Definite Integration

IIT - JEE Syllabus

Definite integrals and their properties, application of the Fundamental Theorem of

Integral Calculus.

INTEGRATION

Let f(x) be defined continuous on a closed interval [a, b]. Let there exists a function F(x)
such that F(x) = f(x), a  x  b. Then, the function F(x) is called the antiderivative of
f(x). We observe that if F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x), then F(x) + c, where c is an
arbitrary constant, is also an antiderivative of f(x).
Indefinite integrals
If F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x) on [a, b], then for any arbitrary constant c, F(x) + c is
called the indefinite integral of f(x) on [a, b] and is written as

 f  x dx  F  x   c
In this case, we say that the f(x) is integral on [a, b]. We note that, not every function is
integrals. For example, the function f(x) defined as
0, x is rational
f x  
1, x is irrational
on [0, 1] does not have an antiderivative and hence is not integrable. We have the
following result.
Every function which is continuous on a closed and bounded interval is integrable.
We can evaluate an indefinite integral directly or by using the method of substitution, or
integration by parts etc.

Definite integrals
Let f(x) be a continuous function on [a, b]. Let
m  min f  x  and M  max f  x  .
a  x b a  xb

Divide the interval [a, b] into n subintervals [x1, x1], [x1, x2], ……, [xn1, xn], where x0 = a,
xn = b and a = x0 < x1 < x2 ….. < xn = b
 y

S M
P Q

0 x0 x1 x2 xi1 i xi xn1 xn x

Let xi = xi  xi 1, i = 1, 2, …., n.

Let m i  min f  x  and M i  max f  x  , i  1, 2,...., n
x i1  x  x i x i1  x  x i

and i be any point in the interval [xi1, xi]. Corresponding to this partition, define
n
lower sum = ln(f) =  m x
i 1
i i

n
upper sum = u n  f    M i x i
i 1

n
and Sn  f    f  i  x i
i 1

Using these definitions, we obtain

ln(f)  Sn(f)  un(f)

The sum Sn(f) depends upon the way in which the interval [a, b] is subdivided and also
upon the choice of the points i inside the corresponding subintervals. Let n   such that
max(xi)  0. If

lim ln  f   lim Sn  f   lim u n  f 

n  n  n 

for any choice of the sequence of subdivision of the interval [a, b] and any i in the
interval [xi1, xi],then this limit is called the definite integral of f(x) over the interval [a, b]
b
and is written as  f  x dx .
a
 Remarks
a) For integrability, the condition that f(x) is continuous on [a, b] can be relaxed. The
function f(x) may only be piecewise continuous on [a, b].

b) The choice of points x0, x1, …., xn is arbitrary. One may choose such that they form an
arithmetic progression or a geometric progression.

c) If f(x) is not defined at x = a and x = b and defined in the open interval (a, b), then
b

 f  x  dx
a
can be evaluated.

b
d) If  f  x  dx  0 ,
a
then the equation f(x) = 0 has at least one root lying in (a, b),

provided f is a continuous function in (a, b).

b
e) In  f  x  dx , the function f needs to be welldefined and continuous in the closed
a
3

 x x  1
2 1/ 2
interval [a, b]. For instance, the consideration of the definite integral dx
2

is erroneous since the function f expressed by f  x   x  x 2  1

1/ 2
is not defined in the
portion  1 < x < 1 on the closed interval [2, 3].

First fundamental theorem of integrals

Let f(x) be a continuous function on a closed and bounded interval [a, b]. Then the
function
x
F  x    f  t  dt
a

is continuous on [a, b], differentiable in (a, b) and F  x   f  x 

Second fundamental theorem of integrals, NewtonLeibniz formula

Let F(x) be an antiderivative of a continuous function f(x) on [a, b]. Then,
b

 f  x   F  b  F a 
a

Remarks
This formula can be used only, if the function f(x) is continuous at all points in the interval
[a, b].
Illustration1: Evaluate the integrals
/2

 sin
4
a) x dx
0

/2
b) 
0
1  cos x dx

2
dx
c) 
1 x  x 1
/2
a) I   sin
4
Solution: x dx
0

/2 /2
1 1
  2 sin x  dx  4  1  cos 2x  dx
2 2 2
=
4 0 0

/2
1
 1  2 cos 2x  cos 2x  dx
2
=
4 0

/2
1  1  cos 4x 
=
4  1  2 cos 2x 
0
2
dx

/2
1  3  4cos 2x  cos 4x 
=
4  0
2
dx

/ 2
1 4 sin 4x 
= 3x  sin 2x 
8 2 4  0

1  3 1  
=    2sin   sin 2   0 
8  2 4  
1  3  3
=   0  0  .
8 2  16

/2 /2 /2

x x
 1  cos xdx   2 cos dx  2 
2
b) cos dx
0 0
2 0
2
/2 /2
x  x
2 0
cos dx  2  2sin 
2  2 0

  
= 2 2  sin  sin 0   2
 4 
 2 2
dx x  x 1
c)  x  x  1 1
 dx
1  x  x 1  x  x 1 
2 2
x  x 1
=  x   x  1
dx    
x  x  1 dx
1 1

=
2  3/ 2
3 
3/ 2 2
 1
2
x   x  1    2 2  1  1  0  
3   
4 2
= .
3

THE INTEGRAL OF A FUNCTION DISCONTINUOUS OR UNDEFINED AT END POINT

Let us suppose a function y = f(x), defined and continuous in a  x < b and either not
defined or discontinuous at x = b. Thus if

 f  x dx    x 
b
then the integral  f  x dx is defined as follows :
a

 f  x dx 
a
lim   x     a 
x b  h

Similarly if f(x) is undefined or discontinuous at x = a then

b

 f  x dx    b  
a
lim   x 
x a  h

1
Illustration2: Evaluate  log x dx
0

Solution: The function log x is undefined at x = 0 and  log x dx  x log x  x

1

 log x dx   x log x  x 
1
Thus 0
0


= 1log1  1  lim x log x  0
x 0

= 1 since lim x log x  0 
x  0
CHANGING THE VARIABLE IN A DEFINITE INTEGRAL
If a function x = (t) satisfies the following conditions
a) (t) is a continuous singlevalued function defined in [, ] and has in this interval a
continuous derivative (t).
b) With t varying on [, ] the values of the function x = (t) do not leave the limits
of [a, b].
c) () = a and () = b, then the formula for chaining the variable (or substitution) in the
definite integral is valid for any function f(x) which is continuous on the interval [a, b]
b 

 f  x dx   f   t    t dt

a 

Instead of the substitution x = (t) the inverse substitution t = (x) is frequently used.
In this case the limits of integration  and  are determined directly from the equalities
 = (a) and  = (b). In practice, the substitution is usually performed with the aid of
monotonic, continuously differentiable functions. The change in the limits of
integration is conveniently expressed in the tabular form
x t
a 
b 

Illustration3: Evaluate the integrals

4
x2  4
a) 
2
x4
dx

/2
cos x dx
b) 
0
6  5sin x  sin 2 x
3
dx
c) 
1
1  x  2 3

4
x2  4
Solution: a) 
2
x4
dx

Substitute x = 2sec t;
sin t
dx  2 dt
cos 2 t
 x t
2 0
4 /3

 
On the interval  0,  the function x = 2sec t is monotomic, therefore the
 3
substitution is valid.
4 /3
x2  4 4sec 2 t  4 sin t
Hence 
2
x4
dx  
0
16sec 4 t
.2
cos 2 t
dt

/3 /3
1 1 3
 sin t cos t dt  sin 3 t 
2
= .
4 0
12 0 32

b) Apply the substitution

sinx = t
x t

cosx dx = dt 0 0
/2 1

The inverse function x = sin1 t (0  x  for 0  t  1) satisfies all conditions of
2
the theorem on chaining the variable. Hence
/2 1 1
cos x dx dt t 3 4
I 
0

6  5sin x  sin x 0 6  5t  t
2 2
 ln
t2 0
 ln .
3

3
dx
c) I  
1
1  x  2 3

x = tan at x = 1   = /4

dx = sec2 d at x = 3   = /3

/3 /3
sec 2 d
=    cos d
 sec   2 3
/4 /4

/3
= sin   / 4

3 2
=
2
INTEGRATION BY PARTS

If u and v are functions of x and have continuous derivatives, then

b b

 u  x v '  x  dx  u  x  v  x  a   v  x u '  x  dx
b

a a

or more briefly,
b b

 u dv  uv a   v du
b

a a

Illustration4: Evaluate the integrals

1

 xe dx
x
a)
0

a
b) I n    a 2  x 2  dx , where n is a natural number.
n

 ln x dx
3
c)
1

Solution: a) Let us put

x=u  du = dx
ex = v  exdx = dv
Since the functions u = x and v = ex are continuous and have continuous
derivatives on the interval [0, 1].
Using the formula for integration by parts, we obtain
1 1
1 1
 xe dx  x e   e dx  e  e  1 .
x x x x
0 0
0 0

b) The integral can be evaluated by expanding the integrand (a2  x2)n according to
the formula of the Newton binomial, but it involves cumbersome calculations. If
is simpler to deduce a formula or reducing the integral In to the integral In1. To
this end let us the integral In in the following way
a a
In    a 2  x 2   a 2  x 2  dx  a 2 In 1   x  a 2  x 2  x dx
n 1 n 1

0 0

and integrate the latter integral by parts

u = x,  du = dx
 (a2  x2)n1x dx = dv
1 2
 a  x 2   n  0
n
 v
2n
We obtain
a n
1 n a 1 1
I n  a I n 1 
2
x a2  x2     a 2  x 2  dx  a 2 I n 1  In
2n 0 2n 0 2n

2n
Hence I n  a 2 In 1
2n  1
1
This formula is valid at any real n other than 0 and  .
2
In particular, at natural n, taking into account that
a
I0   dx  a
0

2n  2n  2  2n  4  ...6.4.2
we get I n  a 2n 1
 2n  1 2n  1 2n  3 ...5.3
e

 ln
3
c) x dx
1

e
  d 
I   ln 3 x  [Link]     ln 3 x   [Link] dx
1  dx 
e
 3ln 2 x
=  [Link] 3 x   .xdx
1
x
e
=  [Link] 3 x  3  ln 2 x dx
1

e
  d 
= e  3  ln 2 x  [Link]     ln 2 x   [Link] dx
1  dx 
2 ln x
= e  3e  3 .x dx
x
e
= 2e  6 ln x dx
1

= 2e  6 1  x ln x  x
e

= 2e + 6
 Drill Exercise – I

d  esin x  4
3
1. a) Let F x    , x  0 . If xe
sin x 3
dx  F  k   F 1 , then find the possible
dx  x  1

values of k.

e  x dx
1
b) If 0 1  e x  log e 1  e   K , then find the value of k.

1
2. a) If f(0) = 1, f(2) = 3, f(2) = 5, then find the value of  xf   2x dx .
0

1
d  1
 dx  tan
1
b) Find the value of  dx .
1
x

3. Evaluate the integral

1
a) I n   x m  ln x  dx; m  0 , n is a natural number.
n

/2

x
2
b) sin x dx
0

2
dx 
4. a) Evaluate the integral  4 x
2
2
. it is easy to conclude that it is equal to
4
.

2 2
dx 1 x 1      
Indeed,   tan 1         . On the other hand, making the
2
4x 2
2 2 2 2  4  4   4

1
substitution x  , we have
t
x t
dt 2
dx   , 1/2
t2
2 1/2

2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
dx dt dt 
2 4  x 2  1/ 2  1
  2
4t  1
  tan 1 2t  .
4
This results is
t2  4  2  1/ 2 1/ 2
 t 
 1
obviously wrong, since the integrand  0 and consequently the definite
4  x2

integral of his function cannot be equal to a negative number  . Find the mistake.
4
2
dx x
b) Evaluate the integral I   5  2 cos x . Making the substitution
0
tan
2
 t we have

2 0
dx 2dt
 5  2 cos x 0
  0 .The result is obviously wrong, since the
1  t   5  2 11  tt 2 
2
0 2

 
integrand is positive, and consequently, the integral of this function cannot be equal
to zero. Find the mistake.
2
dx
5. a) Evaluate 
 x  1
3
0 x 1 

b) Prove that for any given integral with finite limits a and b one can always choose the
linear substitution x = pt + q (p, q constant) so as to transform this integral into a
new one with limits 0 and 1.
2
5 2 / 3 9 x  2 
 x  52  
c) Evaluate e
4
dx  3  e
1/ 3
 3
dx

PROPERTY OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

PROPERTY1
b b
Changing dummy variable :  f  x dx   f  t dt , i.e., the value of the definite integral
a a

does not change with the change of argument (variable of integration) provided the limits
of integration remains the same.

PROPERTY2
b a
Interchanging limits :  f  x dx    f  x dx , i.e., the sign of the definite integral is
a b

changed when the order of the limits changed.

PROPERTY3
b c b
Splitting limits :  f  x dx   f  x dx   f  x  dx , where c may lie inside or outside the
a a c

interval [a, b].

Remark
This property is useful when the function is in piecewise definition for x  (a, b) or when
f(x) is discontinuous or nondifferentiable at x = c when c  (a, b).


sin 2kx
Illustration5: Prove that the integral 
0
sin x
dx equals zero if k is an integer.

Solution: Make the substitution

x t

x =   t, dx = dt, 0 
 0

Then at k an integral number we get

0

sin 2kx  sin 2k    t  
sin 2kt
0 sin x dx    sin   t
  
dt   
0
sin t
dt


Since the definite integral does not depend on notation of the variable of
integration, we have

I = I, where I = 0.

 x 2 , for 0  x  1
Illustration6:a) Given function f  x    .
 x , for 1  x  2
2
Evaluate  f  x dx .
0
2
b) Evaluate the integral I   |1  x |dx .
0

c) If [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, then find the value of the
2

 x  x  dx
2
integral
0
Solution: a) By the additivity property of the integral
2 1 2 1 2

 f  x dx   f  x dx   f  x dx   x dx   xdx

2

0 0 1 0 1

1 2

=
x3 2
3 0 3 1
1 4 2 2 1
 x 3/ 2  
3 3
  4 2 1
3 3
 
1  x, for 0  x  1
b) |1  x | 
 x  1, for 1  x  2

we obtain taking advantage of the additivity property of the integral,

2 1 2

 |1  x | dx   1  x  dx    x  1dx
0 0 1

2 1
1  x   x  1
2
1 1
=      1.
2 2 2 2
0

2 1 2

 x  x  dx   x  x  dx   x  x  dx
2 2 2
c)
0 0 1

1 2

 x  0  dx   x 1 dx
2 2
=
0 1

2 2
x3 8 1 7
= 0   x dx  2
  .
1
3 1 3 3

Illustration7: Evaluate the integrals


1  cos 2x
a)  dx .
0
2
2
b)  sin 1  sin x dx .
 / 2
9
c)   x  dx , where {x} denotes the fractional part of x.
0

 
1  cos 2x 2 cos 2 x cos x, 0  x  2
Solution: a)  | cos x | 
2 2  cos x,   x  
 2
  /2 
1  cos 2x
therefore 
0
2
dx  0
cos xdx     cos x dx
/2

= sin x 0    sin x   / 2  1  0    0   1   2.

/ 2 

b) The graph of f(x) = sin1(sin x) is as shown in figure.

y

/2

3/2
x O
/2 /2  2 x

/2

y

2 0  2
  sin 1  sin x  dx   sin 1  sin x  dx   sin 1  sin x  dx   sin 1  sin x  dx
 / 2  / 2 0 

= Area of shaded region.

1   1  1 
=               
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2
= 
8
9
c)   x dx
0

 
9
= x   x  dx
0

9 9

  x  dx    x  dx
1/ 2
=
0 0

9
2 3/ 2 9
=
3
 x 0    x  dx
0

9
2
=  27    x  dx
3 0
 9
as  
0
x  dx  0  x  9

and 0  x 3

Thus it should be divided into three parts 0  x  1, 1  x  2, 2  x 3

9
i.e., I = 2(9)   
0
x dx

1 4 9

= 18     x  dx    x  dx    x  dx 
0 1 4 

1 4 9

= 18    [Link]   [Link]   [Link] 
0 1 4 


= 18  0   x 1   2x  4
4 9

= 18  (3 + 10)

I = 5.

dx
Illustration8: Find the mistake in the following evaluation of the integral I   ,
0
1  2sin 2 x
 
dx sec 2 xdx 1  1
 

I    tan 3 tan x   0.
cos x  3sin x 0 1  3tan x 3 0
2 2 2
0

Solution: Here, the antiderivative

1  1
3
tan  3   F  x  is discontinuous at x = 2 in the interval [0, ]
    1  1  1 
Since F    lim   tan  3 tan    h  
 2  h 0  3   2 

 
= lim 1/ 3 tan 1  3 cot h
h 0
 
 1  1 
=  tan     
 3 2 3
 1   1 
Also F    0    F   0
2  2 3 2 

Hence, the second fundamental theorem of integral calculus is not applicable.

Drill Exercise – II

1. Evaluate the integrals

2 /2

 | x  2x  3 | dx  | sin x  cos x | dx

a) b)
0 0

b 1
x
x e
|x|
c) dx where a < b d) dx
a 1

e)  sin x  cos x dx
0

 x dx , when [t] denotes the greatest integer function less than or equal
2
2
2. a) Evaluate
0

to t.

nn  14 n  1
n2
b) Prove that  
x dx =
6
where n  N and [x] is the greatest integer
0

less than or equal to x.

1

c) Evaluate  x  x dx where [.] is the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
1

3. Evaluate the integrals

/ 2
a) 
 / 2
cos x  cos3 dx

3
b)  sgn  x   x dx
1

4. Evaluate the integrals

100

  tan x dx where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.

1
a)
0

1
  x  
b)   x 1  cos
2
 1 dx where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
2  
 1
5. a) Is it possible to make the substitution x = sec t in the integral I   x 2  1dx .
0

1
b) Given the integral 0
1  x 2 dx make the substitution x = sin t. Is it possible to take

the number  and /2 as the limits for t.

c) Find the a mistake in the following evaluation

3 3

dx 1 1 2x
0 1  x 2  2 tan 1  x 2 0

1  1
2
 
tan  3  tan 1 0    , where
 6

1 
1 2x  1
 tan    x  1 .
2 1  x  1  x2
2

PROPERTY4
b b
1)  f  x dx   f  a  b  x dx
a a

a a
2)  f  x dx   f  a  x  dx
0 0

Illustration9: Evaluate the integrals


e cos x
a) 0 ecos x  e cos x dx
/ 4
sec2 xdx
b)  1  ex
 / 4


ecos x
Solution: a) Let I= 0 ecos x  e cos x dx
 cos   x 
e
 I= e
0
cos  x 
 e  cos  x 
dx


e  cos x
 I    cos x cos x dx
0
e e
 
ecos x  e  cos x
 II   dx   dx  
0
e  cos x  e cos x 0


 I
2
 / 4
sec 2 xdx
b) Let I =  1  ex
 / 4

   
Replacing x by     x  we get
 4 4 
/ 4
sec 2 x
I  dx
 / 4
1  e x
/ 4 / 4 / 4
sec 2 x sec 2 x  sec 2 x e x sec 2 x 
II  1  e x  / 4 1  e x
 / 4
dx  dx    1  e x  e x  1 dx
/ 4 

/4
sec 2 xdx   tan x  / 4  2
/4
2I  
 / 4

I = 1.

PROPERTY5

 a
2  f  x  dx if f  2a  x   f  x 
2a

0 f  x dx   0
0, if f (2a  x)  f  x 


Illustration10: Evaluate the integrals


sin 4 x dx
a) 0 sin 4 x  cos4 x dx
2

 sin
100
b) x cos99 x dx
0

sin 4 x
Solution: a) f  x  
sin 4 x  cos 4 x
sin 4    x 
then, f    x  
sin 4    x   cos 4    x 

sin 4 x
= i.e., f(  x) = f(x)
sin 4 x  cos 4 x
 / 2
sin 4 x sin 4 x
I dx = 2 0 sin 4 x  cos4 x dx
0
sin 4 x  cos 4 x
/2
sin 4 x
Let I1 = 0
cos 4 x  sin 4 x
dx …(1)
  
/2 sin 4   x 
2 
I1 =  4   4 
dx
0 cos   x   sin   x 
2  2 
/2
cos 4  x 
I1 = 
0
sin 4  x   cos 4  x 
dx …(2)

/2
I1 + I1 =  1 dx
0


I1 =
4
 I = 2I1

 I =
2
2

 sin
100
b) I = x cos99 xdx
0

Here, f(x) = sin100 xcos99 x for which f(2  x) = f(x)


 I  2  sin100 x cos99 xdx
0

= 2  sin100    x  cos99    x  dx
0

= 2  sin100 x cos 99 xdx
0

= 2I

 I=0
Drill Exercise – III
/ 2
sin 2 x
1. a) Evaluate  sin x  cos x
dx
0

x tan x
b) Evaluate  sec x  cos x dx
0

c) Show that  log 1  cos x dx =  log(1/2).
0
/3
dx 
d) Show that    12

 / 6 1  cot x
2. Show that
b
f x ba
a)  f  x   f  a  b  x dx 
a
2
a
f x a
b)  f  x   f  a  x dx  2
0

3. Evaluate the integrals

2
a)   x  1 cos  x  1 dx
0

 sin 4 t
f  x dx
b)  f  cos 2t  x   f  x 
cos 4 t


xdx
c)  1  cos  sin x
0

4. a) If f and g are continuous function on [0, a] satisfying f (x) = f (a  x) and g (x)

a a

+ g(a - x) = 2 show that  f x g x dx   f x dx

0 0

/ 2 / 2

b) Prove that  log sin xdx =  log cos x dx =  2 log2
0 0

5. Show that
/2 / 2
a)  f  sin x  dx   f  cos x  dx
0 0

/2 / 2
b)  f  tan x  dx   f  cot x dx
0 0

/2 / 2 / 2
c)  f  sin 2x  sin x dx   2f  cos 2x  .cos x   f  sin 2x  .cos x dx
0 0 0

 

d)  xf  sin x  dx  2  f  sin x  dx
0 0
PROPERTY6
Definite integration of odd and even function
 a
2  f  x  dx, If f  x  is even f   x   f  x 
a

a f  x dx   0
0, If f  x  is odd f   x   f  x 

Illustration11: Evaluate the integral
2
2x 7  3x 6  10x 5  7x 3  12x 2  x  1
a)  x2  2
dx
 2

 
x sin  2x  .sin  cos x  dx

b)  2 
0  2x   

2
2x 7  3x 6  10x 5  7x 3  12x 2  x  1
Solution: a)  x2  2
dx
 2

2
2x 7  10x 5  7x 3  x
2
3x 2  x 4  4   1
=  x 2
 2
dx   x 2
 2
dx
 2  2

2
 1 
= 0  2  3  x 4  2x 2   2 dx
0 
x  1

2
6 5 2 x 16 
= x  4x 3  tan 1  2 .
5 2 2 0 5 2 2
In calculating we expanded the given integral into the sum of two integrals so as
to obtain an odd integrand in the first integral and an even integrand in the
second.

 
x sin  2x  .sin  cos x 

b) I   2 dx ...(1)
0  2x   


    x  .sin 2    x  .sin  
cos    x  
2 dx
=  0
2  x  
 
    x  sin  2x  .sin  
cos x  dx
I 2  …(2)
0
  2x   

Adding (1) and (2), we get


  2x    sin [Link]  
cos x 
2I   2  dx
0  2x   

1  
 I
20 2sin x cos [Link]  cos x  dx
2 

1
 
 I    t sin  t dt
1 2 

1
 
= 2  [Link]  t  dt
0 2 

  
1
  
 cos  t   1 cos  t  
  2    1.  2  dt 
= 2  t.
  0   
   
 2 0 2 

    
1

 sin t 
 2   2    8
= 2 0  .    2
      
  2  
 0 

PROPERTY7

Definite integration of periodic function

Let f(x) is periodic function with period T and m, n  I

nT T
1)  f  x dx  n  f  x dx
0 0
 a  nT T
2)  f  x dx  n  f  x dx
a 0

nT T
3)  f  x dx   n  m   f  x dx
mT 0

b  nT b
4)  f  x dx   f  x dx
a  nT a

Illustration 12:

2n
a) The value of  sin x  cos x dx .
0

  x  dx
0
b) Evaluate n
(where [x] and {x} are integral and fractional parts of x and n
 x dx
0

 N).

2n
Solution: a) Let, I   sin x  cos x dx
0

 
We know, sinx + cosx = 2 sin  x  
 4
1, 0  x  /2
0,  / 2  x  3 / 4

1, 3 / 2  x  
 sin x  cos x   
2,   x  3 / 2
1, 3 / 2  x  7 / 4

0, 7  / 2  x  2

2 /2 3 / 4 
  sin x  cos x dx   1 dx    0  .dx    1 .dx
0 0 / 2 3 / 4

3 / 2 7/ 4 2
   2  dx    1 dx    0 dx
 3 / 2 7/ 4

  3   7  3 
=     0      3 / 3  2      1  0
2  2   4 2 
 = 

Since [sin x + cos x] is periodic with period 2

2n 2
So, I  sin x  cos x dx  n  sin x  cos x dx
0 0

= n.
n

  x  dx
b) I  0
n

 xdx
0

  x  x dx
0
= n

 x dx
0

 xdx
= n
0
1
 xdx
0

n
x2
2
= 1
0
1
n   x dx
0

n2
n2
= 1 2
1  2 1  n 1
1
n  x dx n
2
0

Illustration13:
n V
a) Show that  | sin x | dx   2n  1  cos V , where n is positive integer and
0

0  V < .
xp p p n 10

b) Let  f  t dt be independent of x and I1   f  t dt, I 2   f  z dz for some p,

x 0 10

I2
where n  N. Then evaluate .
I1
 n V V n V
Solution: a) 
0
| sin x | dx   | sin x dx | 
0 V
 | sin x | dx

V 
=  sin xdx  n  | sin x | dx
0 0


=   cos x 0  n  sin x dx
V

=   cos V  1  n   cos x 0


= (cosV) + 1 + n(1 + 1)

= (2n + 1)  cosV
n V
  | sin x | dx   2n  1  cos V
0

where n is positive integer and 0  V < .

xp

b) Let g  x    f  t dt
x

Since g(x) is independent of x, g (x) = 0

 f(x + p)  f(x) = 0

 f(x) is periodic with period p

p p n 10 p n 1p 10 p n 1p

Here, I1   f  t dt and I 2   f  z  dz   f  z  dz   f  z  dz

0 10 10 0

p
I2
= p n 1  f  z dz   p n 1
0
I1

PROPERTY8
Leibnitz’s rule : If f is a continuous function on [a, b] and u(x) and v(x) are differentiable
functions of x whose values lie in [a, b] then
v x 
d   dv  x  du  x 
 f  t  dt   f  v  x   f  u  x 
dx  u x   dx dx
Illustration 14:

a) Find the derivative with respect to x of function

x
y  cos  t  dt  x  0
2

1/ x

x
sin t
b) Find the points of extremum of the function f  x    dt in the domain x > 0.
0
t
2
 x x2 
  e dx 
c) Find the limit lim  0x 
x 

 e dx
2
2x

x
a) y   cos  t  dt
2
Solution:
1/ x

2
dy
 x d
  1 d 1
2
  cos x  cos    
dx dx  x  dx  x 
1 1  1 
= cos x .  cos .  
2 x x2  x2 
1 1 1
= cos x  2
cos 2
2 x x x
b) Find the derivative
d  sin t  sin x
x
f x    dt  
dx  0 t  x
The critical points are
x = n (n = 1, 2, …..) where sin x = 0.
Find the second derivative at these points
x cos x  sin x
f   x  
x2
1 1
f   n   cos  n    1  0
n

n n
Since the second derivative is nonzero at the points x = n (n = 1, 2, ….), these
points are points of extremum of the function, namely : maxima if n is odd, and
minima if n is even.
 
c) We have an interminate form of the type . Use the L’Hospital rule

2
 x x2  x

 2  e x dx
2
e dx  2

  ex
lim 0
 lim 0
 lim 2 x 2  0.
x  x
2
x 
ex x 
e .2x
 e dx
2x 2

Drill Exercise – IV
1
 2x 
1. a) Evaluate  log  2  x  dx
1

 
1
b) Evaluate  1  x  x 2  1  x  x 2 dx
1


 xdx
c) lim 0
 0  sin 
x
 ln tdt dy
d) If y = x 1 , find at x = e
dx

x
2. a) Show that if f (t) is an odd function then  f  t  dt is an even function i.e.
a

x x

 f  t  dt =
a
 f  t  dt
a

x
b) Can  f  t  dt be an odd function if f (t) is an even function.
a


2n
c) If m and n are integers, prove that  cos mx sinnx
0
dx =
n  m2
2
or 0; according

as (n  m) is odd or even and |n|  |m|.


d) Prove that  sin mx sin nx dx = 0 if m  n  Z and /2 if m = n.
0

100 
3. a) Evaluate 
0
1  cos 2x dx

n
b) Show that 
0
sin x dx  2n  1  cos  where n  N and 0   < .
 c) It is known that f (x) is an odd function in the interval [p/2, p/2] and has a
x
period p. Prove that  f t  dt is also periodic function with the same period.
a

4. a) Find the intervals of increase of f (x) defined by

x

t  2t  t 2  1 dt .
2
f (x) =
1

x2
cos [Link] 
b) yx   .d . Find y(x) at x = .
2 / 16
1  sin 2 
c) Find the points of extremum and the points of inflection on the graph of the
x
function I    t  1 t  2  dt
2

5. a) Find the polynomial P(x) of the least degree that has a maximum equal to 6 at
x = 1 and a minimum equal to 2 at x = 3.
b) Find the polynomial P(x) of the least degree whose graph has three points of
inflection (1, 1), (1, 1) and a point with abscissa 0 at which the curve is
inclined to the axis of abscissa at an angle of 60o.

PROPERTY9
Inequalities in definite integration.
1) If at every point x of an interval [a, b], the inequalities g(x)  f(x)  h(x) are fulfilled,
b b b
then  g  x dx   f  x dx   h  x dx , where a < b.
a a a

2) If m is the least value (global minimum) and M is the greatest value (global maximum)
of the function f(x) on the interval [a, b] (estimation of an integral). Then m(b  a) 
b

 f  x dx  M (b  a)
a

b b
3)  f  x  dx   | f  x  | dx
a a

2 2
4) If f (x) and g (x) are integrable on the interval [a, b], then
b
b 2  b 2 
a f  x  g  x  dx   a f  x  dx  
 a
g  x  dx 

Illustration15:
1
x 7 dx 1
a) Prove that 0   
0 3 1  x 8
 8

2
 5 x  6
b) Prove that 1    2 
dx 
0
9x  5
19
sin x
c) Estimate the absolute value of the integral  1  x dx
10
8

1
15
 1  x  1  x dx cannot exceed
3
d) Prove that .
0
8

x7
Solution: a) Since 0   x7 0<x<1
3 1  x 8

1 1 1
x7
then  0 dx   dx   x 7 dx
0    0
8
0 1 x
1
x 7 dx 1
Hence, 0   
0 3 1  x 8  8

5 x
b) Let f  x  
9  x2 
 f x   
 x  9  x  1
9  x  2 2

For f (x) = 0, we have x = 1 as x  [0, 2]

5 1 3
Now f(0) = , f(1) = , f  2  
9 2 5
 the greatest and the least values of the integrand in the interval [0, 2] are,
3 1
respectively, equal to f(2) = and f 1 
5 2
2 2
1  5x  3  5 x  6
Hence,  2  0     2 
dx  2  0  or 1    2 
dx   2  0 
2 0  9 x  5 0
9x  5

c) Since |sin x|  1 for x  10, then

sin x 1
 …(1)
1 x 8
|1  x 8 |
 But 10  x  19
 1 + x8 > x8  108
1 1 1
  8 8
1 x 8
x 10
1 1
  8 ….(2)
|1  x | 10
8

sin x
From equation (1) and (2), we get  109
1 x 8

19
sin x
Then  1 x
10
8
dx  (19  10)  108

= 9  108 = (10  1)  108

= 107  108 < 107
19
sin xdx
Hence 
10
1 x 8
 107

1
1  1 
d)  1  x  1  x dx    1  x  dx   1  x 3  dx 
3

0 0  0 
1 1
 x2   x4 
= x   x  
 2 0  4 0

 3  5 
=   
 2  4 

15
=
8

GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION
b
Let f (x) be defined on a closed interval [a, b]. Then  f x  dx represents the algebraic sum
a
of areas of the region bounded by the graph of the function y = f (x), the x - axis and the
ordinates x = a and x = b.
 y = f(x)

A1 A3

A D x
B C E
A2 A4

x=a x=b
b

 f x dx = A1  A2 + A3  A4
a
(where A1, A2, A3 and A4 are areas of shaded portions and hence positive quantities).

1
 1
Illustration 16: If f(x) = min  | x |, 1 | x |,  ,  x  R, then find the value of
 4  f  x dx .
1

 1
Solution: f(x) = min  | x |,1 | x |, 
 4
y

(0, 1) y = |x|

A B(1/4) y = 1/4

x (1, 0) C x
O

y = 1 |x|

y

Now from the figure

1

 f  x dx  2 (area of trapezium OABC)

1

1 11 3
= 2  1    
 2 24 8
DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS THE LIMIT OF A SUM
y

y = f(x)

0 a a+h a+2h a+3h a+(n1)h a+nh=b x

We can express definite integral as a limit of the sum of a certain number of terms. Let
f (x) be a continuous function on the closed interval [a, b]. Divide a-b interval into n equal
parts such that width of each part is h.

ba
i.e., nh = b  a  h 
n

Let Sn denotes the area of these n rectangles.

Then, Sn = hf(a) + hf(a + h) + hf(a + 2h) + … + hf(a + (n  1)h)

Clearly, Sn is area very close of the area of the region bounded by curve y = f(x), xaxis
and the ordinates x = a, x = b.

b
Hence  f  x dx  lim Sn
n 
a h 0

The definite integral of function f(x) in the interval [a, b] can be defined as

 f  x dx  lim h f  a  h   f  a  2h   ...  f  a  nh  where nh = b  a.

a
n 
h 0

n 1
= lim  hf  a  rh  where nh = b  a
n 
h 0 r  0
 n 1
= lim  
 ba  
f a 
b  a r 
 
n 
r 0  n   n 

With the help of this formula, we can evaluate some simple definite integrals. The process
of finding definite integrals with the use of above formula is known as definite integral as
a limit of a sum or definite integral by first principle.

SUMMATION OF SERIES WITH THE HELP OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Consider the “limit of a sum” formula defined in the previous section i.e.,
b n

 f  x dx  lim  hf  a  rh  where nh = b  a

n 
….(1)
a h  0 r 1

1
Put a = 0 and b = 1,  nh = 1  h =
n
1
Substitute a = 0, b = 1 and h = in (1) to get
n
1
1 n
r
 f  x dx  lim n  f  n 
0
n 
r 1
….(2)

With the help of formula 2, we can evaluate the sum of to infinite terms of certain series.

Steps of express the limit of sum as definite integral

r 1
Step1 : Replace by x, by dx and lim  by f
n n n 

f 
Step2 : Evaluate lim   by putting least and greatest values of r as lower and upper
n  n
 
limits respectively.
pn
1 f 
p
 r r 
For example lim  f     f  x dx  lim    0, lim    p
n 
r 1 n  n 
 n   n  r 1 n  n
  r  np 
0  

Illustration 16: Evaluate the integrals

b

 x dx using limit of a sum formula.

2
a)
a

 1 1 1 1 
b) S  lim     ...  
n  n  1 n2 n3 2n 

b
a) Let I   x 2 dx  lim h  a  h    a  2h   ...   a  nh  
2 2 2
Solution:
n   
a h 0
  I  lim h  na 2  2ah 1  2  3  ...  n   h 2 12  22  32  ...  n 2  
n 
h 0

 2ah 2 n  n  1 h 2 n  n  1 2n  1 
 lim  nha 
2
 
n 
h 0 
2 6 

Using nh = b  a, we get
 2 1 3 1 1  1 
 I  lim a 2  b  a   a  b  a   1     b  a   1   2   
n 
  n 6  n  n 

b  a 
3

I  a b  a  a b  a 
2
 2
 2
6
 2 b 2  a 2  2ab 
 I   b  a  a  ab  a 
2

 3 

 I
 b  a  a 2  b 2  ab   b3  a 3
3   3
 1 1 1 1 
b) S  lim     ... 
n  n  1
 n 2 n 3 n  n 
1 n n n 
 S  lim    ...  
n  n  n 1 n  2 2n 

1 1 1 1 
 S  lim    ... 
n  n 1  1/ n 1  2 / n 1  n / n 

1 n 1 
 S  lim
n  n 
 
 r 1 1  r / n 
1
1
 S  log 1  x  0  log 2
1
 S  dx
0
1 x

Drill Exercise –V

1. Prove that the following inequalities

/2
sin x 
a) 1   dx 
0
x 2
1
 dx 
b)  
6 0 4x x 2 3
4 2
1
dx 
c) ln 2   
0 1 x6 2
 4

  ax  bx  c dx from the first principle

2
2. Evaluate
1

3. a) If f(x) = x3, then show that area bounded by f(x) and x = 1, x = 1 is equal to
1 1

 | f  x  | dx and not been represented by

1
 f  x  dx
1

2
b) Evaluate  sin x dx , where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
0

 1 1 1 
4. a) If Sn     ...   , find the value of lim Sn .
1  n 2  2n n  n2  n 

4n
n
b) Find the value of lim  .
 
n  2
r 1 r 3 r 4 n

 n  1  
1/ n
  2 3
5. a) Find the value of lim  sin .sin .sin ...sin 
n 
 2n 2n 2n n 
1  2 3   p r  1
b) Prove that lim cos 2p  cos 2p  cos 2p  ...  cos 2p    where
n  n
 2n 2n 2n 2  r 1 2r
 denotes the continued product and p  N.
 SOLVED EXAMPLE
Objective
e37
πsin  π lnx 
Example 1: 
1 x
dx is equal to

(a) 2 (b) 2

(c) 2/ (d) 2

Solution: (a)
37

 .sin z dz    cos z 
37
Put lnx = z. Then I= 0
0

= cos37 + cos 0 = 1 + 1 = 2
1/n
 n! 
Example 2: lim  n 
, where k  0 is a constant and n  N, is equal to
  kn  
n 

(a) ke (b) k-1.e

(c) ke-1 (d) k-1.e-1
Solution: (d)
1/ n
1 1 2 3 n 
Limit = lim  . . ... 
n  k n n n n

n 1 1
1 r 1
 log n 1  log xdx 1  x log x 0   x. x dx
1
1 nlim
 n
= e r 1
 e0  e 0

k k k

1 1  log x 1/ x 
= e  lim x log x  lim  lim  lim   x   0  .
k  x 0 x 0 1 / x x  0 1 / x 2 x 0


Example 3: If f(x) be a quadratic polynomial such that f(0) = 2, f (0) = 3 and f (0) = 4 then
1

 f  x  dx is equal to
1

(a) 3 (b) 16/3

(c) 0 (d) none of these
Solution: (b)
Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
  f (x) = 2ax + b, f (x) = 2a

 2 = c, 3 = b, 4 = 2a (from the question)

 f (x) = 2x2  3x + 2
1
1 1
 2x 3 3x 2 
  f  x dx =   2x  3x  2  dx =  2
  2x  = 16/3
1 1  3 2  1
e
Example 4: The value of the integral  log x dx is
1/e

(a) 1  1/e (b) 2(1  1/e)

(c) e-1 1 (d) none of these

Solution: (b)
Dividing the interval [1/e, e] into [1/e, 1] and [1, e], we get
e 1 e
I = 
1/ e
log x dx =   log xdx   log x dx
1/ e 1

1 e

 dx  x log x 1   dx
1 e
=  x log x 1/ e 
1/ e 1

= 1/e + (1  1/e) + e  (e  1) = 2(1  e-1).

1
The value of the integral  e x dx is
2
Example 5:
0

(a) less than e (b) greater than e

(c) less than 1 (d) greater than 1
Solution: (a, d)
2
For 0 < x < 1, we have 1 < e x < e, so that
1 1 1 1

1dx   e dx   edx  1 <  e dx < e

2 2
x x

0 0 0 0

α
Example 6: The values of  which satisfy  sinx dx  sin2α
π/2
(  [0, 2 ]) are equal to

(a) /2 (b) 3/2

(c) 7/6 (d) 11/6

Solution: (a, b, c, d)

sin 2 =  sin x dx
/ 2
 sin 2 =  cos   cos  (2 sin  + 1) = 0

Hence cos  = 0 or sin  = 1/2. Therefore,  = /2, 3/2, 7/6 or 11/6.

π/4
Example 7:  sinxd  x   x  is equal to
0

1 1
(a) (b) 1 
2 2

(c) 1 (d) none of these

Solution: (b)


Let x  [x] = z. In 0  x  , [x] = 0. So x = z.
4
/ 4
1
 sin zdz    cos z 
/ 4
 I= 0
1
0 2

sinx cos x
π π
Example 8: If f(x) =  0
cos 1t dt  
0
sin 1t dt,0  x 
2
, then f   is
4

 
(a) (b) 1+
2 2 2

(c) 1 (d) none of these

Solution: (b)
sin x cos x
 1   1 
f (x) = 
0
  sin t  dt 
2 

0
  cos t  dt
2 

sin x cos x
 sin x  cos x
= t   sin 1 t dt  t   cos 1 t dt
2 0 0 2 0 0

sin x cos x

=  sin x  cos x    sin 1 t dt   cos 1 t dt
2 0 0

sin x x

 sin t dt =   cos  d
1
(putting t = sin)
0 0

x
=   sin 0   sin  d  x sin x   cos 0
x x
= xsin x + cos x  1
0

cos x x

 cos t dt =   sin  d
1
(putting t = cos )
0 0

x
= [cos ]0x   cos  d = xcos x  [sin ]0x = xcos x  sin x
0


 f (x) = (sin x + cos x)  xsin x  cos x + 1  xcos x + sin x
2

   1 1  1 1 
 f   = .2  .  1 .  1
4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 2
1
Example 9:   x   2x  dx
1
is equal to

(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) 2 (d) 4
Solution: (a)
1 1
I =  x dx    2x  dx
1 1

1
 x2   1/ 2 0 1/ 2 1

=       2x  dx    2x  dx    2x  dx    2x  dx 
 2  1  1 1/ 2 0 1/ 2 
  1/ 2 0 1/ 2 1

= 0    2dx   1dx   0dx   1dx 
 1 1/ 2 0 1/ 2 

 1   1  1
= 2  x 1   x 1/ 2   x 1/ 2  2    1   0    1   = 1
1/ 2 0 1

 2   2  2

Example 10: Let f(x) be a continuous function such that f (a x) + f(x) = 0 for all x  [0, a].
a
dx
Then 1 e  
0
f x
is equal to

(a) a (b) a/2

1
(c) f (a) (d) f a 
2
Solution: (b)
a a a
dx dx dx
= 1 e  
0
f x

0 1 e
f a  x

0 1 e
f  x 
(from the question)

a f x
e dx
=  e   1
0
f x

e
a a f x a
dx a
I+I= 0 1  ef  x  0 1  ef  x  dx
  2I =  dx  a
0
I=
2
1

 x dx / (x  16) lies in the interval [a, b]. The

3
Example 11: The value of the definite integral
0

smallest such interval is

(a) [0, 1/17] (b) [0, 1]
(c) [0, 1/27] (d) none of these

Solution: (a)
The function f(x) = x/(x3 + 16) is an increasing function on [0, 1], so min
f(x) = f(0) = 0 and max f(x) = f(1) = 1/(1 + 16) = 1/17.
b
Therefore, since m(b  a)   f (x)dx  M(b  a), we have
a

1
x 1
0 x
0
3
 16
dx  .
17
 1
xb  1
Example 12: The value of the integral 0 log x dx(b  0) is
(a) log b (b) 2 log(b + 1)
(c) 3 log b (d) none of these
Solution: (d)
1 1
xb  1 x b log x
Let I(b) =  dx  I(b) = 0 log x dx
0 log x

1
1
x b 1 1
=  x b dx = =
0 b 1 0 b 1

db
 I(b) =  b  1  C  log(b  1)  C
If b = 0, then I(b) = 0, so C = 0. Hence I(b) = log(b + 1).
0
Example 13: The integral value of   x
3
 3x 2  3x  3   x  1 cos  x  1 dx is
2

(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 0 (d) 8
Solution: (b)
Let x + 1 = t
1
I  t  2  t cos t dt
3

1

1
=
1
 2dt = 2  2 = 4.

1
   1 
Example 14: If  t 2f  t dt  1  sin x , x   0,  then f   equal to
sin x  2  3

1
(a) 3 (b)
3
1
(c) (d) 3
3
Solution: (a)
On differentiating both sides, we get

  sin 2 x f  sin x  cos x   cos x

 f  sin x   cos ec 2 x

1
 f x 
x2

 1 
 f 3
 3
3 2 

 f (cos  f (cos x)dx and I3 =  f (cos 2 x) dx, then

2 2
Example 15: Let I1 = x) dx, I2 =
0 0 0

(a) I1 = 2I3 + 3I2 (b) I1 = 2I2 + I3

(c) I2 + I3 = I1 (d) I1 = 2I3
Solution: (c)
3 2 

 f (cos  f (cos x) dx, I3 =  f (cos 2 x) dx

2 2
I1 = x) dx , I2 =
0 9 0


Period of f(cos2x) can be in the form of where n  N
n

So I3 =  f (cos 2 x) dx
0

2 

 f (cos x) dx = 2  f (cos x) dx = 2I3

2 2
I2 =
0 0

3 

 f (cos x) dx = 3  f (cos x) dx = 3I3

2 2
I3 =
0 0

So I1 = I2 +
Subjective
3
x dx 1
Example 1: Prove that 
2 5x  x

2
.

3
x dx
Solution: Let I = 
2 5x  x
b b
Using the property  f (x)dx   f (a  b  x)dx
a a

3 3
5  x dx 5  x dx
we have I   
2 5  5  x   5  x 2 x  5x

3 3 3
x  5x
 2I = 
2 x  5x
dx   dx  x  dx  1
2 2

1
So, I = ,
2
Hence proved.
Example 2: Evaluate the definite integral,
1
3
 x4   2x 
 1
 4 
1 x 
cos -1  2 
 1+x 
dx
3

1
3
 x4   1 
Solution: I =  1
 4 
 (1  x ) 
 2  2 tan x  dx =
 
3
1 1

 3  x4  3
 x 4  1
2  1  (1  x 4 )   1  (1  x 4 )  tan xdx
  dx  2
3 3

a
Here the second integral is zero due to the fact that 
a
f (x) dx=0 if f (x) is an odd
function.

 13 2x 4dx  13  1 1 
2 0 
So, I =  2    dx
1  x  2
4 0
 1  x 1  x2 
2

  1 1 x  3
  2  1 3 1 
=  2x  tan 1 x  ln =    ln 
2  2 1  x  0 2  3 6 2 3  1 
  xdx
Example 3: I
0 (a cos x  b 2 sin 2 x) 2
2 2

a a
Solution: Applying  0
f (x)dx   f (a  x)dx and adding, we get
0

  dx
2I  
0 (a cos x  b 2 sin 2 x) 2
2 2

2a a
Here f(2a-x)=f(x). Thus apply  0
f (x)dx  2  f (x)dx
0

/2 dx
Hence 2I = 2 
0 (a cos x  b 2 sin 2 x) 2
2 2

/ 2 dx / 2 sec 4 xdx
or I =   = 
0 (a cos x  b 2 sin 2 x) 2
2 2 0 (a 2  b2 tan 2 x) 2
put, b tanx = a tan , bsec2xdx = a sec2d
a2 a
/ 2
(1  2
tan 2 ) sec2  d
I =  b b
0 a 4 (1  tan 2 ) 2

 a2 2 
/2  1  2 tan  
a b
=  4  d
0 ba sec 2


 /2 a2
a 3b 0
= (1  tan 2)cos 2 d
b2
 / 2
=
ab 3 3  0
(b 2 cos 2   a 2 sin 2 )d

/ 2
Now I1 =  (b 2 cos 2   a 2 sin 2 )d
0

a a
Applying  f (x)dx   f (a  x)dx
0 0

/ 2
=  0
(b2 sin 2   a 2 cos 2 )d , Adding both,

/ 2  2  2
we get, 2I1 = 
0
(a 2  b 2 )d 
2
(a  b 2 ) or I1 =
4
(a  b2 )

  2 2
Hence I = 3 3
. (a  b 2
) = 3 3
(a 2  b 2 )
ab 4 4a b
 1
Example 4: Evaluate  cot 1 1  x 2  x  dx
0

1
1
 tan
1
Solution: dx
0 1  x2  x
1
1
 tan
1
= dx
0 1  x  x  1

1
 x   x  1 
 tan
1
=  dx
0 1  x  x  1 
1 1

 tan xdx   tan  x  1 dx

1 1
=
0 0

1 1
x x
dx   x tan 1  x  1   
1 1
=  x tan 1 x    dx
1 x 1   x  1
0 2 0 2
0 0

1
 1 x 
 ln 1  x 2     2
1
= dx =  ln 2
4 2 0 x  2x  2 2
0

/ 4
sin x  cos x
Example 5: Find the value of  9  16sin 2x dx
0

/ 4
d  sin x  cos x 
Solution: I =  9  16 1  sin 2x   16
0

/4
d  sin x  cos x  1
/ 4
d  sin x  cos x 
=  25  16  sin x  cos x  2
=
16  5 2

    sin x  cos x 
0 0 2

4

Put sinx  cosx = z; then


x = 0  z = 1; x = z=0
4
0 0
1 dz 1  5  4z  1 1
 I= 
16 1  5  2
= ln
40  5  4z  1
=
40
ln 9  ln 3 .
20
  z
2

4
 
  cos x   cos x  
Example 6: Evaluate  e|cos x| 2sin    3cos    sin x dx .
0   2   2 

  cos x   cos x  
Solution: I   e|cos x|  2sin    3cos    sin x dx
0   2   2 

Put cosx = t
1
 t  t 
e  2sin    3cos    dt
|t|
=
1  2  2 
1
t t
= 3  e|t| cos dt (as e|t| sin is odd function)
1 2 2
1
t
= 6  e t cos dt
0 2

24   1 1 1 
=  e  cos  sin   1
5   2 2 2 
x

e
t
Example 7: Let f be a differentiable function such that f(x) =x2 + f (x  t) dt, then prove
0

x3
that f(x) = + x2 .
3
x
Solution: f(x)= x2 +  e  t f (x  t) dt
0

x
= x2 +  e  (x  t ) f(x  x + t)dt
0

x
= x2 + ex  e t .f(t)dt … (i)
0

Differentiating w.r.t x
x
f (x) = 2x + e[Link](x) ex  e t f (t) dt
0

x
= 2x + f(x)  ex  e t f (t) dt … (ii)
0
 Adding (i) and (ii)
x x
f (x) + f(x) = 2x + f(x)  ex  e t f (t)dt + x2 + ex  e t f (t) dt
0 0

f (x) = 2x + x2

 Integrating we get

x3
f(x) = + x2 + c
3
Now putting x = 0 in (i) we get
f(0) = 0

 c=0

x3
 f(x) = + x2 .
3

Example 8: Draw the graph of the function f defined by f  x   cot 1 x , giving main points.
1
Hence or otherwise evaluate   cot 1 x dx ([.] denotes the greatest integer
 3

function).

1 2x
Solution: f  x   cot 1 x  f   x    , f   x   .
1 x  
2 2
2
1  x

lim f  x   0 and lim f(x) = . Thus y = 0 and y =  are asymptotes.

x  x 

f(0) = /2  (0, /2) is a point on the graph.

f (x) < 0, x  f is decreasing

f (x) < 0,  x < 0 and f(x) > 0, x > 0. Thus x = 0 is a point of inflection and f is
concave down for x < 0, f is concave up for x > 0.
Graph is shown below.
y
 y=
3
2
/2
1

x
cot 3
– 3 cot 2 O cot 1 1
   5
we have 1  2  3
4 2 6

5  
 cot 3  cot  cot 2  cot  cot1  cot
6 2 4

2, x    3, cot 2 
  

 cot3 < – 3 < cot2 < 0 < cot1 < 1.  cot x   1, x   cot 2, cot1
1


0, x   cot1,1

1 cot 2 cot 1 1
Thus   cot 1 x  dx   2dx  
cot 2
1dx   0dx
cot1
 3  3

= 2 (cot2 + 3 ) + (cot 1 – cot2)

= cot2 + cot1 + 2 3

Example 9: Find the limit, when n  , of

n n n 1
   ....  .
3  4 n     
2 2 2
2 3 24 n 3 3 34 n 49n

 
n n n 1 
Solution: P  lim     .... 
n  
      49n 
2 2 2
3 4 n 2 3 24 n 3 3 34 n
 

 
n n n
= lim    ....  
n  
     
2 2 2
3 14 n 2 3 22 n n 3 n 4 n 
 
n
n
= lim 
 
n  2
r 1 r 3 r 4 n

n 1
1 dx
= lim  = 
 
n  2 2
r 1
 r   r   0 x 3 x 4
n    3   4
 n    n  


Put 3 x  4  t
 3
 dx  dt
2 x
7
2 dt
3 4 t 2
 P

7
2  1 2 1 1 2 1 1  2 3
=    =     =    .
3  t 4 3 7 4 3  4 7  3 28

1
Hence P  .
14
/ 2
 k
 log  sin   k 2 cos 2   d   log ,k  0 .
2
Example 10: Prove that
0 2
/ 2
Let F  k    log  sin   k 2 cos 2   d
2
Solution:
0

d  F k  ./ 2
2k cos 2 
dk
 
0 sin 2   k 2 cos 2 
d

d  F k  

dk k 1

F(k) =  ln  k  1  c

F(0) = c
Now from (1)
/ 2
F  0   2  log  sin  d   log 2
0

 k 1
 F(k) =  ln  
 2 
 SECTION – I
A – Objective Type Single Correct
/ 2

 cos
2
1. xdx is equal to
0

(a) /2 (b) /2

(c) 0 (d) /4

/ 2

 sin
2
2. xdx is equal to
0

(a) /2 (b) /4

(c) 0 (d) /2

/ 2
sin xdx
3. 
0 sin x  cos x
is equal to

(a) /4 (b) /2

(c) 0 (d) 

/ 2
cos 3 xdx
4. 
0 sin 3 x  cos 3 x
is equal to

(a) /8 (b) /4

(c) 0 (d) /2
x
5. If f (x) =  t sint dt, then f (x) is equal to
0

(a) cos x + x sin x (b) x sin x

(c) x cos x (d) none of these
x
6. Let f(x) = 
1
2  t 2 dt. Then the real roots of the equation x 2  f (x) = 0 are

1
(a) 1 (b) 
2
1
(c)  (d) 0 and 1
2
 /3
cos x 3 3 / 2
7. If  3  sin x dx = k ln  3
 , then k is
0  
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/3
(c) 1/4 (d) none of these

/ 2
dx
8.  1  sin x
0
is equal to

(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) 2 (d) 1/2

/ 2
dx
9.  1  cos x
0
is equal to

(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 1/2


10. 
0
1  sin x dx is equal to

(a) 0 (b) 2
(c) 4 (d) 8

2
11.  | x | dx
2
is equal to

(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 8 (d) none of these
2
xdx
12.  |x|
1
is equal to

(a) 1 (b) 3
(c) -1 (d) 3
b
|1  x | dx
13. 
a 1 x
is equal to

(a) |b|  |a| (b) |1  b|  |1  a|

(c) |1  a|  |1 b| (d) none of these
 2
14.  | x | dx is equal to
3

(a) 1/2 (b) 5/2

(c) 5/2 (d) 13/2

15. If f : R  R, g : R  R are continuous functions, then the value of integral

/ 2

  f  x   f  x    g  x   g   x   dx is
 / 2

(a)  (b) 0
(c) -1 (d) 1
1 1
dx dx
16. If I1 = 
0 1 x 2
and I2 =  | x | then
0

(a) I1 > I2 (b) I1 = I2

(c) I1 < I2 (d) None of these
4
x2  4
17. 
2 4
dx is equal to

(a)

2 3 3  (b) 
3

(c) 2 3 3    (d) None of these

2
x2  4
18. 
4 4
dx is equal to

(a)

2 3 3  (b) 
3

(c) 2 3 3    (d) None of these

/3
cos xdx
19.  3  4sin x
0
=

1 3 2 3  1 2
(a) log   (b) log 1 
2  3  3 3


3 2 3 1  2 
(c) log (d) log 1  
3 4  3
 1
log x 2
20.  x dx =
2

log 4
(a) (log 2)2 (b)
2
(c) Not defined (d) none of these


x3
21.  dx =
0 1  x 2 9/2

2 3
(a) (b)
35 35
4
(c) (d) none of these
35

tan 1 x
1
22. 0 1  x 2 dx =
 2
(a) (b)
4 32
(c) 1 (d) none of these


23. 
0
sin x  sin 3 xdx is equal to

3 3
(a) (b) 
4 4
4
(c) (d) 0
3


24. 
/ 2
sin x  sin 3 xdx is equal to

2 2
(a) (b)
3 3
4
(c) (d) 0
3
 / 2
cos xdx
25.  sin
0
2
x  2sin x  2
is equal to

(a) tan-12 (b) tan-12 + tan-11


(c) tan-12  (d) none of these
2

/ 2
sin xdx
26.  cos
0
2
x  3cos x  2
is equal to

4 3
(a) log (b) log
3 4
2
(c) log (d) none of these
3


dx
27.  x
0
2
 4  x 2  9 
is equal to

 
(a) (b)
60 20
 
(c) (d)
40 80


cos  tan 1 x 
28. 
0 1  x2
dx =


(a) (b) 0
2
(c) 1 (d) 

2
1 1 
e   2  dx =
x
29.
1 x x 

e2 e2
(a) e  (b) e
2 2
e e
2
(c) (d) none of these
2
 / 2
dx
30.  2  cos x
0
=

1 1 1 2
(a) tan 1 (b) tan 1
3 3 3 3
2 1 1
(c) tan 1 (d) 2 3 tan-1 3
3 3
a
31.  f  x  dx
0
=
a a
(a)  f  a  x  dx
0
(b)  f  x  a  dx
0
a /2 a /2 a /2 a /2
a  a 
(c)  f  x  dx +  f   x  dx (d)  f  x  dx +  f  2  x  dx
0 0 2  0 0


32.  tan xdx
0
=

(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) not defined (d) none of these


33.  sin x cos xdx
0
=


(a) (c) 2
2
(c) 1 (d) 0


34.  sin x cos3xdx =
0

(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 1 (d) 2

2
35.  sin x cos 2xdx
0
=

(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 4 (d) 0
 2
36. 
0
2x  x 2 dx =

 
(a) (b)
4 2

(c)  (d)
8
/ 4

 sin x sec
2
37. xdx =
0

(a) 2 +1 (b) 31

(c) 3 +1 (d) 21
1
dx
38. x
 x2  1
=

(a) log  2 1  (b) log  2 1

(c) log  2  1 (d) none of these


dx
39. x
1 x2  1
=

(a) log  2 1  (b) log  2 1

(c) log  2 1  (d) none of these
/ 2

e
2x
40. cos3xdx =
0

3e   2 3e   2
(a) (b)
13 13
2  3e  3e   2
(c) (d) 
13 13

1
2x
 sin
1
41. dx =
0 1  x2

 
(a)  log 2 (b)  log 2
2 2

(c)  2log 2 (d) none of these
2
 3
2x
 sin
1
42. dx =
1 1  x2

2 3 4 3
(a)  + log2 (b)   log2
2 3 2 3

4 3
(c) log2   (d) none of these
2 3

 x tan
1
43. xdx =
0

 1  1
(a)  (b) 
4 2 4 2
 1 
(c)   (d) 1
4 2 4

 tan
1
44. xdx =
0

 
(a)  log 2 (b)  log 2
3 3
 
(c)  log 2 (d)  log 2
3 3

  3x  4x  7  dx = a3 + 3, then a =
2
45. If
0

(a) 1/2 (b) 3

(c) 1/3 (d) 1/2 or 3

a
46. If   2x  3 dx  a  5 , then
0

(a) 0  a  5 (b) 1  a  5
(c) 5  a  1 (d) 1  a  5
 a
47. If   3  2x dx  a  3 , then
0

(a) 1 < a < 3 (b) a <  1 or a > 3

(c) a <  1 (d) a > 3

/ 2
48. 
0
cos x  sin x dx =

(a) 2  2 1 (b) 2  2 1 

(c) 2 2 (d) 0

1
49.  sin 2x dx =
0

1 1
(a) (b)
 
2
(c) 0 (d)


1/ 2
1 x
50. 
1/ 2
log
1 x
dx =

1
(a) 0 (b)
2
1
(c) (d) none of these
2

B – Objective Multiple Choices

1
1. A function f(x) which satisfies the relation f  x   e x   e x f  t dt , then
0

(a) f(0) < 0 (b) f(x) is a decreasing function

1
(c) f(x) is increasing function (d)  f  x dx  0
0
 3
2. Let I   3  x 3 dx , then the values of I will lie in the interval
1
(a) [4, 6] (b) [1, 3]
(c)  4, 230 (d)  15, 30 

x
3. If g  x    2 | t | dt , then
0

(a) g(x) = x|x| (b) g(x) is monotonic

(c) g(x) is differentiable at x = 0 (d) g(x) is differentiable at x = 0

4. If f(2  x) = f(2 + x) and f(4  x) = f(4 + x) for all x and f(x) is a function for which
2 50

 f  x dx  5 , then
0
 f  x dx is equal to
0
46
(a) 125 (b)  f  x dx
4
51 52
(c)  f  x dx
1
(d)  f  x dx
2

x
u 
5. 0 0
 f  t  dt  du is equal to

x x
(a)   x  u  f  u du
0
(b)  uf  x  u  du
0
x x
(c) x  f  u du (d) x  uf  u  x du
0 0
1
The value of  e x
2
x
6. dx is
0

(a) <1 (b) >1

1 1
 
(c)  e 4
(d)  e 4

2
7. If f(x) is integrable over [1, 2], then  f  x dx is equal to
1

1 n r 1 2n  r 
(a) lim  f   (b) lim  f 
n  n
r 1  n 
n  n
r  n 1  n 

1 n rn 1 2n  r 
(c) lim  f   (d) lim  f  
n  n n  n  n
r 1  r 1  n 
 1
dx
8. If I n   , n  N, then which of the following statements hold good ?
0 1  x  2 n

 1
(a) 2n In+1 = 2n + (2n  1)In (b) I 2  
8 4
 1  5
(c) I 2   (d) I3  
8 4 16 48
x
1
9. If f  x   2   4t 2  2f   t   dt , then f(4) equals
x 4
32 64
(a) (b)
9 9
 2t f  4  
5
11f  8 
(c) (d)
9 28

n
C 0 n C1 n
C2 n
C
10. The series    ..... n is equal to
n n 1 n  2 2n
1 1

 x 1  x  dx  x 1  x  dx
n 1 n n 1 n
(a) (b)
0 0
2 2

 x 1  x  dx  x x  1
n 1 n n n 1
(c) (d) dx
1 1
 SECTION – II
A – Matrix Match
1.
Column-I Column-II
(A)   t 
n
 (p) 1 3
 2 1   e  e2 
 2 2
  n 1
lim  dt  is equal to
n   n  1 
0
 
 
(B) Let f(x) be a function satisfying f (x) = f(x) with (q) e2
f(0) = 1 and g be the function satisfying f(x) + g(x) =
1
x2. Then the value of the integral  f  x  g  x dx is
0

(C) 1
(r) e2  1
 e 1  xe  dx is equal to
x
e x

(D) 1
k
(s) ee
 1  sin 2x  dx is equal to
1/ x
lim
k 0 k
0

2.
Column-I Column-II
(A) 2
(p) independent of 
If I    x  x    dx , then I is
3

2

(B) Let ,  be the distinct positive roots of the equation (q) independent of 
1
tan x = 2x, then    sin [Link]  x  dx (where   0)
0

is
(C) If f(x + ) + f(x) = 0, where  > 0, then (r) independent of 
 2 

 f  x dx , where   N is


(D) 
(s) depends on 
  sin x dx is, where   0,   [(2 + 1), (2 +
0

2)] n  N, and where [.] denotes the greatest

integer function
(B – Comprehension Type)
Paragraph1
Consider the statements
(1) Every continuous function on [a, b] is integrable.
(2) If a function f is monotonic on [a, b], then it is integrable on [a, b].
(3) A bounded function f having a finite number of points of discontinuity on [a, b] is
integrable on [a, b].
b
(4)  f  x dx exists, implies that the function f(x) is bounded and integrable on [a, b].
a

 1 1
2x sin  cos x  (0, 1]
1. f x   x x is
0 x0
(a) f(x) is not integrable on [0, 1]
1
(b) There exist g(x) such that g(x) = f(x)  x  [0, 1] but  f  x dx  g 1  g  0 
0

1
(c) There exist g(x) such that g(x) = f(x)  x  [0, 1] and  f  x  dx  g 1  g  0 
0

1
(d) There exist g(x) such that g(x) = f(x)  x  [0, 1] and  f  x  dx  g 1  g  0   0
0

2. Function f defined as follows

1 1 1
f x  when  x  n n = 0, 1, 2, …..
2n 2 1
n
2
f(x) = 0 when x = 0
(a) f(x) is not integrable on [0, 1] and it has infinite number of points of discontinuity
(b) f(x) is integrable on [0, 1] and it has finite number of points of discontinuity
(c) f(x) is not integrable on [0, 1] and it has finite number of points of discontinuity
(d) f(x) is integrable on [0, 1] and it has infinite number of points of discontinuity
3. Consider the question (2)
1
(a)  f  x dx does not exits but f(x) is monotonic increasing on [0, 1]
0

1
(b)  f  x dx does not exits because f(x) is not bounded
0

1 1
(c)  f  x dx exits and  f  x dx = 0
0 0

1 1
2
(d)  f  x dx exits and  f  x dx =
0 0
3

Paragraph2
First Mean value theorem
If a function f is continuous on [a, b] then there exists a number  in a [a, b] such that
b

 f  x dx  f    b  a 
a

Generalized first mean value theorem

If f and g are integrable on [a, b] and g keeps the same sign over [a, b] then there exists a
number  lying between the bounds of f
(If m, M are the bounds of f we have for all x  [a, b] m  f(x)  M)
b b
such that  fg dx    g dx
a a

If in addition to the conditions of the above theorem, f is continuous on [a, b] then there
exists a number   [a, b] such that
b b

 fg dx  f     g dx
a a

Second mean value theorem

b b
If  f  x dx and
a
 g  x  dx
a
both exist and f is monotonic on [a, b] then there exists

  [a, b] such that

b  b

 fg dx  f  a   g dx  f  b   g dx
a a 
 1
nf  x 
1. If a function f is continuous on [a, b], then the value of lim  dx 
x 
0
1 n2x2

(a) f(0)  0 (b) f(0) = 0


(c) f 0 (d) f(0)
2

 x    1 when x  
2. If G  x,     and if f(x) is a continuous function of x in
  x  1 when   x
1
0  x  1 and if g  x    f    G  x,   d
0

Then show that g  x   f  x  and find f(0) and g(1)

(a) f(x) = g(x) (b) f(x) = g(x)

(c) g(x) = f (x) (d) g(x) = f (x)

3. Consider the question (2)

(a) g(0) g(1) (b) g(0) = g(1)
(c) g(0) = g(1) = 0 (d) g(x) = x
(C – Assertion & Reason)

Code
(A) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is True; Statement – 2 is a correct explanation for
Statement – 1.
(B) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is True; Statement – 2 is NOT a correct explanation
for Statement – 1.
(C) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is False.
(D) Statement – 1 is False, Statement – 2 is True.

1. STATEMENT1
5 1

 sin  x  3 dx   sin  x 2  12x  33  is zero.

2
The value of
4 2

STATEMENT2
a

 f  x dx  0 if f(x) is an odd function.

a
 /4 /4 /4 / 4

   e
2 2
x2
2. Consider I1  e x dx, I 2  e x dx, I3  e x cos x dx, I 4  sin x dx .
0 0 0 0

STATEMENT1
I2 > I1 > I3 > I4
STATEMENT2
for x  (0, 1), x > x2 and sin x > cos x

3. Let f be a polynomial function of degree n.

STATEMENT1
x b
There exist a number x  [a, b] such that  f  t dt   f  t dt .
a x

STATEMENT2
f(x) is a continuous function.
 SECTION – III
A - Subjective Problems

1. Evaluate
 1/ 3
dx
a)   x      x  dx. b) 
 0 1  x  1  x 
2 2

16 / 2
cos 5 x
 tan  2 dx
1
c) x  1 dx d)
1  / 2 sin x

  
dx dx x 2dx 
e)  f) Prove that    .
0 1  cos  cos x 0 1 x 0 1 x
4 4
2 2

2. a) For all positive integers k, prove that

(sin 2 kx)/ sin x = 2 [cosx + cos3x + … + cos(2k  1)x]
/ 2
Hence prove that  sin [Link] xdx   / 2
0


dx  
b) Prove that  1  2a cos x  a
0
2
=
1  a2
or
a 1
2
; a > 0, according as a < 1

or a > 1.

1
3n
 1  x 
3 n
c) If In = dx, prove that In = In -1.
0 3n  1
n
C0 n C1 n C 2
Hence, evaluate   ……….
1 4 7
d) Let f and g be a function satisfying the following conditions
a) f (0) = 1 b) f (x) = g(x), g(x) = f(x)
c) g(0) = 0
Find f (1).
 1
3. a) Integrate f   x  w.r.t x4 where f (x) = tan-1x + ln 1  x  ln 1  x
2
x2
cos [Link] 
b) y  x    .d . Find y(x) at x = .
2 /16
1  sin 2 
1
c) If f  x   x    xy 2  x 2 y f  y  dy , find f(x)
0

1
4. b) Evaluate I =  2sin  pt  sin  qt  dt
0

If p and q are equal and either is a root of the equation tanx = x.

x
b) Evaluate  sin x  dx
0
where x  (2n, (2n + 1) ), n  I and [.] denotes the greatest

integer function.

  tx  1  x 
n
5. Evaluate dx , n  N and t is a parameter independent of x. Also show that
0

1
1
 x 1  x 
n k
k
dx  .
0  n  1 n
Ck

6. If f(x) is a monotonic and real valued differentiable function in its domain, prove that
b f (b)

 {f (x)  f (a)}{f (x)  f (a)}dx

a
= 2 
f (a )
x{b  f 1 (x)}dx .

sin 2 x cos 2 x

 
1
7. a) Prove that sin t dt  cos 1 t dt  .
0 0 4
1
x3 1 x  5
b) Prove that 
1
ln  
1  x2  1  x 
dx =
4
.

x
log t
8. a) If f(x) = 1 t  t
1
2
dt , x > 0, then prove that f(x) = f(1/x).

x
ln t 1 1 2
b) If f (x) =  1  t dt, then prove that f (x) + f  x  =
1
2
ln (x).
9. Given an odd function f, defined and integrable every where, periodic with period 2, let
x
g(x) =  f  t dt , prove that
0

a) g(2n) = 0 for every integer n.

b) g is an even function, periodic with period 2.

3
2x 5  x 4  2x 3  2x 2  1
10. a) Evaluate  dx
2  x 2  1 x 4  1
b) Determine the value of

2x 1  sin x 

 1  cos 2 x
dx.

B – Integer Type Questions

2  n
0 , when x = , n = 1, 2, 3,...
1. Evaluate  f x dx , where, f(x) =  n +1
0 1 , otherwise
1
dx A
2. If  1  x  2  x  x 1  x   , then A is equal to
0 6  3 1 
2
1  1
3. Evaluate  x sin x  x  dx.
1
2

1
4. Determine a positive integer, such that e
x
x  1n dx  16  6 e
0

3
3
5. If f  x   max  x  | x |, x   x  and  f  x dx   k , then k is (where [.] denotes greatest
3

integer function).
 SECTION – IV
A – IIT-JEE Questions
x
1 1
1. Let g(x) =  f t dt , where f is such that
0
2
 f(t)  1 for t  [0, 1] and 0  f (t) 
2
for

t  (1, 2]. Then g(2) satisfies the inequality, (IIT JEE 2000)
3 1
(a)   g(2) < (b) 0  g(2) < 2
2 2
3 5
(c) < g(2)  (d) 2 < g(2) < 4
2 2

e2
log e x
2. The value of the integral  x
dx is (IIT JEE 2000)
e1

3 5
(a) (b)
2 2
(c) 3 (d) 5

3
 e cos x sin x for x  2
3. If f (x) = 
2 otherwise ,
then  f x dx
2
= (IIT JEE 2000)

(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3


cos 2 x
4. The value of 

1 ax
dx, a> 0, is (IIT JEE 2001)

(a)  (b) a
(c) /2 (d) 2

x
5. Let f(x) = 
1
2  t 2 dt. Then the real roots of the equation x2  f (x) = 0 are(IIT JEE 2002)

1
(a) 1 (b) 
2

1
(c)  (d) 0 and 1
2
6. Let T > 0 be a fixed real number. Suppose f is a continuous function such that for all
T 3  3T
x  R f(x + T) = f(x). If I =  f ( x ) dx then the value of  f (2x) dx is (IIT JEE 2002)
0 3

3
(a) I (b) 2I
2
(c) 3I (d) 6I

1/ 2
 1 x 
7. The integral   [ x ]  ln
1 / 2 
  dx equals
1 x 
(IIT JEE 2002)

1
(a)  (b) 0
2

1
(c) 1 (d) 2 ln  
2

1
If I m , n   t m 1  t  dt , then I m, n is equal to
n
8. (IIT JEE 2003)
0

2n n 2n n
(a)  I  m1, n 1 (b)  I  m1, n 1
m 1 m 1 m 1 m 1
n m
(c) I  m 1, n 1 (d) I
m 1 n  1  m 1, n 1

x 2 1
If f  x   
2
9. e  t , then f(x) increases in (IIT JEE 2003)
2
x

(a) (0, 2) (b) no value of x

(c) (0, ) (d) (, 0)
 t2
2  4 
 x f  x dx  5 t
5
10. If f(x) is differentiable and , then f   equals (IIT JEE 2004)
0  25 
2 5
(a) (b) 
5 2
5
(c) 1 (d)
2

1
1 x
11. The value of the integral 
0
1 x
dx is (IIT JEE 2004)

 
(a) 1 (b) 1
2 2
(c) 1 (d) 1

 x  3x 2  3x  3   x  1 cos  x  1dx is equal to

3
12. (IIT JEE 2005)
2

(a) 4 (b) 0
(c) 4 (d) 1

13. Let f be a non-negative function defined on the interval [0, 1]. If

x x

 1  f t  dt   f t dt , 0  x  1, and f(0) = 0, then

2
(IIT JEE 2009)
0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

(a) f    and f    (b) f    and f   
2 2  3 3 2 2  3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) f    and f    (d) f    and f   
2 2  3 3 2 2  3 3
Multiple correct
n n 1
n n
14. Let S n   and Tn   2 , for n = 1, 2, 3, …. Then,
k 1 n  kn  k k  0 n  kn  k
2 2 2

 
(a) S n  (b) S n  (IIT JEE 2008)
3 3 3 3
 
(c) Tn  (d) Tn 
3 3 3 3
15. Let f(x) be a nonconstant, twice differentiable function defined on (, ) such that
1
f(x) = f(1  x) and f    0 . Then (IIT JEE 2008)
4
1
(a) f(x) vanishes at least twice on [0, 1] (b) f    0
2
1/ 2 1/ 2 1
 1
(c)  f  x   sin xdx  0  f t e  f 1  t e
sin t sin t
(d) dt  dt
1 / 2 
2 0 1/ 2


sin nx
16. If I n   1   sin x dx , n = 0, 1, 2, …., then

x
(IIT JEE 2009)

10
(a) In = In+2 (b) I
m 1
2 m 1  10

10
(c) I
m 1
2m 0 (d) In = In+1

Match the column

17.
Column-I Column-II
(A) 1
dx (p) 1 2
 1 x
1
2
2
log  
3
(B) 1
dx (q) 2

0 1 x 2
2 log  
3

(C) 3
dx (r) 
 1 x
2
2 3

(D) 2
dx (s) 
x
1 x2 1 2
Comprehension
b
ba
Let the definite integral be defined by the formula  f  x dx  2
 f  a   f  b   . For
a

b c
more accurate results for c  (a, b), we can use  f  x dx   f  x dx  F  c  so that for
a a

b
ab ba
c
2
, we get  f  x dx 
4
 f  a   f  b   2f  c   . (IIT JEE 2007)
a

/2
18.  sin xdx is equal to
0

 
(a)
8

1 2  (b)
4

1 2 
 
(c) (d)
8 2 4 2

x
 xa 
 f  x dx     f  x   f a 
2 
19. If lim a
= 0 then f(x) is of maximum degree
x  a
x a 3

(a) 4 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) 1
20. If f   x   0    a, b  and c is a point such that a < c < b, and (c, f(c)) is the point lying on

the curve for which F(c) is maximum, then f (c) is equal to

f  b  f a  2 f  b  f a 
(a) (b)
ba ba
2f  b   f  a 
(c) (d) 0
2b  a
5
21. Interval containing the value of the interval  x  1x  2x  3x  4x  5dx
1

    
(a)   ,  (b)  0,  (IIT JEE 2009)
 2 2  2
  5 
(c)  ,  (d) (, )
8 4 
 1 t ln1  t 
x

x 0 x 3  t 4  4
22. The value of lim dt is (IIT JEE 2010)
0

1
(a) 0 (b)
12
1 1
(c) (d)
24 64

23. For any real number x, let [x] denote the largest integer less than or equal to x. Let f be a
real valued function defined on the interval [–10, 10] by (IIT JEE 2010)
 x  [x] if[x]is odd,
f(x) = 
1  [x]  x if[x]is even
 2 10
f x cos x dx is
10 10
Then the value of

B – AIEEE Questions

1 1
sin x cos x
1. Let I   dx and J   dx . Then which one of the following is true?
0 x 0 x

[AIEEE 2008]
2 2
(a) I  and J < 2 (b) I  and J > 2
3 3
2 2
(c) I  and J < 2 (d) I  and J > 2
3 3

x
1 log t
2. Let Fx   f x   f   , where f x    dt . Then F(e) equals [AIEEE 2007]
x 1
1 t
(a) 1 (b) 2
1
(c) (d) 0
2
 x
dt 
3. The solution for x of the equation t t2 1

2
is [AIEEE 2007]
2

3
(a) (b) 2 2
2
(c) 2 (d) 

6
x
4. The value of the integral 
3 9x  x
dx is [AIEEE 2006]

3
(a) (b) 2
2
1
(c) 1 (d)
2

 x   
 / 2
 cos 2 x  3  dx is equal to
3
5. [AIEEE 2006]
3 / 2

 
(a)  4 / 32   / 2  (b) /2

(c) (/4) – 1 (d) 4/32


6.  xf sin x dx is equal to
0
[AIEEE 2006]

 / 2

(a)   f sin x dx (b)  f sin x dx
0
2 0

/ 2 
(c)   f cos x dx (d)   f cos x dx
0 0

a
7. The value of  x  f x dx, a  1 , where [x] denotes the greatest integer not exceeding x is
1

[AIEEE 2006]
(a) [a] f(a) – {f(a) + f(b) + ….. + f([a])} (b) [a] f([a]) – {f(a) + f(b) + ….. + f(a)}
(c) a f([a]) – {f(a) + f(b) + ….. + f(a)} (d) a f(a) – {f(a) + f(b) + ….. + f([a])}
 1 1 2 4 1 
8. lim  2 sec 2 2  2 sec 2 2  .....  sec 2 1 equals [AIEEE 2005]

n  n n n n n 
1 1
(a) cos ec 1 (b) sec1
2 2
1
(c) tan 1 (d) tan 1
2

 log x  1 
2

9.  1  log x 2  dx is equal to [AIEEE 2005]

x log x
(a) C (b) C
x 12
log x 2  1
x xe x
(c) C (d) C
log x 2  1 1 x2

 1 
10. Let F : R  R be a differentiable function having f 2  6, f 2    . Then
 48 
f x
4t 3
lim
x2 
6
x2
dt equals [AIEEE 2005]

(a) 36 (b) 24
(c) 18 (d) 12

1 1 2 2
2 3 2 3
11. If I 1   2 x dx, I 2   2 x dx , I 3   2 x dx and I 4   2 x dx then [AIEEE 2005]
0 0 1 1

(a) I1 > I2 (b) I2 > I1

(c) I3 > I4 (d) I3 = I4


cos 2 x
12. The value of  x dx, a  0 , is
 1  a
[AIEEE 2005]


(a) (b) a
2

(c) 2 (d)
a
 3

|1 x
2
13. The value of | dx is [AIEEE 2004]
2

28 14
(a) (b)
3 3
7 1
(c) (d)
3 3

/2
sin x  cos x 2 dx
14. The value of I  
0 1  sin 2 x
is [AIEEE 2004]

(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3

 /2
15. If  xf sin x dx  A  f sin x dx , then A is
0 0
[AIEEE 2004]

(a) 0 (b) 
(c) /4 (d) 2

f a  f a 
ex I2
16. If f  x   , I1   xgx1  x dx and I 2   gx1  x dx , then the value of is
1 ex f  a   
f a
I1

[AIEEE 2004]
(a) 2 (b) –3
(c) –1 (d) 1

n
1
17. lim  e r / n is [AIEEE 2004]
r 1 n
n 

(a) e (b) e – 1
(c) 1 – e (d) e + 1
t
18. If f(y) = ey, g(y) = y; y > 0 and f(t) =  f  t  y g  y  dy , then [AIEEE 2003]
0

(a) F(t) = 1  et (1 + t) (b) F(t) = et = (1 + t)

(c) F(t) = tet (d) F(t) = tet
 b
19. If f(a + b  x) = f(x), then  x f  x dx
a
is equal to [AIEEE 2003]

b b
ab ab
f  b  x dx f  x dx
2 a 2 a
(a) (b)

b b
ba ab
f  x dx f  a  b  x dx
2 a 2 a
(c) (d)

x2

 sec
2
t dt
0
20. The value of lim is [AIEEE 2003]
x 0 x sin x
(a) 3 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 1

1
The value of the integral I   x 1  x  dx is
n
21. [AIEEE 2003]
0

1 1
(a) (b)
n 1 n2
1 1 1 1
(c)  (d) 
n 1 n  2 n 1 n  2

1  2 4  34  ...  n 4 1  23  33  ...  n 3
22. lim  lim is [AIEEE 2003]
n  n5 n  n5
1
(a) (b) 0
30
1 1
(c) (d)
4 5

d  esin x  4
3
23. Let F x    , x  0 . If xe
sin x 3
dx  F  k   F 1 , then one of the possible values
dx  x  1

of k is [AIEEE 2003]
(a) 15 (b) 16
(c) 63 (d) 64
24. Let f(x) be a function satisfying f (x) = f(x) with f(0) = 1 and g(x) be a function that
1
satisfies f(x) + g(x) = x2. Then the value of the integral  f  x g  x  dx , is
0
[AIEEE 2003]

e2 5 e2 3
(a) e   (b) e  
2 2 2 2
e2 3 e2 5
(c) e   (d) e  
2 2 2 2
10x
25.  | sin x | dx
0
is [AIEEE 2002]

(a) 20 (b) 8
(c) 10 (d) 18
/ 4
26. In   tan
n
x dx , then lim n  I n  I n  2  equals [AIEEE 2002]
n 
0

1
(a) (b) 1
2
(c)  (d) 0

  x dx is
2
27. [AIEEE 2002]
0

(a) 2  2 (b) 2  2
(c) 2  1 (d)  2  3  5


2x 1  sin x 
28. 

1  cos 2 x
dx is [AIEEE 2002]

2
(a) (b) 2
4

(c) 0 (d)
2

/2
sin x
29. Evaluate 
0 sin x  cos x
dx [AIEEE 2002]

 
(a) (b)
4 4
(c) 0 (d) 1
 ANSWERS
Drill Exercise1
1 
1. a) 64 b) k     log 2 
e 

2. a) 2 b) 
2
n!
a) I n   1
n
3. b)   2
 m  1
n 1

1 x
4. a) x  does not exist at x = 0 b) t = tan is discontinuous at t = 0
t 2

5. a) c) 0
6
Drill Exercise2
1. a) 4 
b) 2 2  1 
c) |b|  |a| d) 2e  2

e) 2 2
2. a) 5  2 3 c) 0
4
3. a) b) 4
3
4. a) 100  tan 1 b) 2
5. a) No b) Yes
1 2x
c) tan 1 ha s discontinuity at the point x = 1
2 1 x2
Drill Exercise3
1. a)
1
2
log  2 1  b) 2/4

1 1
3. a) 0 b) I =   sin 2 2t
2 4
c) /sin
Drill Exercise4
1. a) 0 b) 0
c) 1/2 d) 1 + e
3. a) 2002
4. a) (, 2)  (1, 0)  (1, ) b) 2
4
c) minimum at x = 1, points of inflection at x = and x = 2
3
3 1
5. a) P(x) = x3  6x2 + 9x + 2 b) P  x  
7
 3x 5  10x 3   x 3
Drill Exercise5
15
2. 21a  b  3c
2
3. b) 
1
4. a) log 4 b)
10
1
5. a)
4

SECTIONI
A. Objective (Single choice correct)

1. d 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. d

6. a 7. d 8. a 9. b 10. c

11. b 12. a 13. c 14. d 15. b

16. c 17. d 18. d 19. d 20. d

21. a 22. b 23. c 24. a 25. d

26. a 27. a 28. c 29. b 30. c

31. d 32. a 33. d 34. a 35. d

36. b 37. d 38. c 39. b 40. d

41. b 42. a 43. a 44. a 45. d

46. d 47. b 48. a 49. d 50. a

B. Objective (Multiple correct answers)

1. a, b 2. a, c 3. a, b, c 4. a, b, d 5. a, b
6. a, c 7. b, c 8. a, b 9. a, c, d 10. b, d

SECTIONII
A. Matrix Match
1. Ar, Bp, Cs, Dq
2. Ap, q, Bp, q, r, Cq, s, Ds

B. Comprehension
Paragraph1
1. c 2. d 3. d
Paragraph2
1. c 2. b 3. c

C. Assertion and Reason

1. b 2. c 3. a

SECTIONIII
A. Subjective Problems

a)     
2
1. b) 8/1287
8
16   16
c) 2 3 d)
3 3

e) |sin |
2
3n.n! e2  1
2. c) d)
1.4.7..............3n  1 2e
3. a) ln(1 x4) + c b) 2
180 80 2
c) x x
119 119
 p2
4. a) b) –n
1  p2
5. 1/(n + 1)
1 1
10. a)  log 6   b) 2
2 5

B. Integer Type

1. 2 2. 2 3. 0 4. 3 5. 2

SECTIONIV
A. IIT JEE Problems

1. b 2. b 3. c 4. c 5. a
6. c 7. a 8. a 9. d 10. a
11. b 12. c 13. c 14. a, c 15. a, b, c, d
16. a, b, c 17.- A-s,B-s,C-p,D-r 18. a 19. d 20. b
21. a, d 22. b 23. 4

B – AIEEE Questions

1. a 2. c 3. * 4. a 5. b
6. c 7. a 8. c 9. c 10. c
11. a 12. a 13. a 14. c 15. b
16. a 17. b 18. b 19. b 20. c
21. c 22. d 23. d 24. c 25. a
26. b 27. d 28. b 29. a