Verified Solutions

This document contains the verified solutions to the provided mathematical problems.

Q1. Transform the integral to Cartesian form and evaluate

π a
∫0 ∫0 r3 sin θ cos θ dr dθ
​ ​

Step 1: Change to Cartesian coordinates

We have r 2 = x2 + y 2 , r sin θ = y , and r cos θ = x.
The integrand r 3 sin θ cos θ can be rewritten as r ⋅ (r sin θ)(r cos θ) = r ⋅ xy .
The differential area element in polar coordinates is dx dy = r dr dθ . Therefore, the integrand
with the differential becomes:
r3 sin θ cos θ dr dθ = (r2 sin θ cos θ) (r dr dθ) = (xy) dx dy
Step 2: Determine the limits of integration
The limits 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and 0 ≤ r ≤ a describe the upper semi-circle of radius a centered at the
origin. In Cartesian coordinates, this region is defined by x2 + y 2 ≤ a2 and y ≥ 0.
So the integral becomes:
∬x2 +y2 ≤a2 ,y≥0 xy dx dy ​

Step 3: Evaluate the integral

By symmetry, the integral of xy over a region symmetric about the y-axis (like the upper semi-
circle) is zero because the function xy is odd with respect to x (i.e., f (−x, y) = −f (x, y)). For
every point (x, y) in the region, there is a corresponding point (−x, y) with an opposite value of
xy .
0 ​

Q2. Evaluate by changing order of integration

∞ x 2
∫0 ∫0 xe−x ​ ​
/y
dy dx
Step 1: Sketch the region of integration
∞ x 2
The given integral is ∫0 ∫0 xe−x /y dy dx. The limits are 0 ≤ y ≤ x and 0 ≤ x < ∞. This
​ ​

region is the area in the first quadrant below the line y = x.

Step 2: Change the order of integration
To change the order of integration to dx dy , we need to describe the same region with y as the
outer variable. For a fixed y , x ranges from y to ∞. The variable y ranges from 0 to ∞.
So the integral becomes:
∞ ∞ 2
∫0 ∫y xe−x ​ ​
/y
dx dy
Step 3: Evaluate the inner integral
∞ 2
The inner integral is ∫y xe−x ​
/y
dx. Let u = x2 /y . Then du = (2x/y)dx, which means xdx =
y
2 du.
​

When x = y , u = y 2 /y = y . When x = ∞, u = ∞.
So the inner integral becomes:
∞
∫y e−u y2 du = y2 [−e−u ]∞
​ ​
y −y y −y
y = 2 (0 − (−e )) = 2 e ​ ​ ​ ​

Step 4: Evaluate the outer integral

∞ y −y
The outer integral is ∫0 2 e dy . This is a standard integral related
​ ​ to the Gamma function,
∞
Γ(n + 1) = n!. Here, it’s 12 ∫0 ye−y dy = 12 Γ(2) = 12 ⋅ 1! = 12 .
​ ​ ​ ​

1
2
​ ​

Q3. Area inside cardioid r = a(1 + cos θ) and outside circle

r=a
Step 1: Find the intersection points
Set the two equations equal to each other to find the angles of intersection:
a(1 + cos θ) = a ⇒ 1 + cos θ = 1 ⇒ cos θ = 0 ⇒ θ = ± π2 ​

Step 2: Set up the area formula

The area between two polar curves r1 (θ) and r2 (θ) is given by 12 ∫α (r22 − r12 )dθ . Here, r2 =
β
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

a(1 + cos θ) (cardioid) and r1 = a (circle). The integration limits are from −π/2 to π/2.
​

1 π/2
Area = 2 ​ ∫−π/2 [(a(1 + cos θ))2 − a2 ] dθ
​

Step 3: Simplify the integrand

a2 π/2 a2 π/2
Area = 2 ​ ∫−π/2 [(1 + 2 cos θ + cos2 θ) − 1]dθ Area =
​

2 ​ ∫−π/2 (2 cos θ + cos2 θ)dθ

​

Step 4: Integrate
1+cos(2θ)
We use the identity cos2 θ = 2
. ​

1+cos(2θ) sin(2θ)
∫ (2 cos θ + cos2 θ)dθ = ∫ (2 cos θ + 2
)dθ ​
= 2 sin θ + θ
2
​
+ 4
​

Now, evaluate from −π/2 to π/2:

π/2
[2 sin θ]−π/2 = 2 sin(π/2) − 2 sin(−π/2) = 2(1) − 2(−1) = 4
​
 π/2
[ 2θ ]−π/2 =
​ ​
π
4 ​ − (− π4 ) = ​
π
2 ​

[ sin(2θ)
4
]π/2
−π/2
= ​ ​
sin(π)
4 ​ − sin(−π)
4 ​ =0−0=0
So the total value of the definite integral is 4 + π2 . ​

a2 πa2
Area = 2 ​ (4 + π2 ) = 2a2 + ​

4 ​

πa2 2
2a +
4
​ ​

Q4. Evaluate triple integral

log 2 x x+y
∫0 ​ ∫0 ∫0 ​ ​ ex+y+z dz dy dx
Step 1: Evaluate the inner integral (with respect to z )
x+y x+y
∫0 ex+y+z dz = ex+y ∫0
​ ​ ez dz = ex+y [ez ]x+y
0 = ex+y (ex+y − e0 ) = ex+y (ex+y − 1) =
​

e2(x+y) − ex+y
Step 2: Evaluate the middle integral (with respect to y )
x x x x x
∫0 (e2x+2y − ex+y ) dy = ∫0 e2x e2y dy − ∫0 ex ey dy = e2x ∫0 e2y dy − ex ∫0 ey dy =
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

x
e2x [ 12 e2y ]0 − ex [ey ]0 = e2x ( 12 e2x − 12 e0 ) − ex (ex − e0 ) = e2x ( 12 e2x − 12 ) − ex (ex − 1) =
x
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

1 4x 1 2x 2x 1 4x 3 2x
2e − 2e − e + e = 2e − 2e + e
​
x ​
x ​ ​

Step 3: Evaluate the outer integral (with respect to x)

log 2 log 2 log 2
∫0 ​ ( 12 e4x − 32 e2x + ex ) dx = [ 12 ⋅ 14 e4x −
​ ​ ​ ​
3
2
​ ⋅ 12 e2x + ex ]0
​ ​ = [ 18 e4x − 34 e2x + ex ]0
​ ​ ​

Now, substitute the limits:

At x = log 2: ex = 2, e2x = (ex )2 = 22 = 4, e4x = (ex )4 = 24 = 16 Value at log 2 = 18 (16) − ​

3
4 (4) +2=2−3+2=1
​

At x = 0: ex = 1, e2x = 1, e4x = 1 Value at 0 = 18 (1) − 34 (1) + 1 = ​ ​

1
8
​
− 6
8
​
+ 8
8
​
= 3
8
​

3 5
Result = 1 − 8
​
= 8
​

5
8
​ ​

Q5. Triple integral over the first octant of a sphere

Evaluate ∭ (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) dx dy dz over the region x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, z ≥ 0, x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ a2 .
Step 1: Use spherical coordinates
The region is the first octant of a sphere of radius a. In spherical coordinates:
 x = ρ sin ϕ cos θ
y = ρ sin ϕ sin θ
z = ρ cos ϕ
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = ρ2
Jacobian dV = ρ2 sin ϕ dρ dϕ dθ

The limits for the first octant are:

0≤ρ≤a
0 ≤ ϕ ≤ π/2
0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2

Step 2: Set up the integral

π/2 π/2 a π/2 π/2 a
∫0 ​ ∫0 ​ ∫0 (ρ2 ) ⋅ (ρ2 sin ϕ) dρ dϕ dθ = ∫0
​ ​ dθ ∫0 ​ sin ϕ dϕ ∫0 ρ4 dρ
​

Step 3: Evaluate the integrals

π/2 π/2
∫0 ​ dθ = [θ]0 ​ = π
2 ​

π/2 π/2
∫0 ​ sin ϕdϕ = [− cos ϕ]0 ​ = − cos(π/2) − (− cos(0)) = 0 − (−1) = 1
5
a a5
∫0 ρ4 dρ = [ ρ5 ]a0 =
​ ​ ​

5 ​

a5 πa5
Result = π
2 ​ ⋅1⋅ 5 ​ = 10 ​

πa5
10
​ ​

Q6. Volume of a tetrahedron

Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, and x + y + z = a.
Step 1: Determine the limits of integration
The plane x + y + z = a intersects the axes at (a, 0, 0), (0, a, 0), and (0, 0, a). The region is in
the first octant.

For z : 0 ≤ z ≤ a − x − y
For y : The projection onto the xy -plane is a triangle bounded by x = 0, y = 0, and x + y =
a. So, 0 ≤ y ≤ a − x
For x: 0 ≤ x ≤ a
Step 2: Set up the volume integral
The volume V is given by the triple integral of 1 over the region:
a a−x a−x−y
V = ∫0 ∫0 ​ ​ ∫0 ​ dz dy dx
Step 3: Evaluate the inner integral (with respect to z )
a−x−y
∫0 ​ dz = [z]a−x−y
0 =a−x−y ​

Step 4: Evaluate the middle integral (with respect to y )

a−x
(a − x − y) dy = [(a − x)y − y2
] (a−x)2 (a−x)2
a−x
∫0 ​

2 0
​ ​ = (a − x)(a − x) − 2 ​
= (a − x)2 − 2 ​
=
(a−x)2
2 ​

Step 5: Evaluate the outer integral (with respect to x)

a (a−x)2
V = ∫0 2
​
dx ​

Let u = a − x, so du = −dx. When x = 0, u = a. When x = a, u = 0.

a
[ u3 ] =
0 u2 1 a 3
a3 a3
V = ∫a 2 (−du)
​ ​
= 2
​
∫0 u2 du =
​
1
2
​ ​ ​
1
2
​
⋅ 3
​
= 6
​

a3
6
​ ​

Q7. Solve by separating variables

x4 dx
dy
+ x3 y = − sec(xy)
​

The original solution stated this was not separable due to the sec(xy) term. However, this is a
Bernoulli-type equation if we consider a substitution. Let u = xy . Then y = u/x. Differentiating
u = xy with respect to x gives u′ = y + xy ′ . So, xy ′ = u′ − y = u′ − u/x. Multiplying by x3 :
x4 y ′ + x3 y = x3 (xy ′ ) + x3 y = x3 (u′ − u/x) + x3 y = x3 u′ − x2 u + x3 y
This substitution is incorrect. Let’s re-evaluate the substitution u = xy .
If u = xy , then y = u/x. Differentiating y with respect to x:
dy u′ x−u
dx ​ = x2 ​

Substitute this into the original equation:

x4 ( u x−u
x2 ) + x ( x ) = − sec(u)
′
3 u ​ ​

x2 (u′ x − u) + x2 u = − sec(u)
x3 u′ − x2 u + x2 u = − sec(u)
x3 u′ = − sec(u)
Now, this equation is separable:
dx =
du
​ − sec(u)
x3 ​

du
sec(u) ​ = − dx
x3 ​

cos(u)du = −x−3 dx
Integrate both sides:
∫ cos(u)du = ∫ −x−3 dx
x−2
sin(u) = 2 ​ +C
1
sin(u) = 2x2 ​ +C
Substitute back u = xy :
1
sin(xy) = +C
2x2
​ ​

Q8. Homogeneous differential equation

(2xy + x2 )y ′ = 3y 2 + 2xy
Step 1: Rewrite the equation
3y 2 +2xy
y′ = 2xy+x2 ​

Step 2: Check for homogeneity and apply substitution

Both the numerator and the denominator are homogeneous functions of degree 2. Thus, the
differential equation is homogeneous. Let y = vx, so y ′ = v + x dx
dv
. ​

Substitute y = vx into the equation:

3(vx)2 +2x(vx) 3v 2 x2 +2vx2
v + x dx
dv
= ​

2x(vx)+x2 ​ = 2vx2 +x2 ​

Divide numerator and denominator by x2 :

3v 2 +2v
v + x dx
dv
= ​

2v+1 ​

Step 3: Separate variables

3v 2 +2v 3v 2 +2v−v(2v+1) 3v 2 +2v−2v 2 −v v 2 +v
dv
x dx =​

2v+1 ​ − v x dx
dv
= ​

2v+1 ​
dv
x dx
​ = 2v+1 ​
dv
x dx
​ = 2v+1 ​

Separate the variables:

2v+1 dv = x1 dx
v(v+1)
​ ​

Step 4: Integrate using partial fractions

For the left side, use partial fraction decomposition:
2v+1
v(v+1)
​
= A
v
​
+ B
v+1
​
2v + 1 = A(v + 1) + Bv
Set v = 0 ⇒ 1 = A(1) ⇒ A = 1 Set v = −1 ⇒ 2(−1) + 1 = B(−1) ⇒ −1 = −B ⇒ B = 1
So, the integral becomes:
∫ ( v1 + ​
1
v+1 ) dv ​ =∫ 1
x dx
​

ln ∣v∣ + ln ∣v + 1∣ = ln ∣x∣ + C1 ​

ln ∣v(v + 1)∣ = ln ∣x∣ + C1 ​

v(v + 1) = eln ∣x∣+C1 = eC1 ∣x∣ = C∣x∣ ​ ​

Since C is an arbitrary constant, we can write v(v + 1) = Cx.

Step 5: Substitute back v = y/x
y y
x ( x + 1) =
​ ​ Cx
y(y+x)
x2
= Cx ​

y(y + x) = Cx3
y 2 + xy = Cx3 ​

Q9. Bernoulli equation

(1 + y 2 )dx = (tan−1 y − x)dy
Step 1: Rewrite as a linear first-order differential equation
Divide by dy and (1 + y 2 ):
tan−1 y−x tan−1 y
dx
dy ​ = 1+y 2 ​ = 1+y 2 ​ − x
1+y 2 ​

Rearrange into the standard linear form dx

dy
​
+ P (y)x = Q(y):
1 tan−1 y
dx
dy ​ + 1+y 2 x ​ = 1+y 2 ​

Step 2: Find the integrating factor

1
The integrating factor is μ(y) = e∫ P (y)dy . Here, P (y) = 1+y 2 .
​

1
∫ dy −1
μ(y) = e 1+y 2 = etan y
​

Step 3: Multiply by the integrating factor and integrate

Multiply the linear equation by the integrating factor:
−1 −1 y
−1 etan y etan tan−1 y
etan y dx
dy ​ + 1+y 2 x ​ = 1+y 2 ​

The left side is the derivative of the product (x ⋅ μ(y)):

−1 y
(xetan y ) etan tan−1 y
−1
d
dy = 1+y 2 ​

Integrate both sides with respect to y :

−1 y
−1 etan tan−1 y
xetan y
=∫ 1+y 2 dy ​
 1
For the integral on the right side, let t = tan−1 y . Then dt = 1+y 2 dy .
​

∫ et t dt
Use integration by parts: ∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du. Let u = t, dv = et dt. Then du = dt, v = et .
∫ et t dt = tet − ∫ et dt = tet − et + C = et (t − 1) + C
Substitute back t = tan−1 y :
−1 −1
xetan y
= etan y
(tan−1 y − 1) + C
Step 4: Solve for x
−1
Divide by etan y
:
−1
x = (tan−1 y − 1) + Ce− tan y

−1
x = tan−1 y − 1 + Ce− tan y
​

Q10. Exact differential equation

[1 + log(xy)]dx + (1 + xy ) dy = 0 ​

Step 1: Check for exactness

The equation is in the form M (x, y)dx + N (x, y)dy = 0.
Here, M (x, y) = 1 + log(xy) = 1 + log x + log y And N (x, y) = 1 + x
y
​

∂M ∂N
Check the condition for exactness: ∂y ​ = ∂x ​

∂M ∂ 1
∂y
​
= ∂y (1
​
+ log x + log y) = y
​

∂N ∂ 1
∂x ​ = ∂x (1 ​ + xy ) = ​

y ​

Since ∂M = ∂N , the equation is exact.

∂y ∂x
​ ​

Step 2: Find the potential function F (x, y)

∂F ∂F
We need to find a function F (x, y) such that ∂x ​ = M (x, y) and ∂y ​ = N (x, y).
Integrate M (x, y) with respect to x, treating y as a constant:
F (x, y) = ∫ (1 + log x + log y)dx F (x, y) = x + (x log x − x) + x log y + g(y) F (x, y) =
x log x + x log y + g(y) = x log(xy) + g(y)
Step 3: Differentiate F (x, y) with respect to y and equate to N (x, y)
∂F ∂ 1
∂y ​ = ∂y (x log(xy)
​ + g(y)) = x ⋅ xy ​ ⋅ x + g ′ (y) = x
y ​ + g ′ (y)
Equate this to N (x, y):
x
y ​ + g ′ (y) = 1 + x
y ​
g ′ (y) = 1
Integrate g ′ (y) with respect to y :
g(y) = ∫ 1 dy = y
Step 4: Write the general solution
Substitute g(y) back into F (x, y):
F (x, y) = x log(xy) + y
The general solution is F (x, y) = C :

x log(xy) + y = C ​