Co-ordination a n d response

Response t o change
• Animals have different control a n d communication systems t h a t keeps t h e

internal conditions o f t h e body, relatively c o n s t a n t

• Physiological c o n t ro l systems m a i n t a i n t h e inter nalconditionst o a certain e x t e n t

-
v i a homeostasis
•
Homeostasis maintains bodytemperature,Metabolic waste, Blood P H , C o n eo f glucose

i n blood, w a t e r potentiali n blood 2 C o n eo f respiratorygasses i n blood

tnfo m u s t b e able t op a s s b e t w e e n differentparts o f t h e

body
•

Homeostasis

Needt o keep inter nal conditions w i t h i n s e t l i m i t s , i f exceeded,t h e organism

mayd i e
•

Control o f humans
body temp
• i n

-
Closet o 37°C

t fbodyTemp decreases b y 2°C, i t m a yb e foiled C o ta t t h e i r

-
enzymesn
optimumtemp
-
Controlled by thermoregulation system
-
The skin & T R 5 h a v e temperature receptors

Control o f t h e bodyw a t e r c o n t e n t i
•
n humans

-
Controlled w a t e r l o s ti w i n e v i at h e kidneys
by n

A s w a t e rpasses through t h e tubules, t h e w a t e r m a yb e re-collected

-

-
Monitored b y t h e pituitarygland

i ft o o l o w t h e n b l o o di s t o oconcentrated s m o r e dD H i s released,
makingt h e
-
o -

Aconcentrated
collectingd u c t sm o r e permeable,m o r e w a t e r i s reabsorbed & u r i n ei s

tf t o o high, t h e n t h eblood i s t o o Dilute n oless A D H i s released, t h e

-

collectingd u c t i s l e s spermeable , l e s swakes absorbed= m o re diluteu r i n e

Co-ordinating a response
•
Homeostasis i s involuntary→ brainstem o r spinal c h o r dm a i n t a i n s i t (non-concious)
•
Chemicalresponses
•
T o co-ordinate a response, t h e following a r e necessary..
-
stimulus: A change i n environment
 A receptor: detect stimuli
-

-
A co-ordination centre: Recieve & process i n f ofrom receptors
A neffector: Brings a b o u tre s p o n s e s t o re s t o re optimum levels
-

Responset o stimuli : Plants.

•
Growi n responset o light
absorb light
-
Leaves c a n

•
Growi n response t ogravity

g r o wd o w n
-
s h o o t sgrowu p & r o o t s

•
Directional growthresponse i s k n o w na s tropism
-
i f i t grows towards t h e sunlight then tropismi s positive
-
i f growth i s away from t h e stimulus, tropism i s negative

Geotropism& phototropism
•
Phototropismi s i n response t o l i g h t& g e otropismi s t h e re s p o n s e t o gravity
•
positive geotropismi s growingd o w n 1 negativei s growingu p
•
positive phototropism i s towards l i g h ta n d t h e negative i s away fromlight
•
Auxin
-
Plant growth regulators
t i p s o f t h e shoots & roots
-
produced i n the

-
morea r n i m = m o r e c e l lelongation / growth
affected b y light& gravity & onlygravityi n
-
i n t h e shoots i t i s ro o t s
-
s h o o t Austins c a u s e t h e entiregrowthb y c e l l s o n l o w e rside, s o t h e t i p grows

upwards
-

I n t h e ro o t s . growtho fc e l l s o n t h el o w e r s i d e m a k e s t h e r o o t sg r o w d o w n
 Endocrine system
•
Ner vous system
-
nerve impulsesa r e passedalong n e u r o n s a th i g h speeds( 1 0 0m / s )
Allowsr a p i d responses
-

-
Co-ordinates a c t i v i t i e so f sensory receptors w i t h C N S
•
Endocrine system
-
i n f o s e n t a s chemical substances c a l l e d hor mones

car ried
by blood
-

' +
A l t e ractivityo f specific target organs
-

struc ture o f t h e H u m a n Ner vous system

•
CNS & P N 5 (peripheral n e r vo u s system)
•
thfo s e n t a s electrical impulses k n ow na s a n e u r o n 1 bundle = ner ve)
•
Adaptation o f n e u r o n s
-
C e l l body i s connected t o cytoplasmice x t e n t i o n s called a n o n s & dendrites
-
Canb e1 - H - i n length)
Insulated b y fattym t i ns h e a t h w i t h s m a l l uninsulated s e c t i o n s (nodes)
-

y
• 3 types o f n e u r o n s :

sensory: carry impulses from s e n s e organs

-

Relay:connect sensory+ relay

-

-
M o t o r : connect C N 5t o effectors
•
stimulus →
sensoryn e u r o n →
relayneuron]
response,- effector← motorn e u r o n

Role o f neurotransmitters a t
synapses
• N e u r o n s don't c o m e into d i re c t contact, t h e d e n d r i t e s m e e t

a t a
synapse ( s m a l l g a p betweenn e u r o n s -
synaptic cleft)
• Electrical i m p u l s e s temporarily c o nve r t e d t o chemical symbols
•
Neurotransmittersa r e t h e molecules transferring t h e s i g n a l between n e u r o n s

•
H ow a n impulse i s passedo n a ta synapse
I . i m p u l s e a r r i v e sa t e n do f p e r synapticn e u r o n
2 . vesticlesm ove towards & fuse w i t h t h e presynaptic m e m b r a n e
 ! "
3 . Neurotransmitters diffuse a c c r o s s t h esynapticcleft

4 . Attach t o reseptors o n Post-synaptic m e m b r a n e

triggered
5 . smpulse along Postsynapticn e u r o n e
6 . Neurotransmitters a r e recycled /destroyed

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Function o f t h e h u m a ne y e
•
t h e w a y t h e l e n s focussesi s c a l l e d accomodation

•
w h e n a n objecti s close

Ciliarymuscles contrac t & suspensory ligamentsl o s e r . n pullingo

-
o n lens

Refracts
-
more
light
• A distant object
ciliarymuscles r e l a x
-

suspensory ligaments
t ighten,pulls l e n sw h i c h b e c o m e thinner
-
a n

less lightrefracted
-

•
ten d i m lighting
contract,
-
Radial m u s c l e s c i r c u l a r m u s c l e s helm, p i npits d i a l i t e

M o r e l i g h te n t e r s
-

o n bright light
•

-
R a d i a l muscles s t o r e , c i rc u l a r m u s c l e s contract. p u p i l constricts
less
lightenters eye
-
 %

Thermoregulation
•
s k i n i s largest s e n s e organ
•
Cooling m e c h a n i s m s :
-
increase r o t o f blood i ns kin
capillary
-
Arterioles (connectartery& capillary)

r e l a x t o allow 4 bloodthrough
-
s w e a t : s k i n c o o l s v i a evaporation

Flatteningh a i r
-
: n o insulatinglayer
•
Heating m e c h a n i s m s :
-
Vasoconstric tion '
. Arterioles contrac t & a l l o w l e s s blood through
shivering
-

-
Erectiono f h a i r s t o forminsulatinglayers
• Thermometerst o s s i skin & hypothalamus detect m i n u t e b o d y temp
n changes i n

Basic h o l e o f Hormones
• Adrenaline
-
fight o r flight
i n c h e a r t&
-

wreathingr a t e
-
Diverse. b l o o d glow t o m u s c l e s

D i l a t i o n o f b l o o d ve s s e l s
-
i n muscles

Breaking glycogen
-
d o w n i n t o glucose
•
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-
Controls b l o o d sugar
+ too
h i g hi wa t e r mose o u t
s o fcells, t o ol o w : n o t enoughglucosef o rrespiration
lives
-
pancreas +

high, recreated
-

i f too i n s u l i ni s i n t o b l o o d , stimulatingm u s c l e s &

liver t o t a k e glycogen,I c o r k o f glucosei n blood

x p glucose& store a s

-
i t t o ol o w,pancreas produces glucagon,s t o re d i nl i v e st o b e c o m e glucose &

re l e a s e d t o bloodstream
•
Testosterone
-
m a l e testes
-
Develop secondary s e x u a l characteristicsi n males
•
Progesterone
-
producedi n female o v a r i e s & responsible formaintainingu t e r u s

lining i n
pregnancy
Oestrogen
•

-
produced femaleo v a r i e s
by
development o f secondarys e x u a l charac teristics regulate period
-
&

T h e Advanced r o l e o f Hormones
• ADH
•
F5H8 L H

b y pituitary gland & e g g t o s t a r t maturingCF5H)

-
released courses

-
stimulates oestrogen r e l e a s e
-
L H i s releasedby pituitary glands w h e n oestrogenlevels peak
-
C a u s e s ovulation t oo c c u r & progesteroneproduction
 Structureo fcarbohydrates. Protons& Lipids
•
Carbohydratesa r e madeo f Carbon, Hydrogen& onygen
-
Monosaccharide i s a simple sugar , e g . glucose

A disaccharide i s made w h e n 2 monosaccharides j o i n

-

-
Maltose( 2 glucose) , sucrose C 1 glucose,7-fructose)
- A polysaccharide i s formed w h e n monosaccharidesjoin
many
•
Fats a r e made o f triglycerides
-
one glycerolmolecule bonded t o 3 fatty acid c h a i n s

Varyi n
-
s i z e o f s t r u c t u re
-
lipids a r e divided i n t o fats ← oils

f i t sa r e
-
s o l i d d -r o o m temp
oils a r e liquida tn o o n temp
-

•
proteins a r e formedfrom longamino a c i d chains
-
2 0 differenta m i n o acids
Arrangedi
a n y order
-
n

• Protons c a nh a v e different a m i n o a c i d sequences, s o

theym a yh a v e different shapes.
-
teach s m a l ldifference i n a m i n oacidsequence re s u l t s i n a differentprotonforming

fold i differentways
-
n

shape determines function

-

-
Enzymes have a specifica c t i ve s i t e
Antibodies a proteins producedb y WBC
-
r e
 Reproduction

sexual v s A -ser ved reproduction

• s e m i n a l reproduction: T h e fusion o f t h e 2 gametes t o form a zygote & produce
geneticallydifferent organisms
-
Gamete i s a sense cell
-
pros:
+
i n c re a s e geneticvariation
+
A l l ows adaptation
+
Disease i s l e s s likelyt o affect population
-
Cans:
+
Time <energy t o find m a t e s
+
isolated m e m b e r s can't reproduce
• A s e m i n a l reproduction : geneticallyidentical offspring being b o r n from 1 parent
Bacteria reproduce annually
-
v i a
binaryfission
+
c e l l contents double. cellsd i v i d e
-
pros:
+
population i n c re a s e srapidlyw h e n night
+
hapluit suitable environments
+
More t i m e + energyefficient
+
fasten
-
Cows.
+
limited genetic va r i a t i o n
+
vulnerable t o changes i n condition

Disease i likely t o affectwhole

+
s population
•
Served u s A several

parents
-
o n e parent , 2

Divides v i a m i t o s i s Imeiosis
-

Geneticallyidentical Geneticallyunique
-
.

Variation mutation o r 50% o f parents , gameteproductionv i ameiosis

-
v i a . . .

largenumber o f offspring o r s m a l l a m o u n t o foffspring

fast N o w
-