ADVANCED MATH REVIEWER - 4th Quarter
Linear Equations in Two Variables: The Rectangular Coordinate System
The Rectangular Coordinate System
– Consist of two real number lines that intersect at a right angle. The horizontal number line
is called the x-axis, and the vertical number line is called the y-axis.
– These two number lines define a flat surface called a plane, and each point on this plane
is associated with an ordered pair of real numbers (x, y)
– The first number is called the x-coordinate, and the second number is called the y-
coordinate.
– The intersection of the two axes is known as the origin, which corresponds to the point (0,
0).
TRIVIA :
Rene Descartes
– A French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. Descartes’ influence in mathematics,
the Cartesian coordinate system was named after him. He is credited as the father of
analytical geometry, the bridge between algebra and geometry, used in the discovery of
infinitesimal calculus and analysis.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
– A German mathematician who developed the present day notation for the differential and
integral calculus though he never thought of the derivative as a limit. His philosophy is
also important and he invented an early calculating machine. Leibniz make use of the
words abscissa and ordinate.
The x and y-axes break the plane into four regions called quadrants, name using roman
numerals I, II, III, and IV.
Quadrant I (+,+) - top, right
Quadrant II (-,+) - top, left
Quadrant III (-,-) - bottom, left
Quadrant IV (+,-) - bottom, right
Ordered pairs with 0 as one of the coordinates do not lie in a quadrant; these points are either
on the x- and y-axis.
DISTANCE FORMULA
In algebra and geometry, we usually work with the coordinate plane, which is composed of the x
(horizontal) and y (vertical) axes. We can map coordinates with a pair of values (x,y).
The Distance Formula
– The distance formula is a formula that allows you to find the distance between two points
on a coordinate plane.
Formula:
D = √(x₂ - x₁)² + (y₂ - y₁)² or
D = √(x₁ - x₂)² + (y₁ - y₂)²
D = √(x₂ - x₁)² + (y₂ - y₁)²
Steps in using the distance formula:
1. Label the points (x₁, y₁) and (x₂, y₂).
2. Write the distance formula.
3. Substitute your points into the distance formula.
4. Evaluate the values.
Example:
(1, 3) (4, 7)
D = √(x₂ - x₁)² + (y₂ - y₁)²
D = √(4 - 1)² + (7 - 3)²
D = √(3)² + (4)²
D = √9 + 16
D = √25
D=5
GRAPHING LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLE
LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLE
A linear equation in two variables is an equation that can be written in the standard form:
Ax + By = C
Where: A, B and C are integers.
Examples:
2x + 3y = 4
x - 5y = 1
y = 6x - 7
A linear equation in two variables is an equation that can be written in the standard form:
Ax + By = C
Where: A, B and C are integers and A ≠ 0
Equations of this type are called Linear Equations because they generate a straight line graphs
when plotted on a standard Cartesian Coordinate System.
A. Graphing Linear Equations by Point-Plotting:
The basic method of graphing an equation is by point-plotting.
Example 1: Draw the graph of y = 3x - 1
X -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Y -7 -4 -1 2 5 8
x - Independent variable
– assign any values to substitute the independent variable x variable on the given equation.
Note: Use smaller integers for easy solving.
X -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Y -7 -4 -1 2 5 8
y - Dependent variable
– after substituting, solve the given equation. The value obtained is the value of the
dependent variable y.
B. Graphing Linear Equations by the Intercepts:
In graphing a linear equation using intercepts, first, determine the x- and y- intercepts from the
given equation. Then plot the points which contain the intercepts. Determine a third solution
point for the equation to check.
x-intercept (a, 0)
– it is where the graph crosses the x-axis.
y-intercept (0, b)
– it is where the crosses the y-axis.
Example 1: Graph the equation 3x + 5y = 15
x 0 5
y 3 0
THE SLOPE OF A LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES
The Slope of Linear Equations
– The measure or steepness of a line is referred to as slope (m) of the line.
– The slope of a line can also be described as the ratio of the change in the vertical distance
(Δy) between two points on the line to the change in horizontal distance (Δx) between
these points.
– Let P₁ (x₁, y₁) and P₂ (x₂, y₂) are two points on the line.
Change in vertical distance: Δy = y₂ - y₁
Change in horizontal distance: Δx = x₂ - x₁
Formula:
m = Δy / Δx = y₂ - y₁ / x₂ - x₁ or y₁ - y₂ / x₁ - x₂
( / ) - divide or over
Example 1:
Find the slope of a line that passes through the points (-3, 1) and (-1, 5)
m = y₂ - y₁ / x₂ - x₁ = 5 - 1 / -1 - (-3) = 4 / 2 = 2
Example 2:
In the graph below, solve for the slope of the line.
(4, 3) & (1, 1)
(1, 1) & (-2, -1)
(4, 3) & (-2, -1)
( / ) - divide or over
(4, 3) & (1, 1)
m = y₂ - y₁ / x₂ - x₁ = 1 - 3 / 1 - 4 = -2 / -3 = 2/3
(1, 1) & (-2, -1)
m = y₂ - y₁ / x₂ - x₁ = -1 - 1 / -2 - 1 = -2 / -3 = 2/3
(4, 3) & (-2, -1)
m = y₂ - y₁ / x₂ - x₁ = -1 - 3 / -2 - 4 = -4 / -6 = 2/3
m = 2/3
Description of the ordered pair:
As the value of x increases, the value of y also increase.
Description of the graph:
Diagonal graph that slant to the left.
The Slope of Linear Equations
– A line can also be graphed if a point on it and its slope are given.
m = Δy / Δx = y₂ - y₁ (rise) / x₂ - x₁ (run)
DIRECTION AND TREND