 4
Dr = ⎯⎯
→ E= ar nV/m
2r 2 2ε 0 r 2
104 (10−9 )
E (r = 12) = ar = 1250π ar
10−9
2( )(144)
36π
= 3.927ar kV/m

P. E. 4.10
Qk
V (r ) =  k =1
3
+C
4πε 0 | r − rk |
At V (∞) = 0, C =0
| r − r1 | =| (−1,5, 2) − (2, −1,3) |= 46
| r − r2 |=| (−1,5, 2) − (0, 4, −2) |= 18
| r − r3 |=| (−1,5, 2) − (0, 0, 0) |= 30
10−6 −4 5 3
V (−1,5, 2) = −9
[ + + ]
10 46 18 30
4π ( )
36π
= 10.23 kV

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P.E. 4.11
Q
V= +C
4πε 0 r
If V (0, 6, −8) = V (r = 10) = 2;
5(10−9 )
2= +C ⎯⎯
→ C = −2.5
10−9
4π ( )(10)
36π
(a)
5(10−9 )
VA = − 2.5
10−9
4π ( )|( − 3,2,6) − (0,0,0)|
36π
= 3.929 V
(b)
45
VB = − 2.5 = 2.696 V
7 2 + 12 + 52

(c) V AB = VB − VA = 2.696 − 3.929 = − 1233

. V

P.E. 4.12

(a)
−W
=  E • dl =  (3x 2 + y )dx + xdy
Q
2 −1

 (3x + y)dx | +  x dy
2
= |
y =5 x=2
0 5

= 18 − 12 = 6 kV
W = −6 Q = 12 mJ

(b)
dy = −3 dx
2
W
− =  E • dl =  (3x 2 + 5 − 3 x)dx + x(−3)dx
Q 0
2
=  (3x 2 − 6 x + 5)dx = 8 − 12 + 10 = 6
0

W = 12 mJ

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P.E. 4.13
(a)
(0, 0,10) ⎯⎯
→ (r = 10, θ = 0, φ = 0)
100 cos 0 10−12
V= (10−12 ) = = 9 mV
4πε 0 (10 )
2
10−9
4π ( )
36π
100(10−12 )
E= [2 cos 0 ar + sin 0 aθ ]
10−9 3
4π ( )10
36π
=1.8 ar mV/m
(b)
π π
At (1, , ),
3 2
π
100 cos (10−12 )
V= 3 = 0.45 V
10−9
4π ( )(1) 2

36π
100 (10−12 ) π π
E= −9
(2 cos ar + sin aθ )
10 3 3
4π ( )(1) 2
36π
= 0.9 ar + 0.7794aθ V/m

P.E. 4.14
After Q1 , W1 = 0
Q2 Q1
After Q2 , W2 = Q2V21 =
4 π ε 0 |(1,0 ,0 ) − (0 ,0 ,0 )|
1( − 2) (10 −18 )
= = − 18 nJ
−9 1
4 π (10 )
36 π

After Q3 ,
W3 = Q3 (V31 + V32 ) + Q2V21
 1 −2
= 3(9 )(10 −9 )  + } − 18 nJ
 |(0 ,0 ,− 1) − (0 ,0 ,0 )| |(0 ,0 ,− 1) − (1,0 ,0 )|
2
= 27 (1 − ) − 18
2
= − 29.18 nJ

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 Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

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86

After Q4 ,
W4 = Q4 (V41 + V42 + V43 ) + Q3 (V31 + V32 ) + Q2V21
 1 −2 3 
= − 4(9 )(10 −9 )  + +  + W3
 |(0 ,0 ,1) − (0 ,0 ,0 )| |(0 ,0 ,1) − (1,0 ,0 ) |(0 ,0 ,1) − (0 ,0 ,− 1) 
2 3
= − 36 (1 − + ) + W3
2 2
= − 39.09 − 29.18 nJ = − 68.27 nJ
P.E. 4.15

E = −∇V = −( y + 1)a x + (1 − x)a y − 2a z

At (1,2,3), E = −3a x − 2a z V/m
1 1 1
1 1
W = ε o  E • Edv = ε o    ( x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 2 y + 6)dxdydz
2 2 −1 −1 −1
1  2 
1 1 1 1
= ε o   x dx  dydz +  y dy  dxdz − 2  xdx  dydz + 2  ydy  dxdz +6(2)(2)(2) 
2

2  −1 −1 −1 −1 
1  x3 1  80ε o
= ε o 2 (2)(2) + 0 + 0 + 6(8)  =
2  3 −1  3
= 0.2358 nJ
87

P.E. 4.16 (a)

Q1 [(5, 0, 6) − (4, 0, −3)] Q2 [(5, 0, 6) − (2, 0,1)]
E ( 5, 0, 6) = +
4 π ε 0 | (5, 0, 6) − (4, 0, −3) |3
4 π ε 0 | (5, 0, 6) − (2, 0,1) |3
Q1 (1, 0,9) Q2 (3, 0,5)
= +
4 π ε 0 ( 82) 3
4 π ε 0 (34)3/ 2
Prob. 4.1 If Ez = 0, then
9 Q1 1 5 Q2 1
+ = 0
4Qπ1Qε20(r(82)
Q1 − r Q2 ) 4 π−ε20(10
3/ 2
0 (34) 3/ 2
−12
)[(3, 2,1) − (−4, 0, 6)] (7, 2, −5)
FQ1 = 3
= −9
= − 180 × 10−3
5 82 5 10 82 688.88
Q1 4=π ε− rQQ − r 3/ 2 = −4π 4 ( (3, 3
1 2 ( Q2 ) )3/ 22,1)
nC− (−4, 0, 6)
9 34 9 36π34
= −8.3232 nC
= −1.8291a x − 0.5226 a y + 1.3065 a z mN

(b)
F (5, 0, 6) = qE (5, 0, 6)
If Fx = 0, then
qQ1 3qQ2
+ =0
4πε 0 (82) 3/ 2
4πε 0 (34)3/ 2
82 3/ 2 82
Q1 = −3Q2 ( ) = −12( )3/ 2 nC
34 34
Q1 = −44.945 nC
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 9 Q1 1 5 Q2 1
+ = 0
4 π ε 0 (82) 3/ 2
4 π ε 0 (34)3/ 2
Sadiku & Kulkarni 5 82 5 82 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
Q1 = − Q2 ( )3/ 2 = − 4 ( )3/ 2 nC
9 34 9 34
= −8.3232 nC 89

(b)
F (5, 0, 6) = qE (5, 0, 6)
If Fx = 0, then
qQ1 3qQ2
+ =0
4πε 0 (82) 3/ 2
4πε 0 (34)3/ 2
82 3/ 2 82
Q1 = −3Q2 ( ) = −12( )3/ 2 nC
34 34
Q1 = −44.945 nC 95

P.E. 4.17
Prob. 4.2 88
Q [ (0, 0, 0) − (a, 0, 0)] Q [ (0, 0, 0) − (−a, 0, 0)]
22
e
Fe = E = 2 arQ(r − rk ) =
'
−
(c) 4πε okr=1 4πε o | r − rk | 4πε o | (0, 0, 0) − ( a, 0, 0) | 4πε o | (0, 0, 0) − ( −a, 0, 0) |3
' 3 3

(a)
Fe eE2 Q ( −Q
1 a, [0,(a0) 0)10) ] Q Q [ (a1.6
, 0, aQ) (−a(,a0,, 0, − −(19−a,20, 0) ]
, 0, a×)10
= = = = − −9 3 = 3 − a
2 x 
Fg 4πε o Gm 44πε2 ooa|3(4aπ, 0, − (oa, 0, 0)2| πε o4aπε
a4)πε o | ( a ) −−31(−a, 0, 0) |3
, 0,×a10
×10 × 6.67 × 10−11 9.1 
36π
Q(0, 0, a ) Q(2a, 0, a ) −Q Q  1 
= 4.17 ×=1042 − = a + 1− az
Q [4(0,
πεao a, 0) − (4aπε
3
(5a] )
, 0,o 0)
2 3/ 2
[
Q10 (0,5aπε , 0) 4πε a  5 5 
o a− ( − a , 0, 0)o]
2 x 2 

(b) E = −
4πε o | (0, a, 0) − (a, 0, 0) |3 4πε o | (0, a, 0) − (− a, 0, 0) |3
Prob. 4.16
P.E. 4.18
QLet
(−aQ , a1, be
0) located Q (aat, athe
, 0) origin. − Q the spherical surface of radius r,
At
(a) = 4πε (2a 2 )3/ 2 − 4πε (2a 2 )3/2 2 = 4 2πε a 2 a x
Q1o =  DdS = ε Eo r (4π r ) o
QR1 QR2
Or E = −
4πε o R13 4πε o R23
Q1
E point
A = on athe r x-axisby Gauss's law
is (x,0,0).
4πε r 2
R1 =charge
If a second ( x, 0, 0)Q−2 is 0, d ) =on
(0,placed ( x,the d)
0, −spherical surface, Q2 experiences a force
3 2 2 3/ 2
R1 = ( x + d )
QQ
F
R2 ==Q( x2 E
, 0,=0) −1(0,220,ar−d ) = ( x, 0, d )
3 2
42πε3/ 2r
which isRCoulomb’s
2 = ( x + d )
law.
Q −2Qda z
2 3/ 2 [
E=
Prob. 4.17 ( x, 0, −d ) − ( x, 0, d ) ] =
4πε o ( x + d )
2
4πε o ( x 2 + d 2 )3/ 2
Q
For a point
(b) A pointcharge,
along theD =z-axis 3isR(0, 0, z).
4π R
R1 = (0, 0, z ) − (0, 0, d ) = ( z − d )a z
For the given three point charges,
R 3 = ( z − d )3
1 1QR1 QR2 2QR3 
D=  + 3 − 
4π  R13 R2 R33 
R = (0, 0, z ) − (0, 0, −d ) = ( z + d )a z
R1 = (0, 0)2 − (−1, 0) = (1, 0), R1 = 1
3
R = (0,R0)2 − + d=)3(−1, 0), R = 1
( z 0)
= (1,
2 2

R3 = (0,E )a−z 1), RQ=( z1+ d )a z

Q( z −= d(0,
0)=− (0,1) Qa z  1 1 
− 3 = −
Q 4πε o ( z − d ) 4πε o ( z +Qd )
3 3
4πε oQ ( z − d ) ( z + d ) 2 
 2

D= [(1, 0) + (Qdz
−1, 0) − 2(0, −1) ] =
az
(0, 2) = ay
4π = 4π 2π
πε o ( z 2 − d 2 )2

Prob. 4.3
Copyright © 2015mg × 9.8 Press
2 University
by Oxford
F = qE = mg → E=
⎯⎯ = = 4.9 kV/m
POESM_Ch04.indd 89
q 4 × 10−3 9/27/2015 9:07:31 PM
 R1 = ( x, 0, 0) − (0, 0, d ) = ( x, 0, − d )
R13 = ( x 2 + d 2 )3/ 2 93
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
R2 = ( x, 0, 0) − (0, 0, −d ) = ( x, 0, d )
1 R 3 = ( x 2 + d 2 )3/ 2 1
E= [2-10(az ) + 5(az ) + 20(−az ] ×10−9 = (−10 + 5 − 20)(a z )10 −9 = −18π (25)a z
2ε o Q 90 10 −9
−2Qda z
E= [ ( x , 0, − d ) − ( x ,20,×d36
) ]π=
4πε o ( x + d )
2 2 3/ 2
4πε o ( x 2 + d 2 )3/ 2
= −1.4137a z kV/m
(b) A point along the z-axis is (0, 0, z).
For z > 2,
R1 = (0, 0, z ) − (0, 0, d ) = ( z − d )a z
1 3
E = R[1 -10(= ( za−
z )d
+)5( z z]
3 a ) + 20a × 10 −9 = 18π ( −10 + 5 + 20)(a )
z
2ε o
= 848.23a z V/m
R = (0, 0, z ) − (0, 0, −d ) = ( z + d )a z
Thus, 2
R 3 = ( z + d )3
 −2848.23a z V/m, z <0
 -1.979Qa( z kV/m,
− d )a z 0<z<1
Q ( z + d )a z Qa z  1 1 

E =  E = 4πεz ( z − d )3 − 4πε ( z + d )3 = 4πε  ( z − d )2 − ( z + d )2 
 
−1.4137a z kV/m, 1 <z <2
o o o

 848.23 Qdza z z >2

= a z V/m,
πε o ( z 2 − d 2 )2

Prob. 4.3
P.E. 4.19
mg 2 × 9.8
F = qE = mg → E=
⎯⎯ = = 4.9 kV/m
q 4 × 10−3
y
Prob. 4.4
5 5
(a) Q =  ρ L dl =  12 x 2 dx = 4 x3 | mC = 0.5 C
0
0

an

Let f ( x, y ) = x + 2 y − 5; ∇f = a x + 2 a y

∇f (a x + 2 a y )
an = ± = ±
| ∇f | 5
Since point (−1, 0,1) is below the plane,
_

(a x + 2 a y )
an = − .
5

ρs 6(10−9 ) (a x + 2 a y )
E= an = (− )
2ε 0 2(10 / 36π )
−9
5

= −151.7 a x − 303.5 a y V/m

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 4 π ε 0 (82)3/ 2 4 π ε 0 (34)3/ 2
5 82 5 82
Sadiku & Kulkarni Q1 = − Q2 ( )3/ 2 = − 4 ( )3/ 2 nC Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
9 34 9 34
88
= −8.3232 nC
91
(c)
(b) Q [ (a, 0, a ) − (a, 0, 0) ] Q [ (a, 0, a ) − (−a, 0, 0) ]
E=
Prob. 4.1 −
πε6)o |=(aq, E
F (5,40, a ) 0,
0,(5, a, 0, 0) | 4πε o | (a, 0, a ) − (− a, 0, 0) |3
− (6) 3

If FxQ=(0,0,0,then
a ) Q(2a, 0, a ) −Q Q  1 
= Q1Q2 (3rQ −− r Q2 ) − 20(10 = −12 )[(3, 2,1)2 −a(x −+4, 0, 6)]2 1 −  a2,z −5)
(7,
FQ1 =qQ41πε o a +1 4πε 3qQ 4πε o a = − 180
2 3/ 2
2 a )
(5
= 10 5πε a 5 5  × 10−3
3o
= 0 −9 o
rQ20 (34)3/ 24π 10 (3, 2,1) − (−4, 0, 6) 3
4π 3/ε 2 rQ1 −4πε
4πε 0 (82) 688.88
36π
P.E. 4.18 82 3/ 2 82 3/ 2
Q1 = −3Q2 ( ) = −12( ) nC
(a) = −1.8291 34 a x − 0.522634a y + 1.3065 a z mN
Q R
Q1== −44.945 QR
E 1
− nC 2 3
4πε o R1 4πε o R2
3

A point on the x-axis is (x,0,0).

Prob. 4.2
R = 2
( x,Q r −−r(0,
0,(0) '
k)
0, d ) =Q( x[ (0, − d0)) − (a, 0, 0)]
, 0, 0, Q [ (0, 0, 0) − (−a, 0, 0)]
E =13 2 = −
R1 k ==1 (4xπε+o |dr2 −)3/r2k | 4πε o | (0, 0, 0) − ( a, 0, 0) |3 4πε o | (0, 0, 0) − ( −a, 0, 0) |3
' 3

(a)
R=2 Q = (−x,a0,, 0,0)0)− (0,Q0,
−
(a−, d0,)0)= (=x, 0,Q d) a
x
R2 = 4( xπε + 4πε o a 2πε o a 2
3 3
o ad )
3 2 2 3/ 2

Q −2Qda z
E= [ ( x, 0, −d ) − ( x, 0, d ) ] =
Q [ (0, a, 0) − (a, 0, 0) ] Q [ (0, a, 0) − 4(−
(b) E = 4πε o ( x + d )
2 2 3/ 2
− πεao, 0,
( x0)
2
+] d 2 )3/ 2
(b) 4πε o along
A point | (0, a, the (a, 0, 0)
0) −z-axis 3
is |(0, 0,4πεz).o | (0, a, 0) − (− a, 0, 0) |
3

Q(−a, a, 0) Q (a, a, 0) −Q
= R1 = (0,2 0,3/ z2 )−− (0, 0, d ) 2= 3/( z2 −=d )a z a
2 x
4πε
R13o =(2(az −) d )3 4πε o (2a ) 4 2πε88 oa

(c) R2 = (0, 0, z ) − (0, 0, −d ) = ( z + d )a z

Q [ (a, 0, a ) − (a, 0, 0) ] Q [ (a, 0, a ) − (−a, 0, 0) ]
R23== ( z + d )3
E −
4πε o | (a, 0, a ) − (a, 0, 0) | 4πε o | (a, 0, a ) − (− a, 0, 0) |3
3

Q ( z − d )a Q ( z + d )a Qa  1 1 
E = Q(0, 0, a ) z 3 −Q(2a, 0, a ) z 3 = −Qz  −
2 Q  1 
) 4πε o (2z +3/ 2d )= 4πε o  (2z a−xd+) ( z +2 d1)−2 
=4πε o ( z −3 d − az
4πε o a 4πε o (5a ) 10 5πε o a 4πε o a  5 5 
Qdza z
=
πε o ( z 2 − d 2 )2
P.E. 4.18
(a)
Prob. 4.3 QR1 QR2
E= − mg 2 × 9.8
4πε=o Rmg
F = qE
3
1 4πε⎯⎯ o R→
2
3
E= = = 4.9 kV/m
q 4 × 10−3
A point on the x-axis is (x,0,0).
Prob. 4.4
R1 = ( x, 0, 0) −5 (0, 0, d ) = ( x, 0, −5 d )
(a) Q3=  ρ2L dl =2 3/122 x 2 dx = 4 x3 | mC = 0.5 C
R1 = ( x + d ) 0
0
R2 = ( x, 0, 0) − (0, 0, −d ) = ( x, 0, d )
R23 = ( x 2 + d 2 )3/ 2
Q −2Qda z
2 3/ 2 [
E= ( x, 0, −d ) − ( x, 0, d ) ] =
4πε o ( x + d )
2
4πε o ( x 2 + d 2 )3/ 2
(b) A point along the z-axis is (0, 0, z).
R1 = (0, 0, z ) − (0, 0, d ) = ( z − d )a z
R13 = ( z − d )3

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R2 = (0, 0, z ) − (0, 0, −d ) = ( z + d )a z
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(b)
4 2π
z3 4
Q =  ρ S dS =   ρ z ρ dφ dz ρ |=3 = 9(2π ) 3 0| nC
2

z =0 φ =0

= 1.206 μ C
(c)
10
Q =  ρV dV =  r 2 sin θ dθ dφ dr
r sin θ
2π π 4
42
= 10  dφ  dθ  rdr =10(2π ) (π )
0 0 0
2
= 1579.1 C

Prob. 4.5
a a a
ρo x  x 2 a  a3 ρo
Q =  ρ v dv =    dxdydz = ( a)( a) ρ o  =
v 0 0 9
a  2a 0  2

Prob. 4.6
2 1 π /2
Q =  ρ v dv =   φ π 5ρ 2 z ρdφ d ρ dz mC
v ρ =0 z =0 = / 6

ρ 4 2 z2 1 π /2 5 10π
=5 φ = (16)(1)(π / 2 − π / 6) =
4 0 2 0 π /6 8 3
Q = 10.472 mC

Prob. 4.7
Q =  ρ s dS =  6 xydxdy
2 x 4 − x+4
=  
x =0 y =0
6 xydxdy +  
x=2 y =2
6 xydxdy

y x y2 −x + 4
2 2 4
=6 
x =0
x
2 0
dx +  6x
x=2
2 0
dx

2 4
x2
= 6  x( − 0)dx + 3  x (4 − x) 2 − 0  dx
x =0
2 x=2
2 4
x3
= 6 dx + 3 (16 x − 8 x 2 + x 3 )dx
0
2 2

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x4 2 8 x3 x 4 4
=3 + 6(8 x 2 − + )
4 0 3 4 2
512 64
= 12 + 3(128 − 32 − + + 64 − 4)
3 3
448
= 12 + 3(96 − + 60)
3
Q = 32 C

Prob. 4.8
Q =  ρ v dv
v
1 1 1

   6x
2
= y 2 dxdydz
−1 −1 −1
1 1 1
= 6  dz  x 2 dx  y 2 dy
−1 −1 −1

x 1 y3 1
3
= 6(2)
3 −1 3 −1
12 48
= (1 − −1)(1 − −1) = nC
9 9
= 5.33 nC

Prob. 4.9
Q =  ρ v dv =   4 ρ 2 z cos φρ d ρ dφ dz nC
v
2 1 π /4
2 z2 1 π /4
= 4  ρ 3 d ρ  zdz  cos φdφ = ρ 4 (sin φ )
0 0 0
0 2 0 0
= (16)(0.5)(sin π / 4) = 5.657 nC

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Prob. 4.10
For 2 < r < 4cm
2π π 4cm
Q =  ρ v dv = ρv    5r 2 sin θ drdθ dφ
v φ θ
= 0 = 0 r = 2cm
4cm
= 5(4π ) ρv 
2cm
r 2 dr

4cm
r3
= 20πρv
3
2cm
1
= 20π × 5 × (43 − 23 ) ×10−6 mC
3

100π
= (64 − 8)nC
3
= 5864.3 nC
Q = 5.864 μ C

Prob. 4.11
ρ dl
E =  L 2 aR
L
4πε o R
R = − aa ρ + ha z , R =| R |= a 2 + h 2 , dl = adφ
ρ L ( − aa ρ + ha z )
4πε o  (a 2 + h 2 )3/ 2
E= adφ

Due to symmetry, the ρ-component cancels

ρ 2π haa dφ ρ L haa z
E = L  2 z 2 3/ 2 = (2π )
4πε o 0 (a + h ) 4πε o (a 2 + h 2 )3/ 2
out. 4 ×10−3 × 12 ×10−6 × 4 × 3a z
F = QE = (2π ) = 260.58a z N
10−9 3
4π × ×5
36π

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Prob. 4.12

(a) At P(5,-1,4),
3
ρ sk 10 × 10−6 −20 ×10−6 30 × 10−6
E = ank = ( a x ) + ( a y ) + ( −a z )
k =1 2ε o 10−9 10−9 10−9
2× 2× 2×
36π 36π 36π
= 36π (5, −10, −15) ×10 = 565.5a x − 1131a y −1696.5a z kV/m
3

(b) At R(0,-2,1)
E = 36π 5(−a x ) − 10(a y ) + 15(−a z )  × 103 = −565.5a x − 1131a y −1696.5a z kV/m
(c) At Q(3,-4,10),
E = 36π 5a x −10(−a y ) + 15a z  ×103 = 565.5a x + 1131a y +1696.5a z kV/m

Prob. 4.13
ρs
We apply E = an
2ε o
For z<0,
1 1
E= [ -10(-az ) + 5(-az ) + 20(−a z ] ×10−9 = (−10 + 5 + 20)(−a z )10−9
2ε o 10 −9
2×
36π
= 18π ×15(−a z ) = −848.23a z V/m
For 0<z<1,
1 1
E= [ -10(az ) + 5(-a z ) + 20(−az )] ×10−9 = ( −10 − 5 − 20)(a z )10−9
2ε o 10−9
2×
36π
= −18π × 35(a z ) = −1.979a z kV/m
For 1 < z < 2,

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1 1
E= [ -10(az ) + 5(az ) + 20(−az ] ×10−9 = (−10 + 5 − 20)(a z )10 −9 = −18π (25)a z
2ε o 10 −9
2×
36π
= −1.4137a z kV/m
For z > 2,
1
E= [ -10(az ) + 5(az ) + 20az ] ×10−9 = 18π (−10 + 5 + 20)(a z )
2ε o
= 848.23a z V/m
Thus,
 −848.23a z V/m, z <0
 -1.979a kV/m, 0<z<1
 z
E=
−1.4137a z kV/m, 1 <z <2
 848.23a z V/m, z >2
94

Prob. 4.14
P.E. 4.19

y − ρs
ρs

an x
x=0 x=a
x

Let f ( x, y ) = x + 2 y − 5; ∇f = a x + 2 a y
(a) For x < 0,
aEn == E
∇f ρ (a x + 2 a y()− ρ s )
±1 + E2 == ±s (−a x ) + ( −a x ) = 0
| ∇f | 2ε o 5 2ε o
Since
(b) Forpoint
0 < x(<−1,a,.0,1) is below the plane,
ρ (_− ρ s ) ρ
E = s ax + (−a x ) = s a x
2ε (a x + 2 a2yε)o εo
an = − o .
(c) For x > a, 5
ρ (− ρ s )
E = ρs a x + (a x−9) )= 0 (a + 2 a )
6(10
E = 2εso a n = 2ε o −9
x y
(− )
2ε 0 2(10 / 36π ) 5
Prob. 4.15
= −151.7 a x − 303.5 a y V/m
ρ s dS
E= R, R = ρ (-a ρ ) + ha z , dS = ρ dφ d ρ
S
4πε o R 3
ρ ρ dφ d ρ
E= s  2 (- ρ a ρ + ha z )
4πε o S ( ρ + h 2 )3/ 2
Due to symmetry, the ρ -component vanishes.
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2π
ρ ha b
E = s z  ρ ( ρ 2 + h 2 ) −3/ 2 d ρ  dφ
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 (b) For 0 < x < a,.
ρ (− ρ s ) ρ
E = s ax + (−a x ) = s a x
Sadiku & Kulkarni 2ε o 2ε o εo Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

(c) For x > a,

ρ (− ρ s )
97
E = s ax + (a x ) = 0
2ε o 2ε o

Prob. 4.15

ρ s dS
E= R, R = ρ (-a ρ ) + ha z , dS = ρ dφ d ρ
S
4πε o R 3
ρ ρ dφ d ρ
E= s  2 (- ρ a ρ + ha z )
4πε o S ( ρ + h 2 )3/ 2
Due to symmetry, the ρ -component vanishes.
2π
ρ s ha z b 95
4πε o a 0 dφ
E= ρ ( ρ 2
+ h 2 −3/ 2
) d ρ

Let u=
P.E. 4.17ρ 2 + h 2 , du = 2 ρ d ρ
ρ ea2 ρ s ha z  b
a 1 u −3/ 2 du = ρ s ha z 1/ 2u
−1/ 2
F = h 1
Ee = 4πε zr (2
s

4πε oo
2 πr )
2 2ε o −1/ 2
=
2ε o 
 − 
ρ2 2 + h 2 a 
Fe e2 1 1  1.6 ×10−19 
= ρs h  1 = 1   
E
Fg = 4πε o Gm22 42 π−×102−9 2 ×a6.67 z × 10 −11 9.1× 10 −31
 
4πε o  a + h b +36hπ 
= 4.17 × 1042

Prob. 4.16
Let Q1 be located at the origin. At the spherical surface of radius r,
Q1 =  DdS = ε Er (4π r 2 )
Or
Q1
E= ar by Gauss's law
4πε r 2
If a second charge Q2 is placed on the spherical surface, Q2 experiences a force

Q1Q2
F = Q2 E = ar
4πε r 2
which is Coulomb’s law.

Prob. 4.17
Q
For a point charge, D= R
4π R 3
For the given three point charges,
1  QR1 QR2 2QR3 
D=  + 3 − 
4π  R13 R2 R33 
R1 = (0, 0) − (−1, 0) = (1, 0), R1 = 1
R2 = (0, 0) − (1, 0) = (−1, 0), R2 = 1
R3 = (0, 0) − (0,1) = (0, −1), R3 = 1
Q Q Q
D= [(1, 0) + (−1, 0) − 2(0, −1)] = (0, 2) = a y
4π 4π 2π

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 Prob. 4.17
Sadiku & Kulkarni Q Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
For a point charge, D=
R
4π R 3
For the given three point charges,
98
1  QR1 QR2 2QR3 
D=  3 + 3 − 
4π  R1 R2 R33 
R1 = (0, 0) − (−1, 0) = (1, 0), R1 = 1
R2 = (0, 0) − (1, 0) = (−1, 0), R2 = 1
R3 = (0, 0) − (0,1) = (0, −1), R3 = 1
Q Q Q
D= [(1, 0) + (−1, 0) − 2(0, −1)] = (0, 2)96= a y
4π 4π 2π

Prob. 4.18

(a) Assume for now that the ring is placed on the z=0 plane.

(0,0,h)

y
a
ρ L dl
x
ρ L dl R
D=  4π R 3
, R = − a aρ + h az

φ = 2π
ρL adφ ( − a a ρ + h a z )
D=
4π φ

=0
(a 2 + h 2 )3/ 2
Due to symmetry, the ρ component vanishes.

ρ L a (2 π h) a z ρL a h a z
D= =
4 π (a + h )
2 2 3/ 2
2(a 2 + h 2 )3/ 2
a = 2, h = 3, ρ = 5 μ C/m L

Since the ring is actually placed in x = 0, a z becomes a x .

(6)(5) a x
D= = 0.32 a x μ C/m 2
2(4 + 9)3/ 2

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(b)
Q [(3, 0, 0) − (0, −3, 0)] Q [(3, 0, 0) − (0,3, 0)]
DQ = +
4 π | (3, 0, 0) − (0, −3, 0) |3
4 π | (3, 0, 0) − (0,3, 0) |3
Q(3,3, 0) Q(3, −3, 0) 6 Q (1, 0, 0)
= + =
4π (18) 3/ 2
4π (18) 3/ 2
4 π (18)3/ 2
D = DR + DQ = 0
6Q
0.32(10−6 ) + =0
4 π (18)3/ 2
1
∴ Q = − 0.32(4π )(183/ 2 )10−6 = −51.182μ C
6

Prob. 4.19
∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz
(a) ρv = ∇D = + + = 8 y C/m 2
∂x ∂y ∂z
1 ∂ 1 ∂Dφ ∂Dz
(b) ρ v = ∇D = ( ρ Dρ ) + +
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z
= 8sin φ − 2sin φ + 4 z
= 6sin φ + 4 z C/m3
1 ∂ 2 1 ∂
(c) ρ v =∇ D = (r Dr ) + (Dθ sinθ ) + 0
2
r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ
2 2cosθ
= − 4 cosθ +
r r4
= 0

Prob. 4.20
∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz
ρ v = ∇ D = + + = 2(1 + z 2 ) + 0 + 2 x 2
(a) ∂x ∂y ∂z
= 2(1 + x 2 + z 2 ) nC/m3

3 2 2 3
ψ =  DdS =   2 x 2 zdxdy = 2(1)  x 2 dx  dy
S y =0 x =0
z =1 0 0
(b)
x 2
3
=2 (3) = 16 nC
3 0

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Prob. 4.21

Gaussian surface

Apply Gauss’s law,

 DdS = Q enc

Dr 4π r 2 = ρ s1 4π a 2 + ρ s 2 4π b 2 = 8 × 10−9 × 4π (1) 2 + (−6 × 10−3 ) × 4π (2)2 = −0.3016

−0.3016 = 0.3016
Dr = = = −0.0027
4π r 2 4π (3) 2
D = -2.7ar mC/m 2

Prob. 4.22

For r <a.

 DdS = Q
S
enc =  ρv dv
v
π 2π r
Dr (4π r ) =  5r r sin θ dθ dφ dr = 5 sin θ dθ  dφ  r 5/ 2 dr
2 1/ 2 2

0 0 0

r r 40π r
7/ 2 7/2
= 5(2)(2π ) =
7/2 0 7
40π r 7 / 2
7 10
Dr = ε o Er = = r 3/ 2
4π r 2
7
10 3/ 2
Er = r ,0 < r < a
7ε o

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For r > a,

40 7 / 2
Dr (4π r 2 ) = πa
7
40 7 / 2
πa
Dr = ε o Er = 7
4π r 2
10a 7 / 2
Er = ,r > a
7ε o r 2
Thus,
 10 3/ 2
 r ar , 0 < r < a
 7ε o
E= 7/2
 10a a , r > a
 7ε o r 2 r


Prob. 4.23
∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz
(a) ρ v = ∇ • D = + + = 2 y C/m3
∂x ∂y ∂z

1 1
1
(b) Ψ =  D ⋅ dS =  x 2 dxdz =  x 2 dx  dz = C
y =1 0 0
3
1 1 1
(c) Q =  ρv dv =  2 ydxdydz = 2 dx  ydy  dz = 1 C
v 0 0 0

Prob. 4.24
(a)
1 ∂ 1 ∂ Dφ ∂ Dz
ρV = ∇ • D = ( ρ Dρ ) + +
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z
ρV = 4 ( z + 1) cos φ − ( z + 1) cos φ + 0
ρV = 3( z + 1) cos φ μ C/m3
(b)
Qenc =  ρV dv =  3( z + 1) cos φ ρ dφ d ρ dz
2 4 π /2
z2 π /2
+ z )| (sin φ| )
4
= 3 ρ d ρ  ( z + 1)  cos φ dφ = 3(2)(
0 0 0
2 0 0

= 6(8 + 4)(1 − 0) = 72μ C

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100

(c)
Let ψ = ψ 1 +ψ 2 +ψ 3 +ψ 4 +ψ 5 =  D • dS
where ψ 1 , ψ 2 , ψ 3 , ψ 4 , ψ 5 respectively correspond witn surfaces S1 ,S2 ,S3 ,S4 ,S4
(in the figure below) respectively.
y S3

S4

S5 S1

x
S2
For S1 ρ = 2, dS = ρ dφ dza ρ
4 π /2
ψ 1 =  2 ρ ( z + 1) cos φ dS|ρ = 2 = 2(2)2  ( z + 1)dz  cos φ dφ
0 0

= 8(12)(1) = 96

For S 2 , z = 0, dS = ρ dφ d ρ (− a z )
2 π /2
ψ 2 = −  ρ 2 cos φ ρ dφ d ρ = −  ρ 3d ρ  cos φ dφ
0 0

ρ 4

| (1) = −4
2
=−
4 0
For S3, z = 4, dS = ρ dφ d ρ a z , ψ 3 = +4
For S4 , φ = π / 2, dS = d ρ dzaφ
2 4
ψ 4 = −  ρ ( z + 1) sin φ d ρ dz|d =π / 2 = (11 ρ d ρ  ( z + 1)dz
0 0

ρ2
|
2
=− (12) = −(2)(12) = −24
2 0

For S5 , φ = 0, dS = d ρ dz (−aφ ) ,ψ 5 =  ρ ( z + 1) sin φ d ρ dz| =0

φ =0

ψ = 96 − 4 + 4 − 24 + 0 = 72μ C

This is exactly the answer obtained in part (b).

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Prob. 4.25

F = eE
e 3e R
ρ0 = =
R 3
4 π R3
4π
3
 ρ 0, 0<r<R
ρV = 
0, elsewhere
3 e 4π r 3
 D • dS = Qenc =  ρV dV = 4π R 3
3
= Dr (4π r 2 )

3e r
Er =
12πε 0 R 3
e2 r
F = eE =
4π ε 0 R 3

Prob. 4.26
(a)
ψ = Qenc at r = 2
10
Qenc =  ρV dV =  r 2
r 2 sin θ dθ dr dφ
2 2π π
= 10    sin θ dθ drdφ
r =1 φ = 0 θ = 0

= 10 (1) (2π ) (2) = (40 π ) mC

Thus, ψ = 125.7 mC

At r = 6;
4 2π π
Qenc. = 10 
r =1
dr 
φ =0
dφ  sin θ dθ
θ =0

= 10 (3)(2π ) (2) = 120 π mC

ψ = 377 mC

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102

(b)
ψ = Qenc
But ψ =  D • dS = Dr  dS = Dr (4π r 2 )
At r = 1,
Qenc = 0 → D=0
⎯⎯

At r = 5, Qenc = 120 π
Qenc 120 π
Dr = = = 1.2
4π r 2
4 π (5) 2
D = 1.2 ar mC/m 2

Prob. 4.27

Q Q 3Q
ρv = = =
volume 4π a / 3 4π a 3
3

For r < a,  D  dS = Q enc =  ρv dv

3Q 4π r 3 Qr 3 Qr
Dr 4π r 2 = = 3 ⎯⎯
→ Dr =
4π a 3 3 a 4π a 3
For r > a,  DdS = Q
Q
Dr 4π r 2 = Q ⎯⎯
→ Dr =
4π r 2
Hence,
 Qr
 4π a 3 ar , r<a
D=
 Q a, r>a
 4π r 2 r

Prob. 4.28
Q1 Q2 10−9  2 4 
VP = + = −
4πε o r1 4πε o r2 10  | (1, −2,3) − (1, 0,3) | | (1, −2,3) − (−2,1,5) | 
−9 
4π ×
36π
2 4 
= 9 −  = 1.325 V
2 9+9+4

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103

Prob. 4.29
Q
V =4 , r = a 2 + a 2 + h 2 = 22 + 22 + 32 = 17 cm
4πε o r
4 × 8 × 10−9
V= = 6.985 kV
10−9
4π × × 17 × 10 −2

36π

Prob. 4.30 (a)

Q/2
Q/2

Q
2
2 Q
V= =
4π ε0 r 4π ε0 r
60(10−6 )
= = 135 kV
10−9
4π × x4
36π

(b)
Q
3( )
V= 3 = 135 kV
4π ε0 r

(c)
Q
2π (4)
ρ dl Q
V= L = 8π = 135 kV
4π ε0 r 4π ε 0 r 4π ε0 r

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Prob. 4.31
(a)
Qk
VP = 
4π | r p − r k |
10−3 −2 (10−3 ) 3(10−3 )
4 π ε oV p = + +
| (−1,1, 2) − (0, 0, 4) | | (−1,1, 2) − (−2,5,1) | | (−1,1, 2) − (3, −4, 6) |
1 2 3 1 2 3
4 π ε 0 (103 ) V p = − + = − +
| (−1,1, −2) | | (1, −4,1) | (−4,5, −4) | 6 18 57
10−9
4π (103 ) V p = 0.3542
36 π
∴V p = 3.008 × 106 V

(b)

Qk
VQ = 
4 πε o | r p − r k |
10−3 −2 (10−3 ) 3(10−3 )
4 π ε oVQ = + +
| (1, 2,3) − (0, 0, 4) | | (1, 2,3) − (−2,5,1) | | (1, 2,3) − (3, −4, 6) |
1 2 3 1 2 3
4 π ε 0 (103 ) V p = − + = − +
| (1, 2, −1) | | (3, −3, 2) | (−2, 6, −3) | 6 22 7
10−9
4π (103 ) V p = 0.410
36π
VQ = 3.694 (106 )V
∴VPQ = VQ − VP = 0.686 (106 ) = 686 kV

Prob. 4.32

ρ S dS 1
V= S 4 πε r
0
; ρS =
ρ
; dS = ρ dφ d ρ ; r = ρ 2 + h2

1
( ρ dφ d ρ ) 2π a
1 ρ 1 dρ
V= 
4 πε 0 ( ρ + h )
2 2 1/ 2
=
4 πε 0  dφ ρ
0 =0
( ρ + h2 )
2

2π 1
ln( ρ + ρ 2 + h 2 )| =
a
= [ln(a + a 2 + h 2 ) − ln h]
4 πε 0 ρ =0 2ε 0
1 a + a 2 + h2
= ln
2ε 0 h

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Prob. 4.33
(a)
∂V ∂V ∂V
E = −( ax + ay + az )
∂x ∂ y ∂z
= − 2 xy ( z + 3)a x − x 2 ( z + 3) a y − x 2 y a z
At (3, 4, −6), x = 3, y = 4, z = −6,
E = − 2(3)(4)(−3) a x − 9 (−3)a y − 9(4) a z
= 72 a x + 27 a y − 36a z V/m

(b)
ρV = ∇ • D = ε 0∇ • E = − ε 0 (2 y ) ( z + 3)
ψ = Qenc = ρ V dV = − 2ε 0  y ( z + 3)dx dy dz
1 1 1
z2 1
= − 2ε 0  dx  y dy  ( z + 3)dz = − 2ε 0 (1)(1/ 2)( + 3z ) |
0 0 0
2 0

1 −7 10−9
= − ε 0 ( + 3) = ( )
2 2 36 π
Qenc = − 30.95 pC

Prob. 4.34

(a)
 r2 
Q =  ρ v dv =  ρ o 1 − 2 r 2 sin θ dθ dφ dr
v  a 
2π π a
 2 r4   a 3 a 3  8π 3
= ρo  dφ  sin θ dθ   r − 2 dr = ρo (2π )(2)  −  = a ρo
0 0 0
a   3 5  15
(b) Outside the nucleus, r >a,
Qenc
S DdS = Qenc ⎯⎯ → E=
4πε o r 2
ar

8π a 3 ρ o
2a 3 ρ o
E = 15 2 ar = ar
4πε o r 15ε o r 2

2a 3 ρ o
V = −  E dl = −  Er dr = + C1
15ε o r
Since V (∞) = 0, C1 = 0.
2a 3 ρ o
V=
15ε o r

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(c) Inside the nucleus, r <a

 r3 r5 
Qenc = 4πρo  − 2 
 3 5a 
Qenc ρo  r r 3 
E= a r =  − a
4πε o r 2 ε o  3 5a 2  r

ρo  r 2 r4 
V = −  Er dr = −  − +C
ε o  6 20a 2  2
2a 2 ρ o ρ o  a 2 a 2 
V (r = a ) = =  −  + C2
15ε o ε o  20 6 
2a 2 ρ o 7 a 2 ρ o a 2 ρ o
C2 = + =
15ε o 60ε o 4ε o
ρo  r 4 r 2  a 2 ρo
V=  − +
ε o  20a 2 6  4ε o

(d) E is maximum when

dE ρo  1 3r 2  2
=0=  −  → 9 r 2 = 5a
⎯⎯
dr ε o  3 5a 2 
5
r= a = 0.7454a
3
d 2E 6r
We are able to say maximum because 2
= − 2 < 0.
dr 5a

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Prob. 4.35

y
ρ
a

ρ s dSR
D= , R = − ρ a ρ + ha z , R =| R | = ρ 2 + h 2 , dS = ρ dφ d ρ
4π R 3
Q Q
ρs = =
S π (b − a 2 )
2

ρ s ρ d φ d ρ ( − ρ a ρ + ha z )
D=
4π  ( ρ 2 + h 2 )3/ 2

Due to symmetry, the component along aρ vanishes.

ρ s h b 2π ρ d φ d ρ ρs h b
Dz =  
4π ρ = a φ =0 ( ρ + h )
2 2 3/ 2
=
4π
(2π )  ( ρ 2 + h 2 ) −3/ 2 ρ d ρ
a

ρs h −1  b ρ s h  1 1 
=  2  =  − 
2  ρ + h 2  a 2  a2 + h2 b2 + h2 
Qh  1 1 
D=  −  az
2π (b 2 − a 2 )  a 2 + h 2 b2 + h2 

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Prob. 4.36

∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz

ρ v = ∇ D = + + = 4 − 20 y + 2 z
∂x ∂y ∂z
At P(1,2,3), x=1, y= 2, z=3
ρv = 4 − 20(2) + 2(3) = −30 C/m3

Prob. 4.37

r=3cm

r=5cm

For r < 3cm, Qenc = 0 → D=0

⎯⎯
For 3 < r < 5cm,

 DdS = Q
enc = 10 nC
10
Dr 4π r 2 = 10 nC → Dr =
⎯⎯ nC/m 2
4π r 2

For r > 5 cm,

5
 DdS = Q enc = 10 -5 = 5nC → Dr =
⎯⎯
4π r 2
nC/m 2
Thus,

 0, r < 3 cm

 10
D= a nC/m 2 , 3 < r < 5 cm
2 r
 4π r
 5 2
 4π r 2 ar nC/m , r > 5 cm


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Prob. 4.38
1 ∂  ε o Eo ρ 2  2ε o Eo
ρv = ∇ D = ∇ε o E =   = ,0 < ρ < a
ρ ∂ρ  a  a

Prob. 4.39
Let us choose the following path of two segments.
(2,1, −1) → (5,1, −1) → (5,1, 2)

W = − q  E • dl

5 2
W
− =  E • dl =  2 xyzdx +  x 2 ydz
q x=2 z =−1
z = −1, y = 1 x = 5, y = 1
x2 5 2
= 2(1)(−1) + (5)2 (1) z = −21 + 75 = 54
2 2 −1

W = −54q = −108 μ J

Prob. 4.40
(a)
From A to B, dl = rdθ aθ ,
90°
WAB = −Q  10 r cos θ r dθ | = − 1250 nJ
θ =30° r =5

(b)
From A to C , dl = dr a r ,
10
WAC = − Q  20 r sin θ dr θ |
r =5 = 30°
= −3750 nJ

(c)
From A to D, dl = r sin θ dφ aφ ,
WAD = −Q  0(r sin θ ) dφ = 0 J
(d)
WAE = WAD + WDF + WFE
where F is (10,30o , 60o ). Hence,

o
10 90

WAE = − Q   20 r sin θ dr | +  10 r cos θ r dθ | 
 r =5 θ =30° θ =30o r =10 

75 100
= − 100[ + ] nJ = − 8750 nJ
2 2

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Prob. 4.41

B 5
10
VAB = −  E dl = −  dr
A 1
r2
10 5 1
= 1 = 10( − 1) = −8V
r 5

Prob. 4.42

A = (2,3, −1)
↓ dl = dxa x
dl = dya
A '(8,3, −1) ⎯⎯⎯→
y
B(8, 0, −1)
W = − Q  E  dl
8 0
W
− =  E dl =  2 xy 2 dx y =3 +  2y
2
( x 2 + 1) dy x =8
Q x =2 y =3

x2 y3
= 2(3) 2 8
2 + 2(82 + 1) 0
3
2 3
2
= 9(64 − 4) + 65(0 − 81)
3
= 540 − 3510 = −2970
W = 2970Q = 5940 nJ
= 5.94 μ J

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Prob. 4.43

Method 1:
W = −Q  E dl , dl = ρ dφ aφ
L

 Eρ   cos φ sin φ 0   Ex 
 E  =  − sin φ cos φ 0   E 
 φ   y
 Ez   0 0 1   Ez 
Eφ = − Ex sin φ + E y cos φ = −20 x sin φ + 40 y cos φ
x = ρ cos φ , y = ρ sin φ
Eφ = −20 ρ cos φ sin φ + 40 ρ sin φ cos φ = 20 ρ cos φ sin φ

W = −Q  E dl = -2 ×10-3  20 ρ cos φ sin φρ dφ

L
ρ =2
sin 2 φ π / 2
π
= −2(20)(2)2  sin φ d (sin φ ) mJ = 160 = −80 mJ
0
2 0

Method 2:
W
− =  E dl =  20xdx + 40ydy
Q L
y = 2 − x, dy = −dx
0
W
Q 
− = 20xdx + 40(2 - x)(-dx) =  (60x - 80)dx
x=2

60 x 2 0
= − 80 x = 40
2 2
W = −40Q = −80 mJ

Method 3:
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × E = ∂x ∂y ∂z = 0
20 x 40 y −10 z
V = −  E dl = -10x 2 − 20 y 2 + 5 z 2 + C
L

W = Q(V2 − V1 ) = Q( −20 × 4 + 10 × 4) = −40Q

W = −40Q = −80 mJ

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Prob. 4.44

W = −Q  E dl
L

ρ ρ
E = s an = s a x , dl = dxa x
2ε o 2ε o
Qρs 1 Qρs Qρs
W =− 
2ε o 3
dx = −
2ε o
(−2) =
εo
10 ×10−6 × 40 × 10−9
= = 400 × 36π ×10−6 = 45.24 mJ
10−9
36π

Prob. 4.45
∂V ∂V ∂V
(a) E = −∇V = − ax − ay − a y = −4 xa x − 8 ya y
∂x ∂y ∂z
ρv = ∇ D = ε o∇ E = ε o (−4 − 8) = −12ε o = −106.25 pC/m3

∂V 1 ∂V ∂V
(b) E = −∇V = − aρ − aφ − az
∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z
= −(20 ρ sin φ + 6 z )a ρ − 10 ρ cos φ aφ − 6 ρ a z

 1 
ρ v = ∇ D = ε o ∇ E = ε o  − [ 40 ρ sin φ + 6 z ] + 10sin φ 
 ρ 
 6z 
= −  30sin φ +  ε o C/m3
 ρ 

∂V 1 ∂V 1 ∂V
(c) E = −∇V = − ar − aθ − aφ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
= −10r cos θ sin φ ar + 5r sin θ sin φ aθ − 5r cot θ cos φ aφ

ρ v = ∇  D = ε o ∇ E
ρv 1 5r sin φ 5r cot θ sin φ
= 2 (−30r 2 cos θ sin φ ) + 2sin θ cos θ +
εo r r sin θ r sin θ
ρv = ε o (5sin φ csc 2 θ cos θ − 20 cos θ sin φ ) C/m3

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Prob. 4.46

V = −r −3 sin θ cos φ
∂V 1 ∂V 1 ∂V
− E = ∇V = ar + aθ + aφ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
r −4 sin θ
= −3r −4 sin θ cos φ ar + r −4 cos θ cos φ aθ + (− sin φ )aφ
sin θ
3 1 sin φ
E = 4 sin θ cos φ ar − 4 cos θ cos φ aθ + 4 aφ
r r r
At (1,30 , 60 ), r = 1,θ = 30 , φ = 60
o o o o

E = 3sin 30o cos 60o ar − cos 30o cos 60o aθ + sin 60o aφ
= 0.75ar − 0.433aθ + 0.866aφ
10−9
D = εo E = (0.75ar − 0.433aθ + 0.866aφ )
36π
= 6.635ar − 3.829aθ + 7.657aφ pC/m 2

Prob. 4.47

For a < r < b, we apply Gauss’s law.

 DdS = Q
S
enc =Q

Dr Q
Dr (4π r 2 ) = Q → Er =
⎯⎯ =
εo 4πε o r 2

Q 1b
b b
Q 1 Q 1 1
Vab = −  E dl = −  dr = =−  − 
a
4πε o a r 2
4πε o r a 4πε o  a b 

Prob. 4.48

ρ s dS ρ 2π π / 2 r 2 sin θ dθ dφ ρs π /2
V = = s   = (2π )  sinθ dθ
S
4πε o r 4πε o φ =0 θ =0 r 4πε o r 0

ρs  π / 2
=  − cos θ 
2ε o r  0 r=a
ρ
V = s
2ε o a

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Prob. 4.49
∇× E = 0 ⎯⎯
→ ∇× D = 0
 1 ∂Dz ∂Dφ   ∂D ∂D  1 ∂ ∂D 
∇× D =  −  aρ +  ρ − z  aφ +  ( ρ Dφ ) − ρ  a z
 ρ ∂φ ∂z   ∂z ρ  ρ  ∂ρ ∂φ 
1
= 0 a ρ − 0aφ − 2 ρ cos φ a z ≠ 0
ρ
Hence D is not a genuine EM field.

π /4 1 π /4 1
ψ =  DdS =   2 ρ sin φρ dφ dz = 2  sin φ dφ  dz ρ
2

S φ=0 z =0 0 0
ρ =1
π /4
= −2 cos φ (1)(1) 2 = −2(cos π / 4 − 1) = 0.5858 C
0

Prob. 4.50
(a)
d2y
m 2 = eE ; divide by m , and integrate once, one obtains :
dt
dy eEt
u= = + c0
dt m
e E t2
y = + c0t + c1 (1)
2m
"From rest" implies c1 = 0 = c0
V
At t = t0 , y = d, E = or V = E d .
d
Substituting this in (1) yields :
2m d
t2 =
eE
Hence :
eE 2md 2 e Ed 2eV
u= = =
m eE m m
that is, u α V
or u= k V
(b)
2e 2 (1.603) 10−19
k = =
m 9.1066 (10−31 )
= 5.933 × 105

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115

(c)
1
9(1016 )
u2 m 100 = 2.557 k V
V= =
2e 2 (1.76) (1011 )

Prob. 4.51
(a)
This is similar to Example 4.3.
eEt
uy = , u x = u0
m
e E t2
y = , x = u0 t
2m
x 10 (10−2 )
t= = = 10 ns
u0 107
Since x =10 cm when y =1cm,
2m y 2 (10−2 )
E= = = 1.136 kV/m
et2 1.76 (1011 ) (10−16 )

E = − 1.136 a y kV/m
(b)
u x = u0 = 107 ,
2000
uy = (1.76)1011 (10 −8 ) = 2(106 )
1.76
u = (a x + 0.2a y ) (107 ) m/s

Prob. 4.52
1 ∂  20 cos θ  1 ∂  10sin 2 θ 
∇ E = 2   +  +0
 r sin θ ∂θ  r
3
r ∂r  r 
20 cos θ 20 cos θ
=− + =0
r4 r4
1  ∂  10sin θ  20sin θ 
∇× E =   + aφ
r  ∂r  r 2  r 3 
1  20sin θ 20sin θ 
= − + aφ = 0
r r3 r 3 

At r = 0, ∇E and ∇ × E are not defined. So they are zero every where except at the origin.

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Prob. 4.53

The dipole is oriented along y − axis.

p•r
V= ; p • r = Q d a y • a r = Qd sin θ sin φ
4πε 0 r 2
Qd sin θ sin φ
V=
4π ε0 r2

∂V 1∂V 1 ∂V
E = − ∇V = − ar − aθ − aφ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂ φ

Qd  2sin θ sin φ cos θ sin φ cos φ 


=  ar − aθ − 3 a φ 
4π ε0  r 3
r 3
r 
_
Qd
E= (2sin θ sin φ a r − cos θ sin φ aθ − cos φ aφ )
4π ε 0r 3

Prob. 4.54

p cos θ k cos θ
V= =
4π ε0 r 2
r2
At (0, l nm), θ = 0, r = 1 nm, V = 9;
k (1)
that is, 9= −18
, ∴ k = 9(10−18 )
1(10 )
cos θ
V = 9(10−18 ) 2
r
At (1,1) nm, r = 2 nm, θ = 45°,
9(10−18 ) cos 45° 9
V= −18 2
= = 3.182 V
10 ( 2) 2 2

Prob. 4.55

Q1
W = W1 + W2 = 0 + Q2V21 = Q2
4πε o | (2, 0, 0) − (0, 0,1) |
40 ×10−9 × ( −50) ×10 −9 40 × 9 × ( −50) ×10 −9
= =
10−9 4 +1
4π × | (2, 0, −1) |
36π
= −8.05 μ J

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Prob. 4.56
∂V ∂V
E = −∇V = − ax − a y = −4 xa x − 12 ya y V/m
∂x ∂y
1 1 1
1 1
W = ε o  | E |2 dv = ε o    (16 x 2 + 144 y 2 )dxdydz
2 v 2 z =−1 y =−1 x =−1
1  x3 1 y 3 1  1 10−9 1
= ε o 16(4) + 144(4) = (160)(4) (1 + 1)
2  3 −1 3 −1 2 36π 3
= 1.886 nJ

Prob. 4.57
Given that E = 2r sin θ cos φ ar + r cos θ cos φ aθ − r sin φ aφ
E 2 = 4r 2 sin 2 θ cos 2 φ + r 2 cos 2 θ cos 2 φ + r 2 sin 2 φ
= r 2 cos 2 φ ( 4sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) + r 2 sin 2 φ
= r 2 cos 2 φ + 3r 2 cos 2 φ sin 2 θ + r 2 sin 2 φ
= r 2 (1 + 3cos 2 φ sin 2 θ )
ε
2 
W= E 2 r 2 sin θ drdθ dφ
2 π π
ε
2
= r dr   (1 + 3cos
4 2
φ sin 2 θ ) sin θ dθ dφ
0 θ φ =0
π
16ε 3π
=
5 0 (π sin θ +
2
sin 2θ )dθ

16 10−9 16
= x (4π ) = nJ= 0.36 nJ
5 36π 45

Prob. 4.58
Method 1:

1 V 1
W=
2S ρ sVdS =  ρ s dS = QV
2S 2
Q
But V=
4πε o a
2
Q
W=
8πε o a

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Method 2:
1 1
W =  D Edv = ε o  E 2 dv
2v 2 v
2
1  Q  2
= ε o   2 
r sin θ dθ drdφ
2  4πε o r 
2π π ∞
1 Q2 εo Q2
= ε o  dφ  sin θ dθ  dr = (2π )(2)
2 0 0 r =a
16π 2ε o2 r 2 2 16π 2ε o2 a
Q2
W=
8πε o a

Prob. 4.59

1
2 v
W= ε o | E |2 dv
3 2 1
εo
   (9 x
2
= + 25 z 2 )dxdydz
2 z =0 y =0 x =0

1 10−9  
3 2 1 3 2 1

9  dz  dy  x dx + 25 z dz  dy  dx 
2 2
=
2 36π  0 0 0 0 0 0 
1  x3 1 z3 3 1 468
= 9(3)(2) + 25(1)(2)  nJ= (18 + 50 × 9) = nJ
72π  3 0 3 0  72π 72π
W=2.069 nJ

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