Student Name: Bahadır Cemil Karvan
Student ID: 20234038127
ELT Methods: COMPREHENSIVE STUDY
GUIDE
1. The Analytical Framework (The 10 Questions) - Diane Larsen-Freeman
Based on Diane Larsen-Freeman's 'Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching',
this framework is the standard for analyzing any method:
Goals: What are the teachers trying to achieve? What is the ultimate purpose?
Roles: What is the teacher’s role? What is the student's role (active vs. passive)?
Characteristics: What characterizes the teaching/learning process?
Interaction: What is the nature of student-teacher and student-student interaction?
Feelings: How are student feelings and emotions dealt with?
Language/Culture: How is language viewed? How is culture viewed?
Emphasis: What areas (vocabulary, grammar) and skills (R, W, S, L) are prioritized?
L1 Role: What is the role of the students' native language?
Evaluation: How is evaluation accomplished?
Error Correction: How does the teacher respond to student errors?
The Grammar-Translation Method (GTM) - Classical Method
• Principles: Mental discipline and access to literature. Literary language is superior to
spoken language.
• Goals: To read literature and develop the intellect.
• Teacher Role: The absolute authority. Students are passive recipients.
• Grammar: Taught DEDUCTIVELY (Rules first, then applied).
• L1 Role: Essential. Instruction is in the native language; translation is the primary
exercise.
• Techniques: Translation of literary passages, Cognates, Reading comprehension at
literal, inferential, and personal levels, and Précis writing (summarizing).
The Series Method - François Gouin
• Origin: Gouin failure with dictionaries led to observing children transforming
'perceptions into conceptions.'
• Goal: To learn language through logical sequences of actions.
• Technique: Teaching connected sentences describing actions (e.g., 'I walk to the
door... I reach for the handle...').
• Philosophy: Language is chronological and logical.
The Direct Method (DM) - Maximilian Berlitz
• Reaction: Direct reaction against GTM. Natural language acquisition (L2 like L1).
• The Golden Rule: NO TRANSLATION. Use Realia, pictures, and Pantomime.
• Grammar: Taught INDUCTIVELY (Examples first, then students find the rule).
• Interaction: Teacher as director; students are active partners.
• Techniques: Reading aloud with gestures, Map drawing (listening comprehension), and
Dictation.
The Audiolingual Method (ALM) - Charles Fries & B.F. Skinner
• Theory: Structural Linguistics (Fries) + Behaviorism (Skinner). Language is speech, not
writing.
• Learning: Habit formation through Conditioning (Stimulus-Response-Reinforcement).
• Teacher Role: 'Orchestra Leader' (Conductor) who controls rhythm and pace.
• Drills: Backward Build-up (Expansion), Single/Multiple-slot Substitution,
Transformation, Chain drills.
• Errors: Fixed immediately to prevent 'bad habits.'
The Silent Way - Caleb Gattegno
• Motto: 'Teaching should be subordinated to learning.' Based on Cognitivism.
• Goal: Student autonomy and developing 'Inner Criteria' for self-monitoring.
• Teacher Role: 'Silent Technician' or 'Silent Engineer' facilitating speech.
• Tools: Cuisenaire Rods (colored sticks) and Sound-Color Charts (teaching phonetics
visually).
Other Alternative Methods
• Total Physical Response (TPR) - James Asher: Commands and actions. 'Point to the
door.'
• Suggestopedia - Georgi Lozanov: Relaxation, Baroque music, posters to lower the
'Affective Filter.'
• Community Language Learning (CLL) - Charles Curran: Teacher as 'Counselor.' Focus
on student relationships.
• Communicative Language Teaching (CLT): Focus on 'Communicative Competence'
and real-world use.