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Unit 2

Discusses dual spaces, bilinear forms, quadratic forms, positive, negative, semi-definite and indefinite forms, and criteria for determining the definiteness of quadratic forms.

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kamchaljaye2
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2 views60 pages

Unit 2

Discusses dual spaces, bilinear forms, quadratic forms, positive, negative, semi-definite and indefinite forms, and criteria for determining the definiteness of quadratic forms.

Uploaded by

kamchaljaye2
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Definitions 1. Similar Matrices: Let 4 and 2 be two square matrices A is called : ple: similar to 3 if there exist a non-singular matrix P such that A=? BP 2. Orthogonally Similar Matrices: Let Aand B be two square matrices A is called orthogonally similar to B if there exist a orthogonal matrix P such that 4=P" BP 3. Diagonalizable Matrix: A square matrix A is called diagonalizable if it is similar to a diagonal matrix. . 4. Orthogonally Diagonalizable Matrix: Any square matrix 1 is called orthogonally diagonalizable matrix if it is orthogonally similar to @ diagonal matrix Page Nas | Date 7 ‘ i A | Relasion of simihinsify ih an equivalence palate. woh bra : Aw B ar ae PAP 5 | Reflenive (= 9 idewtty maleix Tbh that ee FSA 2 TAnmsitive Io AMR Rw [7 3 P uch thot B= PTAP “and | 3 @ duh dhok Co OQ’ ag Ce @ eo = oi tpae) 6 = ch pa) | =[PQy'al(pg) | 23 Paka bh dtat C= RTAR - => Awe ws Mom ia TAausitive “7 Relation ds Aetleve , 6 ethic and dgpnsitve os. jt as an eyovolente polation. 2 4+ “= Page No.: Date: 7 e Aw B = TAL =_ 1B) —TAw8 @ F Pile iiods Be POA _ “\B) = je ar) = (PLL oat vr ss the BIE y pata Penn al a PIES pave if “iA Game | Le! (a-4 z) PF) EI Pil A=4 2) IP] al eerie rei ail po gm fet | 8=A zr) wet de a P, Fina can A == mi fay Fite foment er Lat V be 4 finite dimensional vector over field F and -V-> V a linear operator, then oe epesiat Tle bald $0 bw Miagrsalieable it Bot V be such that elements of Bare eigen vectors of T. : ‘Lat B= (01, @2,--/2} be 4 basis of an n-dimensional vector space V where a;, 1s iS nis an eigen vector of 7, ‘Let Tla;)= 4; y+ 1S i (a-at) wand (b~ 83) va Riera, Sm aLA = VOPR) = VAD T) = KY anomfol, bane antago o_o = Sinan sire bona Scanned by TapScanner Scanned by TapScanner E : 3 3 <= 8 Scanned by TapScanner Scanned by TapScanner cn _Vertor_corvespondin g-—- or) heer => —Ala=d) +3 Bd) = At Se eke AP 3 Aas tae i an ple 2. Show that vi following matrix A ia di Siete ta lagonalizable A= RF o Oo}. 2 0 4 (iwaji 1997; Bhopal 98, 2004; Jabalpur 9%; Rewa 98: Indore 2001; Vikram 2001} Solution. The characteristic equation of the matrix Ais ; ‘ 1-2 0 -2 fa)=1A-Al=| 0 O-2 0 |=0 -2 0 4-4 G=A) ICA) G-A)] + 2 22} =0 -294+52% 20 h=0,0,5 the eigen vectors corresponding to the eigen value 1 = Oare the non-zero -af the following matrix equation. (A-0DX=0 1 0 -2)[x] [o o 0 0 || x2 ]= | -2 0 4] ]xs] [0 1 — 2x = 0, - 2x, + 4x3 =0 x, = 28,23 = 8.x) =6 nding to 4 =O are the non-zero vectors of the fA a ators x = (2, 0,1) and X, = (0,1, 0F are Ii ae eel 2 responding to A =0,ie., mal Bo oF dimension of the null space of A OF = 2 m :* ail X= 2 Finally, for the eigen vectors corresponding to-A = 5: (A-6DX=0 4 : "e * = = [: “o oe ‘le fl : 1 = Ce ee) 1 [32 TE tomy - = xy ~ Dry = 0, 2g = 0 = ~ Oy = xg) ey = 0 = ay hag Ong == 2 ‘Hence the corresponding eigen vector is Xy = .0,-2y. Now we construct the matrix Pa(X,Xq)Xalhe,. oe Pal 1 o}. F f o -2 Lt ws find the inverse of Py: a ohae kar be EH | [ ale +t be eed) : tea le igen vectors corresponding toh = Bis Xy = [21,2005 for the eigen vectors corresponding to 4 =~ 1; : (A-CDHX=0 264 0] , if a) 2 Fy + Bey = 0 2 ae c xg =~ 2and if'x = 0,x5 = L then, =~ 2 0] tt by Ryg (Shand Ryg (5) 0} = Now we construct the matrix P [X), Xp, Xgl, ie, 2 1 0 Peli -2 -3}. 2 0 1 ‘Let us find the inverse of the matrix P by any method, we have reife | 4 2, -5 =2 -1 =2/f8 2 4][2 1 rw-p 2 ‘fF 0 [ na = Big esses a2 0 @ so +; -1 qeanca-n-n een ab fe 8 Example 5. Let T be the linear operator on R™ which is ; make oS ee wndered basis by the matrix |-8 3 4). Prove that T is -16 8 7 —$— tinea Algetre: ana yy ee fa The covfficiont matrix of these equations has rank Ly equations have two linearly independent solutions. Again from 4 equations, we have = Duy + xy Hy = 0. Obviously X, = [1,1,1/ and Xy = (0,1,-17 are two i solutions of this equation. Therefore X, and Xy are two linearly, ‘vectors of Acorresponding to the eigen value — 1. Now the eigen vectors of A corresponding to the eigen value, (A-3DX=0 -12 4 4)fm] fo = [:: 0 4||x.|=]0 -1%6 8 4]]x5} |o) | 12 4064 x - ~ (EE SB sna -4 4 O]lxa} fol ¥ ~ 12x, + 4x + dry =0 dx; - 4x2 = 0 ; = 45) 4 dey = Here taking sy =2=1,4y 23 1 % +f ‘isan vigen vector af Ac 2] « h * t Now let Pe Ny Xl be, eigen vectors in Ro rh Ti desi therefore. ve Mews ‘The charactoristic equation of the matrix Ais a-ak -6 =4 lA-AEl=| 0 4-2 2 [=o o -6 -a-2 (1A) [4 -AN- 8-a) +12} =0 a-2a7-a=0 AQ-A-D=0 veigen values of Aare 0, 1, 1. fa) y= On ~ Arq = 8 en + Be =O Ss agetta e206 aXe a al Since the geometric multiplicity of each eigen value of A is equal ip ‘algebraic multiplicity, therefore Ais similar toa dingonal matrix. - ia an eigen vectors of A corresponding to the eigen vais a | Miser ‘= _F_sesate sith stats _tmanioh _i__aXageenal — |= Asotie Qk is yn _armstnutn + eS ae dima +, “Wun nN ae ore Sou Ba LX nea Ais _tanitidotiony, —Assiynsitnisl. sh, A } | on See a {agra a ee BO gah, Sinaree : [:ege rare Ma fo. iN ae | Radyeesariah Sos lations _Miemwan _Rartuna P80 Aen fo _Jeu_alingomaliant ts iia. a | moma yah) ta, ky ok | Athans matny = 8 A Psion jal also Scie eneihiat AL Oe i Nite tein matadon [e conuadyy Aw Me eo matin | Rum A vst Sa so) amatsia and, re st = nnn ——— — eens Gann i siyeiaed i, it |. aqua nabs: Scanned by TapScanner Massa," funni jinn hater —_ Arnal a.—_dingncna Marans + Wowk = ah, Bey aetna teak, Shan, 2 nUA- =o Rignoaial ek cee ee —___sfmmibitialing ee fs —_—— | Now Ba oe fae Sess rea Sie ae _ariniemal — hf ite case iin’ Sinan Scanned by TapScanner Rarhons: sins rane i : path Simer "mts = AUD jn Re Joroded A aiadinnt Menon —_Qastons ol, A+ - ARalpnaerial —_omatyabok Nuit Bold antl an, Yao a —Ahown engi, 98 sum, umf osy9j —imunhumtenay —sindrian ia. ingarnal- Scanned by TapScanner FSnndidin on Ln) an) daypmnenstnit As 4S ak km ssqun __seatiua * amd U__ Be sarc enweafandimg b> Bry SO them eit) ho. = : i Wil iqun iste, oh __A__seanstraiamaing ts RQ = eas rotund AW te nny Braayy 4% As An) of RT ty sing Wa _ Senor, = Se Rial! Gnifiogome\iantion Acces: Z 1x We Seen Lay eee hem, Ag = URAL A Aye } | = tis a oe, a = FURS, Le CR UV rie iy 8 > z | (9 SS ate a 5 =o i ° Tana RONEN =: © Sime 8 is _oathomanrnal wy Fomatsueiany eA ae O1AG = GX e oA oA tate ics is | | |] | | | beds Pi aT. |e o|*) ah oe 4 Aven) ServeryrrTy Scanned by TapScanner Noy) (ay i ae onre hie 405 — iit [iad os A at - a" er ‘ : ao | eorta (nig : ii * oh a Nias rR Nasir Gy se — ten duedion Hingomaiiantie fy) an i; A Ces st starr sdingems) —enalain 0 =o eee tinam © A} | = = jo ie ate ol (oad 78 eat i — Scanned by TapScanner Peay Sin ce Pecans Ve Blais nA b= ao rar } ae — ee Ont ugera “Saat Aiggenalin| ove | ay —Svie sia sf, —maifsmaties\ —imaustion —#iuuray__ nao __ smatia ia __oriReqamatiny, _Aingamaliant. end Ramer eh Oy wat Tenet Proud. Scanned by TapScanner FE PEM (Parmar Permuctostion Macblx) <> = tex TIP CR) —+ PME) wed eS, and Bete, C2, ---— Pad x TU = T by tay — es een ete ia ae) P than frie: 6] = Ty] . whee ay toe! : ond 22 y= 1) ey is. ‘d f bfacsl us called PPM i tnxw. (erttpes vayejexactly AL PPM a,/ble /0lSndr"l nck Hane ja APPM comnenpending ter each 6Sn 7 eee les rh) P= [een > Sear rfeea ple agley= fi oe eee | a -\ , «odd 6 (610,457 04 Ques:) Find TA}, whet Arle 0 S77 Pe 0) & © 2 ee Lge k= 3 8 oa ge a = Ass) yale 1-2-3---on [ee TOTP Bei == I 0 ’e Ques.) Find |A) where (As He Heteix of LT, T 87 O tee ff 8]\ al Ve ma te Xo] ) lke Xe O% Ave) Tran be Witter a4 Te May te = (> 5 Hay Mp May rye) =~ (3442) feren pormuctationS G66eG LE EEE L, oo [Ale [PYS Sig te = Ques) Sf Te, xe -- > 6) = (0 3%, Ma, > os) Jal= 32) |p) tat) [By partons Quecton] Uetaces eo = (3-4 *). st Sig (+) = | mea A\ = —-6X) = — 6 Ae permutation Matrix: 4 matrix representation of a permutation, a squay i: 1 reach row and column, and all other e quare matrix with exactly one | lements 0. 1, Each permutation matrix of order correspor ; ponds toa ces, 2, Number of permutation matrices of order are 7! 3, A general permutation matrix js not symmetri i permutation matrix is symmetric, i Sted ee 4. product of permutation matrices is again a permutation matrix §, The inverse of a permutation matrix Base PE 6 det(d)=sig(o)where ce S 1S again a permutation matrix, infact 'S permutation corresponding to matrix 4 7. Zr(A)=Number of symbols which are fixed (self-imaged ino). where GS, is permutation corresponding to matrix 4 8. 4 is orthogonal ‘unitary matrix 9, 4‘ =/, where kis the order of permutation 10. G=¢y.c,..cx product of disjoint cycles such that [(c;)=7, then characteristic polynomial of is C(x)=T](2" -1) Cr 11. Figen values of A are 7, -th roots of unity 12, 4 is diagonalizable over complex field . 13. The Algebraic multiplicity of A=1 is the number of disjoint cycles ig iP | y 14. The Algebraic multiplicity of A=—1 is the number of disjoint cycles of even length. 15. The Algebraic multiplicity of each eigen value is same as geometric multiplicity i th yo 16. The algebraic multiplicity of an eigen value A" root of unity is number of disjoint cycles whose length is multiple of k 17. 4 is diagonalizable over real field iff ois either of order | or of order 2

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