Table of Content

Lesson Topic Grammar

01 Eco Housing Past perfect tenses

02 House chores activities Pest perfect tenses

03 Pollution Third conditional. If clauses

04 Sports Second and third conditional review

05 Teenagers and Present perfect + modal verbs

communication

06 Refugees Connectors [therefore, although, because,

however, desides, despite]

07 Human AID [MSF] Present perfect + modal verbs

08 Self learners Future perfect.

 Table of Content

Lesson Topic Grammar

09 Animals for work force Future continuous.

10 Civil rights. Connectors II [in order to, as long as, since,

unless, whereas]

11 Teamwork Connectors [so that, however, despite, although]

12 Children mental conditions Passive voice.

13 Hazardous works Passive voice.

14 Teenagers and politics. Passive voice.

15 Entertainment, series. Connectors III [in spite, even though]

 01 Eco Housing

___________________________________
A minimalist and comfortable life, full of freedom. This is the proposal of the Ecocapsule, a house in
the form of a capsule, autonomous and that can be transported anywhere with ease. With solar and
wind energy systems, rainwater harvesting, and functional design, the capsule guarantees wherever
you are. With a capacity to house two adults, the Eco capsule's versatility can give the micro-home
different uses: extra guest room, office, trailer, or even an emergency accommodation or
humanitarian aid unit. For the more detached, it is the ideal home. Power can be generated in two
ways: with solar panels embedded in the roof, or with retractable mini wind turbines. The clean
energy can be stored in a battery that guarantees electricity when the winds or sun are not strong.
The rounded, egg-shaped design is designed so that rainwater and night dew will slide off the
smooth surface, and there is even a container with integrated water filters. The Eco capsule has; a
small kitchen with running water, a living room with folding sofa, bed and a table for work and
meals, and a bathroom with a toilet and hot water are part of the interior, which has areas for
closets and very functional built-in compartments.

1. The Eco-Capsule is comfortable living anywhere.

2. New ways to live the life.
3. Eco-capsule, a modern way to live

Questions

1. What is the concept of capsule house?

2. How can the limitated space be optimized?
3. Why would a person want to live in a capsule house?
4. How does it produce energy?
5. How technological are the capsule houses?
6. Will it become a trend?

One | 01
 01 Eco Housing

Working out the lexicon

a. Detached e. Minimalist i. Container

b. Smooth f. Retractable j. Slide off
c. Embedded g. Capsule k. Optimize
d. Versatility h. Dew

minimalist
1. The necessity to getting rid of your staff, and live with less is called ______________________.
smooth
2. This carpet is really ________________it’s nice to step on it barefoot.
capsule
3. The _______________house consist on being a tiny and optimized place to live.
embedded
4. The wardrobes are __________________ on the capsule wall, so it won’t move while you are
transporting the house.
optimize
5. The idea of the folding furniture is to ________________ the space of the house.
detached
6. The term _________________ describe a thing or person that is generally separated from
other things, it can be described as isolated.
dew
7. The morning grass got wet by the ___________ and I got my feet wet.
8. container
They can store rain water in a _________________ that is attached to the house.
9. retractable
A _______________ table can be folded to open space for your office.
slide off
10. It can cause your makeup to ______________ and not adhere properly to your face.
versatility
11. ________________ is the state or quality of being useful for or easily adapted to
various tasks, styles, fields of endeavor.

two | 02
 01 Eco Housing

Past Perfect

Julie had already finished her tasks when I got home.

They had already moved to Atlanta when I traveled to New York.
He had already had dinner when I invited her out.

Complete the sentences.

1. When I arrived at the cinema, the movie….
2. They began to feel sick after they ….
3. When I called them at nine a.m ….
4. When they got to the train station, the train ….
5. We were late for our flight because we …..

Write the verb into the past perfect.

1. We couldn’t go to the concert because we ________________ our tickets. [to buy]

2. She said that she __________never______________ United Kingdom before. [to visit]
3. Julie and Brenda _______________ each other before the party [to meet]
4. He _________________ this app before, so I showed it to him. [to use]
5. They __________never___________ about capsule houses before. [to hear]

three | 03
 01 Eco Housing

Write about the pros and cons of living in a tiny house.

Tiny houses are cheaper to maintain and use less energy.
Pros:_____________________________________________________________________
They are eco-friendly and encourage people to live with fewer possessions.
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Tiny houses have limited space, which can make storage difficult.
Cons:_____________________________________________________________________
They may not be suitable for large families and can offer less privacy.
_________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

Squeeze out!

In a few years, our country

will become zero emission,
thanks to the new laws
and advance in technology.

In my eyes…. I guess that…

Speaking personally…. I am not sure…

four | 04
 01 Eco Housing

_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

five | 05
 01 Eco Housing

In other words

1. A minimalist and comfortable life, full of freedom. This is the

proposal of the Ecocapsule.

2. For the more detached, it is the ideal home.

3. The Ecocapsule accommodates up to two adults, with all the necessary

elements for a long and comfortable stay.

4. Due to global crisis, and environmental issues, tiny and functional houses are a
trend.

5. The retractable furnitures allows you optimize small spaces into many others.

6. In order to strike the right balance between ecology and practicity, choose an
Ecocapsule.

Interaction

1. Describe your perfect house.

2. Now, describe your own house.
3. In your opinion, do houses have to be spaceful or no? Explain.
4. How renewable can a house be?
5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in a big
house?
6. How can we optimize the space in our houses?
7. Would you become a minimalist person? Justify your answer.

six | 06
 02 House chores

___________________________________
• When Kate Mangino started studying men whom she calls “equal partners” …
• She was hoping to unearth some kind of common truth…
• Maybe even something to help a future partner spot one in the wild…
• Chores that are routine – cooking and cleaning, for instance – tend to fall to women, while
intermittent chores, such as sorting out finances or mowing the lawn, are more likely to be done
by men. “This means that the unpaid female role’s to-do list is relentless,” ..
• It’s much easier to establish patterns from the beginning than to change a relationship 10 or 20
years into it. I think being really clear about expectations, and holding each other accountable
from the start, is critical.” …
• It will probably involve realistic expectations and compromise, particularly if you have different
standards…

1. Rethinking our house responsibilities,.

2. Gender to do chores.
3. The woman’s to do list is relentless.

Lexicon
Listen and write

1. ______________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________

seven | 07
 02 House chores

Connect the sentences

1. They have gone through critical…

2. People tend to…
3. I need a professional…
4. My best friend is just as strong in her
faith as I am,…
5. Their resistance during a relentless…

a. eat more in Winter.

b. to sort out my finances.
c. And we use this to hold each other
accountable.
[Link] bombardment became a symbol.
e. crisis, and couldn’t continue with their
enterprise

Answer the questions

1. What its the audio about?

2. Do men nowadays help more with the house chores?
3. According to the audio, what is the reason for most of the
activities fall on the woman?
4. Why is the women chores list relentless?
5. How do you organize the list of house chores in your house?
6. What is the solution, according to the audio, for the house works?

eight| 08
 02 House chores

Past Perfect

When - I to arrive – my son – to clean the house.

When I arrived home, my son had already cleaned his room.

My son had already cleaned his room when I arrived home.

1. When - Suzanna to leave work – her boss – to leave the company.

2. When - the kids to finish their snack – the teacher – to organize the classroom.

3. She just - to arrive – by the time I – to start the meeting.

4. They – not to come – with us – because – they aready – to visit the store before.

5. He – to change his clothes – before the party – to finish.

6. I – to wait for hours – when she finally – to arrive.

7. We just – to finish mowing the lawn – when – it to start raining.

8. When the kids – to wake up – the mother – already to prepare some pancakes.

nine | 09
 02 House chores

Listen Up

Choose the best option according to the audio.

1. It’s a research about…. 3. Light housework included…

a. Houseworks and its benefits a. Window cleaning.
b. Houseworks and its risks. b. Making the bed

2. Houseworks demands…. 4. the result showed that housework was

a. only physical effort. associated…
b. physical and mental effort. a. Better physical capacity
b. Worse mental abilities.

Squeeze out!

I think that one of the

couple should stay home
to take care of the kids, and
make all the house tasks..

I see your point, but… I disagree…

Actually… To my knowledge…

ten | 10
 02 House chores

What does the housework activities tell us

about gender equality?

What is your opinion about kids helping

with houseworks?

In order to cut down on expenses, families should do houseworks

themselves instead of paying a maid.

eleven | 11
 02 House chores

In other words

1. Kate Mangino started studying men whom she calls “equal partners” – those who do
an equal share of domestic labor.

2. communication is at the heart of this – and it is a continuing conversation, particularly

as life changes.

3. Chores that are routine – cooking and cleaning, – tend to fall to women, while
intermittent chores, such as sorting out finances or mowing the lawn, are more likely to
be done by men.

4. This means that the unpaid female role’s to-do list is relentless,

5. There’s a lot of invisible labour that the female role is doing that the rest of the
household enjoys.”

Interaction

1. Tell us about the households that has to be done

weekly in your house.
2. Who does these households?
3. What is you opinion about men and women and also kids
housechores?
4. To your view, why do we consider normal to a woman take care of
the house tasks instead of a man?
5. What about taking care of the kids?

twelve | 12
 03 Pollution

___________________________________
The Pacific country of Vanuatu has launched one of the world’s most ambitious climate policies,
committing to 100% renewable energy in electricity generation by 2030 and ambitious targets on
loss and damage… “They are really setting an example for the rest of the world,” said Tagaloa
Cooper-Halo, the director of the climate change resilience program at the Secretariat of the Pacific
Regional Environment Programme (SPREP)… “Vanuatu is leading by example in many ways, despite
having negligible emissions. They are taking the lead by putting up their plan. This was a
monumental effort by their government and all the stakeholders because it takes a lot of work and
coordination to arrive at that announcement.”
Vanuatu is already a carbon-negative country – meaning it absorbs more emissions than it
produces – but has committed to going further, by phasing out fossil fuels almost entirely and
hoping to become 100% renewable in its electricity generation by 2030. “The Vanuatu government
has been very bold in pursuing the ICJ opinion, and this is all good for the Pacific” said Mr Halo.

1. Renewable energy in the island.

2. Ambitious climate plan.
3. An Example of renewable energy.

Lexicon
Complete the sentences

1. ____________having or showing a strong desire and determination to succeed.

2. ____________To execute.
3. ____________a person or company that has invested in a business
and owns part of it.
4. ____________Insignificant / minimum.
5. ____________taking the responsibility.

thirteen | 13
 03 Pollution

Complete the sentences

bold – to phase out – to go further – take the lead- carbon-negative.

1. Our company is ________________ by innovating in renewable energy area.

2. We will save our planet when most of countries become __________________.
3. We won’t find any significant result without _____________ in this investigation.
4. The city ___________________ the trash in the rivers.
5. You have to be ______________ to jump from an airplane.

Answer the questions

1. What is the text about?

2. Where is Vanuatu located?
3. Is it impressive that a small country started such Project?
instead of the big ones, why is it impressive?
4. What’s the meaning of negative-carbon?
5. In your opinion, are the countries really concerned about
enviromental issues?
6. How can we overcome environmental issues?

fourteen | 14
 03 Pollution

Out Of Curiosity

In many regions of the world, a new lifestyle has taken hold. This is the concept of
houseboats, or floating houses.
Floating houses usually present an interesting architecture, with high quality. Usually,
their volumetry is designed to privilege the social area and to explore, as much as
possible, the connection with the outside and the view to the water, which provides an
incredible sense of freedom to its occupants. Its layout is efficient and its environments
comfortable, ready to meet the needs of the residents.

Squeeze out!

“I think the computer was

the best invention. There’s
no question about it.”

Well… In my opinion.

I find it very… However…

fifteen | 15
 03 Pollution

3rd Conditional

If they hadn’t corrected me, I wouldn’t have learned a good lesson.

If she hadn’t told me about the danger, I wouldn’t have avoided it.

1. If he had become a musician…

Connect the sentences.
2. If you hadn’t been late…
3. If she had studied….
4. If they had gone to bed early….
5. If I had been born in a different country…
6. If we had arrived earlier….
7. If he hadn’t invited me to the party…

[ ] you wouldn’t have missed the bus.

[ ] she would have passed the exam.
[ ] we would have seen John.
[ ] they wouldn’t have woken up too late.
[ ] he would have recorded a CD.
[ ] I wouldn’t have shown up there.
[ ] I would have learned to speak a different language.

sixteen | 16
 03 Pollution

Perspectives

_________
__________________________
___________________________

Wind and solar have very different resource profiles. Places that are
windy may not be sunny and vice versa. Wind tends to produce
energy in the morning and evening - solar in the middle of the day.
Commercial and industrial loads tend to peak in the middle of the day
while residential peaks occur in the late afternoon/early evening.

_________
__________________________
___________________________

AAsolar
solar
panel
panel
produces
produceselectricity
electricity
when
whenthere
there
is is
sunsun
light
light
and
and
doesn’t
doesn’t
produce
produce electricity
electricity
during
during
the
thenight.
night. Hence we must either store the
Hence
energyweproduced
must either
during
store
thethe
day
energy
in some
produced
expensive
during
batteries
the day
orinrely on
some
thermal/nuclear
expensive batteries
powerplants.
or rely on thermal/nuclear powerplants.

_________
__________________________
___________________________

In my opinion, the “problem” with nuclear energy is that nuclear

proponents have over-promised and under-delivered for basically as
long as I have been alive. The promise of cheap, clean, abundant
electricity has yet to be entirely fulfilled.

seventeen | 17
 03 Pollution

Stretching out

verb
noun

adjetive
leader to lead leading
leadership
1._______________________________________
2._______________________________________
3._______________________________________

Interaction

1. What are the drawbacks of the solar energy?

2. What is the future of our energy production?
3. Are we going to be able to end pollution one day? How?
4. Do you think that the problem of global warming is real?
Defend your point of view.
5. Why is there so much pollution in the world?
6. Do you think one day the drinkable water will end? What’s going
to happen?

eighteen | 18
 04 Competition

___________________________________
▪ Notes and video were diligently taken and then collated into charts and graphs representing
that athlete’s performance…
▪ Advanced technology has become smaller, more resilient, and less burdensome…
▪ paving the way for new opportunities, especially in athletics…
▪ GPS accurately pinpoints motion, smartphones keep everyone current and wearable tech can
prevent injuries...
▪ Technology has increased an athlete’s prowess simply because it magnifies performance-related
actions and events that have been previously unseen…
▪ Cyclists can wear heads-up display (HUD) glasses that flawlessly deliver heartrate, speed, incline
and other relevant cycling information.
▪ they are preventing fatigue and self-created injuries...
▪ the future may some day see injury-free athletics…

1. Tech performance.
2. Performance is now technology.
3. How Technology is Revolutionizing Sports Training..

Questions
Answer the questions
1. How were the sports training in the past?
2. What has changed?
3. How can tech help prevent injuries?
4. What is it HUD?
5. How is technology helping trainers and athletes communication?
6. Do you think that now, with technology, the competitions became more
interesting and maybe, more competitive? Explain.

nineteen | 19
 04 Competition

Working out the lexicon

a. pinpoint. d. enhance. g. flawlessly

b. burdensome. e. bolster. h. Prowess
c. diligently. f. fatigued. i. collated

1. The new regulations will be demanding / ___________

for small businesses.
2. He worked carefully /____________ to prepare himself
for this three-week tournament.
3. The collection has been carefully put together /_______________to create a specific journey.
4. If we had a better description of them it might identify / _____________ the age of the
victim.
5. Many legends are told of his military _______________/ accomplishment.
6. Robots can perform thousands of operations _________________/ precisely every minute.
7. Since conventional therapy is often of limited help, tired /_____________ patients may use
herbal treatments.
8. More money is needed to strengthen /_____________ the industry.
9. This picture edition app will intensify /______________ the colors of the image.

Twenty| 20
 04 Competition

2nd and 3rd Conditional

If she called me to participate in the competition, I would accept the invitation

If she had called me to participate in the competition, I would have accepted the invitation.

1. If we had a garden, we could have a cat.

2. If I won a lot of money, I'd buy a big house in the country.

3. I wouldn't worry if I were you.

4. If I were you, I wouldn't mention it.

5. If she was prime minister, she would invest more money in schools.

6. He would travel more if he was younger.

7. If he worked carefully, he would do a great job.

8. If the competitors strengthened their skills, they would have a better performance.

Twenty one | 21
 04 Competition

Write about the pros and cons of using technology in sports and
competitions.
Pros:_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Cons:_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

Squeeze out!

Teaching kids how to be

competitive can cause bad
consequences to their
personalities.

We have to consider… I’m not sure about…

Absolutely not… In fact…

Twenty two | 22
 04 Competition

______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________

______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________

Twenty three | 23
 04 Competition

In other words

1. In the past, sports training required extensive paperwork and post-practice effort from
both the trainer and the athlete.

2. Compared to whiteboards and post-practice reviews, technology has substantially

increased athletic potential.

3. Advanced technology has become smaller, more resilient, and less burdensome over
recent years, paving the way for new opportunities, especially in athletics.

4. Athletes are unique, and real-time individual performance measurements can set a
more precise and accurate baseline.

5. Communication has been further enhanced by other applications such as My Fitness Pal

Interaction

1. To your opinion, how technology can help competitions?

2. At what point is it useful?
3. Athletes are always improving their performances, is there a limit
for it?
4. Are you competitive? How much?
5. Why do we like so much competitions?
6. What can we learn from sports and apply to our daily lives?

Twenty four | 24
 05 Teenagers

___________________________________
• The talk certainly gave me plenty of food for thought about the way we communicate …
• People are constantly multitasking…
• Kids fade into the background as parents message at the dinner table …
It’s as if we can’t bear to miss out on what our online buddies are up to, so we juggle the real
and online world….
• It was a fascinating talk and the speaker really hit the nail on the head with a couple of things...
• So they switch back and forth between their real-life and online conversations…
• They arrange to meet and then sit together…
• So much of what the speaker said rang true…
• But the under 20s are another kettle of fish…
• but the way we communicate has certainly evolved …

1. Are we losing the art of conversation?

2. New ways of interaction.
3. How cellphones have interveined our interaction.

Lexicon
Listen and write

1. ______________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________

Twenty five | 25
 05 Teenagers

Connect the definitions

a) To hit the nail.

b) Another kettle of fish.
c) Food for thought
d) Switch back.

_____ 1. is a type of path that follows a zig-zag pattern.

_____ 2. something that should be thought about or considered carefully
_____ 3. saying or describing something or someone in an entirely different sense right
after talking about the same subject.
_____ 4. Used to say that what someone has said is exactly right.

Answer the questions

1. What is the audio about?

2. Do men nowadays help more with the house chores?
3. According to the audio, what is the reason for most of the
activities fall on the woman?
4. Why are the women chores list relentless?
5. How do you organize the list of house chores in your house?
6. What is the solution, according to the audio, for the house works?

Twenty six | 26
 05 Teenagers

Listen Up

Choose the best option according to the audio.

1. Adolescence lasts until.. 3. Some experts say that prolonging the end
a) 19 of adolescence…
b) 24 a) Guarantee some rights to them.
c) Infantilizing young people.
2. Adolescence lasts longer because of…
a) Some decisions that are made.
b) The body transformation is slower.

Squeeze out!

In my opinion, teenagers
crave for attention.

I would like to mention… first of all…

It’s right only if we consider… To my knowledge…

Twenty seven | 27
 05 Teenagers

Present perfect + modal

She has followed the instructions. [must ] [could]

She must have followed the instructions.

She could have followed the instructions.

1. The parents have corrected the teen’s behavior. [must] [should]

2. That girl has obeyed her parents [might] [could]

3. The education background has been reviwed. [may] [would]

4. She has worked in the bank for five years. [must] [may]

5. We have had the same car for ten years. [must] [could]

6. It has rained a lot there. [must] [might]

7. She didn’t want to eat, she has eaten before coming here. [must] [can]

8. You speak Japanese so well, you have studied this language for years. [may] [must]

Twenty eight | 28
 05 Teenagers

Remake the sentences

1. He has been awarded for his selfless service to humanity.

2. She has been so thoughtful giving us such a nice gift.
3. People who are narrow-minded in their approach to life
can make extremely difficult partners.
4. First, you need to have an outgoing Personality.
5. Donna is a lovely girl, she is so caring and attentful,
she will be a great nanny.
6. Being sympathetic helped him win the elections. Unsimpathetic.
Uncaring
open minded.
Selfish
Introverted
thoughtless

Write sentences with

the opposite words

1. ________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________________
6. ________________________________________________________

Twenty nine | 29
 05 Teenagers

In other words

[Link] talk certainly gave me plenty of food for thought about the way we communicate

2. I really believe it’s affecting the way we relate to each other and it’s not just in the
workplace.

3. Kids fade into the background as parents message at the dinner table or post on social
networks during the school run.

4. teenagers are becoming more unsympathetic, due to less eye to eye interaction, less
caring and more selfish.

5. We send tiny snippets of conversation or emoticons to each other and I wonder how
much this actually allows us to really understand one another.

Interaction

1. Talk about the benefits of technology in schools.

2. And what about the drawbacks?
3. What is your opinion about teenagers behavior?
4. What determines that a person is an adult, not a teenager anymore?
5. As a parent, what should you never say to a teenager?
6. What would be your advice for teens?

Thirty one | 31
01
01 Podcast
podcast

2 Thirty two | 32
 01 podcast

___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
_________________
_______________
____________
_________ _______
_______ _________
____________
_______________
__________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________

Thirty three | 33
 01

_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________

Thirty four | 34
 01

Ecocapsule's versatility can give the

micro-home different uses: extra guest
room, office, trailer, or even an emergency
accommodation or humanitarian aid unit.

The couple wouldn’t compromise. Neither

the man nor the woman wanted to leave
their principles and opinions.

His relentless hatred only made him a

lonely person.

The new regulations will

be burdensome for small businesses.

Thirty five | 35
 01

You hit the nail on the head with this

color of wallpaper for the living room; it
looks better than I expected!”

The sound of the last bomber's engines

faded into the distance.

Thanks to her flawless skin she could pass

for 10 years younger.

The airline is planning to phase out the

aircraft at the end of this year.

Thirty six | 36
 01

1. In your opinion, do houses have to be spaceful or no? Explain.

2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in a big
house?
3. What is you opinion about men and women and also kids
housechores?
4. To your view, why do we consider normal to a woman take care of
the house tasks instead of a man?
5. What are the drawbacks of the solar energy?
6. What is the future of our energy production?
7. Why do we like so much competitions?
8. What can we learn from sports and apply to our daily lives?
9. What is your opinion about teenagers behavior?
10. What determines that a person is an adult, not a teenager anymore?

Thirty seven | 37
 06 Refugees

___________________________________
The escalation of the international armed conflict in Ukraine has caused civilian casualties and
destruction of civilian infrastructure, forcing people to flee their homes seeking safety, protection
and assistance. Millions of refugees from Ukraine have crossed borders into neighboring countries,
and many more have been forced to move inside the country. They are in need of protection and
support. In light of the emergency and the scale of humanitarian needs, an inter-agency regional
refugee response is being carried out, in support of the efforts of refugee-hosting countries. The
Regional Refugee Response Plan brings together UN, NGO and other relevant partners and focuses
on supporting host country governments to ensure safe access to territory for refugees and third-
country nationals fleeing from Ukraine, in line with international standards. It also prioritizes the
provision of critical protection services an humanitarian assistance.
Data:
Refugees from Ukraine recorded across Europe 6.385.576.
Refugees from Ukraine registered for Temporary Protection or similar national protection schemes
in Europe: 3.831.803.

1. Ukraine Refugee Situation.

2. Who is helping the Refugees?
3. Ukraine is being helped by other countries.
.

Lexicon
Complete the sentences

1. ________________ an increase in the intensity, an intensification.

2. ________________ a person or thing badly affected by an event or situation.
3. ________________ a reaction to something.
4. ________________ designate or treat as more important than other things.
5. ________________ concerned with or seeking to promote human welfare.

Thirty eight | 38
 06 Refugees

Connect the definitions

a. refugee-hosting.
b. carry out
c. in light of
d. in need
e. to flee.

1. He was accused of trying ____________ the scene of the accident.

2. Poland, and Greece are examples of __________________
countries for receiving a lot of refugees.
3. Exhausted and _____________of a bath, she finally agreed to let
him take her home.
4. ______________ what happened last week, please take care on the
escalators.
5. It was impossible to ________________ his crazy plan.

Answer the questions

1. What is the text about?
2. Which countries are receiving refugees?
3. How many people have already fled from Ukraine?
4. What organizations are helping them and how?
5. What are some reasons for people to leave their homeland?
6. Are there refugees in your country. Where are they from, and
what are the reasons for them to be in your country?
7. Is it our duty helping refugees? Receiving them and giving them all
subsides they need to start a new life? Justify.

Thirty nine | 39
 06 Refugees

Connectors

She was crying, her team lost the match. [because]

She was crying because her team lost the match.

1. We coulnd’t find a taxi, we walked home. [therefore]

2. It was very cold, she wasn’t wearing a coat. [although]

3. I woke up, there was a noise. [because]

4. I called him several times, his mobile was turned off. [however]

5. She is very nice, she doesn’t have many friends. [although]

6. She studied quite hard, she failed the exam. [however]

7. Having two degrees, she also is a polyglot [besides]

8. Not getting the job, he didn’t let it discourage him. [despite]

forty | 40
 06 Refugees

Out Of Curiosity

Number of people forced to relocate exceeds 100 million for the first time the number of
people forced to flee conflict, violence, human rights violations, and persecution has
passed the 100 million mark for the first time, driven by the war in Ukraine and other
violent conflicts. According to new data from UNHCR (UN Refugee Agency), the number
of people forced to move around the world has risen to 90 million by the end of 2021,
driven by new waves of violence or protracted conflicts in countries such as Ethiopia,
Burkina Faso, Myanmar, Nigeria, Afghanistan, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. In
addition, the war in Ukraine has displaced 8 million within the country this year, and more
than 6 million refugee movements out of Ukraine have been recorded.

Squeeze out!

It’s not other countries

obligation receiving refugees,
every nation should take care
of their own population.

I imagine that… It doesn’t make sense to me…

As far as I’m concerned… It’s important to mention…

forty one | 41
 06 Refugees

Perspectives

_________
__________________________
___________________________

None of those oil-rich Arab countries (Saudi Aribia Qatar, Oman, UAE,
Kuwait, Bahrain) has signed Geneva conventions, so legally speaking,
they have no international obligation to accept refugees.
Actually the number of Syrian refugees accepted by these countries
altogether is: ZERO

_________
__________________________
___________________________

AIs solar
someone
panelwho has been
produces forced when
electricity to fleethere
his orisher
suncountry because
light and doesn’tof
persecution, war or violence. A
produce electricity during the [Link] has a well-founded fear of
persecution
Hence for either
we must reasonsstore
of race, religion,produced
the energy nationality, political
during opinion
the day in or
membership
some in abatteries
expensive particular
orsocial group.
rely on thermal/nuclear powerplants.

_________
__________________________
___________________________

A refugee must not be sent back to her/his country of origin until it has
been ascertained that the country [though not necessarily the refugee’s
home region] is safe for their return.

Forty two | 42
 06 Refugees

Stretching out

verb
noun

adjetive
contribution to contributing
contribute

1._______________________________________
2._______________________________________
3._______________________________________

Interaction

1. Should we host refugees in our country?

2. Why are there refugees in the world?
3. What is the difference between refugee and immigrant?
4. Why do some people disagree with welcoming refugees?
5. Should countries have more flexibility to receiving people? Why?
6. Should people from other countries adapt to the new culture, or
they should keep their own?

Forty three | 43
 07 Human Aid [MSF]

___________________________________
• Working with neutrality and impartiality…
• The members of the organization commit themselves to respect the deontological principles …
• claim for themselves any compensation other than that offered by the organization…
• they see the urgency of aiding, and being there for those who need…
• with homes and livelihoods destroyed…
• and transportation can also be disrupted …
• in the midst of armed conflict, insecurity limits displacement and fear of violence poses a
threat…
• HIV, malnutrition and others….
• and ensures medical care to people excluded from local health systems….

1. Knowing the MSF entity.

2. Who cares about those in need around the world?
3. _____________________________________________________________________________________________

Questions

1. What is Médecins Sans Frontières and what do they do?

2. Is it a private company?
3. What makes their services and access more difficult?
4. What kind of diseases do they combat?
5. Why do you think people like them would risk their lives for others?

forty four | 44
 07 Human Aid [MSF]

Working out the lexicon

a. Livelihoods.
b. Deontological.
c. Compensation.
d. Disrupted
1.___________________ in the middle of. e. Midst.
2. ___________________ something, typically money, awarded to
someone as a recompense for loss, injury, or suffering.
2. ___________________ a means of securing the necessities of life.
4. ___________________ is an ethical theory that says actions are good or bad according to a
clear set of rules.
5. ___________________ interrupt (an event, activity, or process) by causing a disturbance or
problem.

Reuse the Words

Reuse the Words from the previous text.

1. a referee has always to be neutral | _____________ during a

game
2. MSF is an entity that is acting and helping | _______________
those in need around the world.
3. The advice given by a local wildlife expert was that they did not
represent a menace | ___________________ to people.
4. I must protect them and guarantee | ________________ their honor
and mine remains intact.

Forty five | 45
 07 Human Aid [MSF]

degrees of possibility

The leaders of this community should have focused on people’s issues.

The leaders of this community shouldn’t have focused on people’s issues.
Should the leaders of this community have focused on people’s issues?

1. Children might learn how to build a robot in the future.

2. Starvation in the world may be ended by the year of 2030.

3. Medicins sans frontier should receive the Nobel prize of peace.

4. That doctor must have been very well received.

5. the medical system should have ensured medical care to people.

6. The members of the crew might have been very busy these last days.

7. They could have been better treated in that country.

8. All governments of the world should have intervened in this war.

forty six | 46
 07 Human Aid [MSF]

What are the pros and cons of working for an entity like MSF?
Pros:_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Cons:_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

Squeeze out!

The world will never learn,

we are getting more and
more self centered.

I’d like to stress the idea… I’m not quite with you…

Yes… …but…

Forty seven | 47
 07 Human Aid [MSF]

___________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

____________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

forty eight | 48
 07 Human Aid [MSF]

In other words

1. MSF brings medical and humanitarian aid to people in danger and to victims of
natural or man-made disasters and conflict situations.

2. The members of the organization commit themselves to respect the deontological

principles of their profession.

3. As volunteers, they understand the risks and dangers of the work they do, and do
not claim for themselves any compensation other than that offered by the
organization.

4. More than 100 million people have been forced into displacement worldwide; this
is the largest number ever recorded in history health services.

5. the lack of an institutionalized public health system and shortage of health workers
is common in many developing countries;

Interaction

1. Do you know what is the porverty rate in your country?

2. When is a person considered under de line of poverty?
3. Is it responsibility of the gorvernment guarantee the basic supplies
to every peeople?
4. What is your opinion about volunteer work?
5. What are the reasons to poverty and misery?

forty nine | 49
 08 Self learning

___________________________________
• learning and developing cognitive and intellectual skills independently…
• absorb information about certain content...
• without the need of a teacher or mentor on the side…
• persistently research until he or she achieves…
• reinforced acquisition of certain knowledge…
• it takes persistence and dedication to discover the best paths to self-learning…
• how about using this skill to try to put into words the knowledge you have acquired? …
• take notes to strengthen your learning…
• you must prepare a suitable space for that…
• Likewise, you must fight negative habits, such as the famous procrastination…
• not content with some non finished project, but seeks to accomplish it.

1. Self-learners. Students from the XXI century.

2. How to become a self-learner.
3. Knowledge acquisition in the self-learning generation.

Lexicon
Listen and write

1. ______________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________

fifty | 50
 08 Self learning

Connect the definitions

a) Cognitive.
b) Absorb.
c) Mentor.
d) Suitable.
e) Acquire.
1. _______________ relating to, being, or involving conscious
intellectual activity.
2. ________________to take in and make part of an existent whole.
3. ________________right or appropriate for a person or purpose.
4. ________________a person who serves someone as a guide, a wise and experienced
advisor.
5. _______________ To obtain, to get, make yours.

Answer the questions

1. What is the meaning of self-learner?

2. What habilities does a self-learner have?
3. Can we become self-taughts or we are born one?
4. What are the advantages of developing it on us?
5. Do you consider yourself an autodidact? If no, are you
interested in developing it?

fifty one | 51
 08 Self learning

FUTURE PEREFECT

I will cook dinner for my guests [by 8 p.m]

I will have cooked dinner for my guests by 8 p.m

1. The professor will post the grades [by saturday]

2. We will finish reading this book [by the end of this month]

3. They will travel to Europe [by midnight]

4. Sarah will fininsh her college [by the end of this year]

5. The kids will learn how to install this app [by the end of this class]

6. The company will change the products [by tomorrow]

7. The professor will answer all the questions [by the end of the presentation]

8. The guy will achieve his goal [by the end of the course]

Fifty two | 52
 08 Self learning

Listen Up

Choose the best option according to the audio.

1. The youngest college graduate enrolled... 3. He studied ...

a. At age eight a. Geography
b. At age ten b. Antropology

2. And he got his bachelor’s degree ... 4. Currently he is...

a. At age twelve a. Teaching assistant in chemistry.
b. At age ten b. A show contestant.

Squeeze out!

A person can aquire knowledge and

become more and more intelligent,
but not smarter, wether you are born
smart or you won’t be smart.

Given that… Actually…

I disagree… The most difficult about it…

Fifty three | 53
 08 Self learning

To your mind, organization and planification

can make us learn whatever we want by ourselves?

Self learner is not about learning something alone

but finding out the solution to every problem you
may have.

Autodidacticism should be a subject in schools.

Fifty four | 54
 08 Self learning

In other words

1. Autodidacticism refers to the process of learning and developing cognitive and

intellectual skills independently.

2. It is the ability to search for the best self-learning methods, combining them with the
best sources of knowledge, such as quality books, internet videos, podcasts, among other
possibilities.

3. However, it takes persistence and dedication to discover the best paths to self-learning.

4. you must fight negative habits, such as the famous procrastination.

5. the self-learner develops adaptability, resilience, and perseverance, not content with
some non finished project, but seeks to accomplish it.

Interaction

1. Do you procrastinate in some areas of your life?

2. What do you do to accomplish any hard task in your life?
3. Can you mention some of your negative habits?
4. How can we get rid of any negative habits?
5. How can technology and AI help develop our self-learning skills?
6. Is self-leaning something we are born with or we can develop it?

Fifty five | 55
 09 Animals for work

___________________________________
• Domesticated animals that are used for transportation and traction…

• such as pulling carts or plows, are generally known as pack animals….

• Horses are ridden with a saddle…

• Mules are ridden to pull carts….

• Dogs are used in snow and frozen areas to pull sleds…

• Oxen and cows …to pull plows or carts with loads and for threshing….

• In some cases the animals are mistreated and harmed by their owners…

• sniffing drugs or other illegal substances in airports for example…

• The use of tractors and other motorized vehicles is widespread in

agriculture…

1. The habit of using animals as workforce.

2. New perspectives of seeing animals working.
3. The use of animals replacing humans at work.

Lexicon
Complete the sentences

1. _______________are farming implements used for cutting, lifting, and turning over soil.
2. _______________means to treat someone or something badly, cruelly, or unfairly.
3. _______________ refers to something that is extensively distributed or prevalent over a large
area or among a large number of people or things.
4. _______________ is the act of inhaling air audibly through the nose, often to detect or perceive
scents or odors.
5. _______________ is a seat for a rider on the back of a horse or other animal. It typically
consists of a padded seat, stirrups, and straps to secure it to the animal's back.

Fifty six | 56
 09 Animals for work

Listen and write

____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________

__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________

_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________

__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________

Answer the questions

1. What is the text about?

2. Which animals have been used for work?
3. What do people who defend animals claim it’s happening?
4. Is it a recent practice or an old practice?
5. Is there a possibility that we can do everything without using
animals?
6. How are elephants used in Asia?

fifty seven | 57
 09 Animals for work

FUTURE CONTINUOUS

We _______________you back next week. [call]

We will be calling you back next wee.

1. At three o'clock tomorrow, I __________________ in my office. [work]

2. At three o'clock tomorrow, you ________________ on the beach. [swim]

3. At five o'clock on Friday, he _________________ for the train. [wait]

4. This time next week , she ________________ in New York. [shop]

5. Tonight before eleven p.m., it ________________ [rain]

6. At dinner day, they _____________________ their parents. [meet]

7. At this day next month, they __________________ a baby [have]

8. On December 15th she ____________________ [graduate]

9. The company said that they ______________________us a new product [send]

Fifty eight | 58
 09 Animals for work

Out Of Curiosity

Buffaloes used by police officers, a traditional practice in municipalities of Marajó Island,

in Pará. The use of buffalos in Military Police actions began 21 years ago. Ten animals
were trained to help police officers in fighting crime and to maintain an aspect of the
region's culture, since buffalo are animals that arrived decades ago in Marajó and adapted
to the local geographical conditions. The training was initiated by the Military Police
commander. "He saw children riding buffaloes on the island, and started looking for ways
to use this in policing. "We started training, from a young age. "We thought it would be
difficult to control the animals, but then we realized that they help our work a lot.

Squeeze out!

The science has already

advanced enough so we
don’t need to use animals
for medical tests.

I’m with you in part… Well…

I totally agree… I would like to point out…

Fifty nine | 59
 09 Animals for work

Perspectives

_________
__________________________
___________________________

It’s not right that animals should be taken away from their home and
put with others of their species they don’t know. Especially for the
territorial ones!
Sometimes zoos can show what animals look like, but we can look at
the internet or in picture books to find what we need.

_________
__________________________
___________________________

IfA we are
solar testing
panel on animals
produces for human
electricity purposes
when there is sunit light
is not acceptable
and doesn’t in
any way, it should be tested on
produce electricity during the night. humans. It is about time we realized that
we cannot
Hence inflicteither
we must this sort ofthe
store cruelty on innocent
energy producedanimals.
during the day in
some expensive batteries or rely on thermal/nuclear powerplants.

_________
__________________________
___________________________

The person who owns one, has a very strong bond with it. They can use
their senses to do such a task as pick up poop. Being blind doesn't stop
anyone from living a normal life. They adapt, they work and cook and
shop and more, they do everything we do. So they have a big
responsibility on the animal.

sixty | 60
 09 Animals for work

Stretching out

transportation transportable
noun

verb

adjetive

adjetive
to transported
transport

1._______________________________________
2._______________________________________
3._______________________________________
4._______________________________________

Interaction

1. What kind of animals are used in medicine tests?

2. Can't scientists use something other than animals?
3. What is the main problem with animal testing?
4. What is your opinion about using animals for work?
5. And what about using them for fun like rodeos and presentations
at zoos?
6. What is your opinion about exotic animals as pets?
7. The animals rights fit to insects too? Explain it.

Sixty one | 61
 10 Civil Rights

___________________________________
• That took place mainly during the 1950s and 1960s…
• The Civil War had officially abolished slavery,…
• To endure the devastating effects of racism…
• They, along with many white Americans, mobilized and began an unprecedented fight for
equality that spanned two decades…
• Alicia Garza, from the national alliance of domestic workers; Patrisse Cullors, from the
coalition against police violence in Los Angeles; and Opal Tometi, from the black alliance for
fair immigration…
• Today, it is a global foundation whose mission is to
"eradicate white supremacy and build local power
to intervene in the violence inflicted on black
communities" by the state and police…

• Claim for freedom, seeks to highlight racism,

discrimination, and racial inequality experienced by
black people…

1. What does Black Lives Matter mean?

2. Recent movements for ancient problems.
3. BLM and the problem of the current segregation.

Questions
Answer the questions

1. What’s the meaning of the acronym BLM?

2. What event made people start this movement?
3. Is this a problem of nowadays only?
4. What is the purpose of this movement?
5. in your opinion. Is there discrimination in the world? Explain.

sixty two | 62
 10 Civil Rights

Working out the lexicon

a. Coalition.
b. Span
c. Movement
d. unprecedented
1. _______________ An alliance for combined action, especially
a temporary alliance of political parties forming a government
or of states.
2. _______________ never done or known before.
3. _______________ make (something) movable or capable of movement. People with the
same ideology taking action in order to fight a certain issue.
4. ________________ the full extent of something from end to end; the amount of space that
something covers.

Reuse the Words

Reuse the Words from the previous text.

1. The discussion happened|_____________ in a famous villa on

the lake's shore.
2. The following year Parliament voted to end |_______________
the death penalty for murder.
3. The government has been attempting to eliminate |____________
all corrupt activity for years.
4. Karen Matheson appears singing a Gaelic lament in one of the
emotional climax | _______________of the film.

sixty three | 63
 10 Civil Rights

CONNECTORS

She was crying, her team lost the match. [because]

She was crying because her team lost the match.

1. You help me with my issues, I help you with yours [as long as]

2. My daughter studied all day long, get a good grade on the test. [in order to]

3. You are going to the library, could you bring me a dictionary? [since]

4. We speak out, we won’t overcome prejudice [unless]

5. They never parked the big van in front of the house, not upset the neighbors. [in order to]

6. most new PCs have several USB slots, older ones often only had one. [whereas]

7. I’ll make dinner, you want to eat out today [unless]

8. The south has a hot, dry climate, the north has a milder, wetter climate. [whereas]

Sixty four | 64
 10 Civil Rights

What are the pros and cons of standing for your rights and fighting for
them?

Pros:_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Cons:_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

Squeeze out!

The gorvernment is the only one

to blame for the intolerance
and prejudice.

Hold on… I don’t see that way…

Are you saying that… ….on the other hand….

sixty five | 65
10 Civil Rights

sixty six | 66
 10 Civil Rights

In other words

1. The civil rights movement was a struggle for social justice that took place mainly
during the 1950s and 1960s

2. The Civil War had officially abolished slavery, but it didn’t end discrimination against
Black people—they continued to endure the devastating effects of racism.

3. By the mid-20th century, Black Americans had had more than enough of prejudice
and violence against them.

4. They, along with many white Americans, mobilized and began an unprecedented fight
for equality that spanned two decades.

5. it is a global foundation whose mission is to "eradicate white supremacy and build

local power to intervene in the violence inflicted on black communities.

Interaction

1. Do you believe that there is still racism in the US? Do you believe that the promise
of equality has been fulfilled now?
2. Did the civil rights movement have an impact on the whole US population or just
Black people?
3. What are our rights and duties as citizens?
4. Do you think even criminals have the same rights as free people do?
5. Are human rights only a problem in non-democratic countries?

Sixty seven | 67
02
podcast

2 Sixty eight | 68
 02 podcast

___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
_________________
_______________
____________
_________ _______
_______ _________
____________
_______________
__________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________

sixty nine | 69
 02

_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________

seventy | 70
 02

She had to flee for her life when soldiers

attacked her village

These countries need to carry out far-

reaching reforms to modernize their
economies.

A heavy fall of snow had disrupted the city's

transport system.

Ensure that all the waste is properly and

safely disposed of.

Seventy one | 71
 02

The food was excellent, likewise the wine.

This grammar book is suitable both for

classroom use and for independent study.

Widespread famine had triggered a

number of violent protests.

Such policies would

require unprecedented cooperation
between nations.

Seventy two | 72
 02

1. Should we host refugees in our country?

2. Why are there refugees in the world?
3. What are the reasons for poverty and misery?
4. Is it responsibility of the gorvernment guarantee the basic supplies to
every peeople?
5. What are the most important keys to learn something by yourself?
6. Do you always finish what you have started?
7. What is the main problem with animal testing?
8. What is your opinion about using animals for work?
9. Do you think even criminals have the same rights as free people have?
10. Are human rights only a problem in non-democratic countries?

Seventy three | 73
 11 Teamwork

___________________________________
• contribute to one's ethical posture…
• managers can help their companies attract and retain high-performance talent…
• must know how to speak objectively and captivatingly….
• to better understand the needs and aspirations of employees…
• That's why you should take into account…
• It is common for situations to arise to be solved when we least expect it…
• teamwork is essential for the smooth running of a company; after all, the success of a project…
• so that you can solve problems efficiently, meet demands, and achieve stipulated goals…
• This helps strengthen your relationships at work, as well as convey your ideas without offending
anyone….

1. Interpersonal skills? What are they and how to

develop them.
2. Skills to become a manager.
3. A good manager meant to be a good leader.

Lexicon
Listen and write

1. ______________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________

seventy four | 74
 11 Teamwork

Working out the lexicon

a. Aspiration
b. Posture
c. Least
d. Strenghten
1. ______________ communicate (a message or information). e. convey
2. ______________ a hope or ambition of achieving something.
3. ______________ a particular way of dealing with or considering something; an approach or
attitude.
4.______________ make or become stronger.
5. ______________ smallest in amount, extent, or significance.

Answer the questions

1. In general talk about the main qualities of a good manager.

Do you agreee with them?
2. In your opinion, what are the qualities of a good manager?
3. What is the difference between a boss and a leader?
4. What is the meaning of being a good listener?
5. What is the meaning of being an empathic person?

Seventy five | 75
 11 Teamwork

Listen Up

Choose the best option according to the audio.

1. The compelling direction is basically... 3. Supportive context means...

a) The team is aware of what they are a) reward that reinforce good performance.
working on. b) security.
b) They have good rewards.

2. Strong structure is about...

a) Having a big and complete place to work.
b) Having a very diverse team, with different
views and expertise.

Squeeze out!

Competition between
workers can be toxic, and
it may destroy the teamwork.

The reason why… I’d say…

I disagree… My impresion is…

Seventy six | 76
 11 Teamwork

Complete sentences with:

so that however despite although

1) _______________ the rain, we still went to the park.

2) He was able to lead a normal life, _____________ the illness.

3) It was raining. ___________________ we still went to the park.

4) John bought the watch, ______________ the fact that it was expensive.

5) The game continued _________________ the rain.

6) ________________ it was expensive, John bought the watch.

7) She worked hard ___________________ she would pass the test.

8) I absolutely must see him, ________________ painful it may be for me.

9) I’ve reorganized my files ___________________I can easily find what I’m looking for.

10) She went for a long walk, _______________being cold.

11) The engineers said the bridge was now safe, _____________ no one wanted to risk crossing it.

seventy seven | 77
 11 Teamwork

Working alone can be more productive because

you have the liberty to put on paper what’s in your
mind.

Delegating is a precious hability

everybody should explore and
improve.

Everything starts with a good leader, without it, you

cannot achieve success in the company.

Seventy eight | 78
 11 Teamwork

In other words

1. But while teams face new hurdles, their success still hinges on a core set of fundamentals
for group collaboration.

2. Through these skills you will be able to relate well to your employees, thus motivating
them to act in the same way.

3. Being empatheticis based on trying to understand what the other person is going through.

4. By developing ethics, helps strengthen your relationships at work, as well as convey your
ideas without offending anyone.

5. Every individual doesn’t have to possess superlative technical and social skills, but the
team overall needs a healthy dose of both.

Interaction

1. Do you prefer working in a team or on your own?

2. What role do you play in a team?
3. Have you ever had issues working with other team members?
4. what’s the most difficult issue when it comes to work as a team?
5. How can we develop teamwork on kids?
6. Can we put together, teamwork and individual
work on the same project? Explain it.

seventy nine | 79
 12 Spectrum disorder

___________________________________
• Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects social interaction…
• For this reason, people often refer to autism as autism spectrum disorder (ASD)…
• The features of autism often appear in the early years...
• ASD is an umbrella term that includes a range of neurodevelopmental features…
• may be present from infancy…
• does not babble by the age of 12 months …
• ASD can affect a person’s way of perceiving the world…
• The person may be hypersensitive to some stimuli…
• This is called sensory overload…
• Such situations can lead to outbursts of anger…
• Seizures…
• A multidisciplinary team comprising ASD specialists, …
• Parents, caregivers, and others can maximize a child’s quality of life …
• what triggers a reaction…

1. Kids with (ASD)

2. What to know about autism.
3. Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects
social interaction.

Lexicon
Complete the sentences

1. _________________used to cover a broad category of things rather than a

single specific item.
2. _________________make a continuous murmuring sound.
3. _________________ an excessive load or amount.
4. _________________the action of capturing someone or something using force.

eighty | 80
 12 Spectrum disorder

Working out the lexicon

a. Perceive
b. Refer
c. features
d. range
e. comprise.
1. ___________________ have somebody/something as parts or
members, to compose, to take part.
2. _________________ mention, relate, connect.
3. _________________ a distinctive attribute or aspect of something.
4. ___________________ become aware or conscious of
(something); come to realize or understand.
5. ___________________ the area of variation between upper and
lower limits on a particular scale.

Answer the questions

1. Are there a lot of kids with autism?

2. What is the definition of autism?
3. What are the signs of ASD?
4. Is it a disease of nowadays, or it has always existed?
5. How can it be treated?
6. How can parents and caregivers maximize a child’s quality of life.?

Eighty one | 81
 12 Spectrum disorder

Passive Voice

People eat 40 million hamburgers every day.

40 million hamburgers are eaten every day.

1. People speak English all over the world.

English ________________ all over the world.
2. Where did they invent gun powder?
Where ____________ gun powder_______________ ?
3. The police didn't find the missing girl last weekend.
The missing girl __________________ last weekend.
4. Tourists don't visit this museum very often.
This museum ____________________ very often.
5. Workers are building a new fun park in town.
A new fun park ___________________ in town.
6. When did they translate this book into English ?
When _____________ this book __________________ into English ?
7. Women send thousands of emails to the star every month.
Thousands of emails_____________________ to the star every month.

eighty two | 82
 12 Spectrum disorder

Out Of Curiosity

Lollipops, candies, ice cream: besides being fattening and causing cavities, these sugar
bombs give so much energy that they work like stimulant drugs, capable of making
children whirl around the room all night long. Okay, the first two statements are true, but
the last one is pure myth. The great villain of children's food may not be a food wonder,
but it is not a stimulant either "Chocolate, because it contains caffeine, can indeed make
children more agitated. But sugar alone does not. "Since some children are already
restless it may be an extra reason for happiness that will keep them fired up for longer -
hence a reason for parents to get the impression that she is more active.

Squeeze out!

I think we have to give our

kid what we didn’t get when
we were kids.

We shouldn’t forget… Yes, but since…

Hold on… Are you saying that…

Eighty three | 83
 12 Spectrum disorder

Perspectives

_________
__________________________
___________________________

It very much depends on the purpose. When your kids are little, they
are obsessed with getting hold of your phone all the time they see
you using it and it makes all these sounds and plays videos. So many
parents thinks it is ok to just give their kids a phone, but this is only an
excuse to occupy the kid while they can do other things.

_________
__________________________
___________________________

If the child is too stressed, the game is a good tool for him. If he
plays games because he likes and doesn't care about other things,
games are harmful to him. On the other hand, parents can create
other interests for their children such as movies, sports, etc.

_________
__________________________
___________________________

I think an only child has some advantages in terms of getting more

attention and other resources from their parents. The fact that both his
parents spent considerable amounts of time playing with him and
reading to him seemed to increase his vocabulary and communication
skills far past the standard for his age

Eighty four | 84
 12 Spectrum disorder

Stretching out

interaction interactive
noun

verb

adjetive

adjetive
to interactively

interact

1._______________________________________
2._______________________________________
3._______________________________________
4._______________________________________

Interaction

1. What are some common diseases we have on kids nowadays?

2. What do you consider the reason for so many diseases found on
kids in today’s context?
3. Is there any child in your family who suffers of any condition?
4. In your opinion is it more expensive or cheaper raising a kid
nowadays? Explain it.
5. Why do you think people stopped having so many children as they
did in the past?
6. How can we convince kids to eat healthy food?

eighty five | 85
 13 Hazardous Works

___________________________________
• They place traps, reel in catches through commercial fishing…
• These often hazardous conditions make this profession the most dangerous in the nation…
• Loggers work in forests and other outdoor environments …
• to create raw materials including lumber, paper, and cardboard…
• Being a roofer remains to be one of the most dangerous professions
out there…
• Missteps on ladders and injuries using heavy machinery…
• Because workers are struck by either the garbage truck or another
vehicle…
• Most of these workers receive hazardous-duty-pay, in order to
guarantee a minimum number of workers in the sector, also due to the
legislations that demands hazardous jobs to receive extra fee.

1. Top most dangerous works in the world.

2. Why do those people receive hazardous duty pay?
3. The adventurous professions.

Questions
Answer the questions

1. Can you mention some of the dangerous professions from the audio?
2. Why do people undergo such hazardous works?
3. Why are farmers on this list?
4. What things can kill a fishing and hunting worker?
5. What are the factors that kill people the most on their jobs?

Eighty six | 86
 13 Hazardous Works

Working out the lexicon

a. Traps
b. Loggers
c. Cardboard
d. Raw material.
1. _______________ material like very thick, stiff paper usually
brown in color, used especially for making boxes.
2. _______________ any material, such as oil, cotton, or sugar
in its natural condition, before it has been processed for use.
3. _______________ people who work with wood, cutting trees.
4. ________________ a device or enclosure designed to catch and retain animals.

Reuse the Words

Reuse the Words from the previous text.

1. Surface water made driving conditions dangerous |_______________.

2. The boy was hit|___________ in the face by the ball, and started
crying.
3. He is remunerated for his services by a fixed payment |__________
for each day. sits.
4. With one error |_____________ he knew she would run like a
frightened deer.

Eighty seven | 87
 13 Hazardous Works

PASSIVE VOICE

The teacher punished the kids

The kids have been punished

1. He is going to publish a new book.

2. They haven't started the game yet.

3. They could have broken the window.

4. Have they surprised you?

5. Where were they taking the taxi?

6. We have to sign all the documents.

7. Nobody can lift that stone.

8. Did they sign the contract?

9. The student had cleaned the board before the teacher came in.

10. They are serving dinner now.

Eighty eight | 88
 13 Hazardous Works

Talk about the pros and cons of working on dangerous places.

Pros:_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Cons:_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

Squeeze out!

Men shouldn’t summit to work on

dangerous places. For these kind
of functions companies have to
use machines.

You shouldn’t… What if…

I would like to say… To my view…

Eighty nine| 89
 13 Hazardous Works

__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________

__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________

ninety | 90
 13 Hazardous Works

In other words

1. Fishing and hunting workers work on heavy machinery in order to follow through with
their duties.

2. Drowning is often the reason cited behind fatalities, but injury using heavy machinery
can also contribute to deaths on the job.

3. Aspects of this profession that make it dangerous include conditions that require the
use of heavy machinery and contact with dangerous objects.

4. Fatal accidents in this profession commonly occur because of transportation incidents.

The most dangerous aspects of this job lie with private aircraft and helicopters.

5. Most of these workers receive hazardous duty pay, in order to guarantee a minimum
number of workers.

Interaction

1. Would you work on a dangerous job? Justify your answer.

2. Is there anybody in your family who has a dangerous job?
3. Do you consider being a policeman a dangerous job? Justify your
answer.
4. What are the pros and cons of working in an office?
5. What do you consider being the perfect job position? Why?
6. Can the robots do all those hazardous activities? Explain it.

Ninety one | 91
 14 Young Politicians

___________________________________
• Two out of ten 16- and 17-year-olds participated in the 2018 presidential election…
• For them, voting is not mandatory…
• Discontent with or denial of politics?...
• Are a symptom of a larger issue that may be unraveled this year…
• Every day Brazil is bombarded with news of scandals, corruptions and bureaucracies…
• This has alienated the young and any voter who has a minimum of good will toward politics…
• the increasing number of abstentions in elections …
• He and his student entity defend a radical change in the Brazilian communication system…
• . "They feel more attracted to politics when their ideas and their voices are heard by parties
and renewal movements…
• a project that seeks to create political awareness in the university environment…

1. Young politicians, the future of our government.

2. What’s wrong with our political system.
3. The changes in the political scenario.

Lexicon
Listen and write

1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________

Ninety two | 92
 14 Young Politicians

Working out the lexicon

a. Alienated
b. Unraveled
c. Renewal
d. Mandatory
e. awareness

1. __________________ required by law or rules; compulsory.

2. __________________experiencing or inducing feelings of isolation or estrangement.
3. __________________ the action of extending the period of validity of a
license, subscription, or contract.
4. __________________ investigate and solve or explain.
5. __________________ knowledge or perception of a situation or fact.

Answer the questions

1. What was the reason for the drop of young participation on

elections?
2. What did the president of the National Union of Students (UNE)
say about the way we teach politics at schools?
3. What does the student Matheus say about knowing the politicians?
4. What would a solution be for this indifference for politics from the
Youngs?

ninety three | 93
 14 Young Politicians

Passive Voice

New statements ____________________by the president. [to announce]

New statements have been announced by the president.

1. The war ____________________ next week (DECLARE).

2. Your homework ____________________ by tomorrow afternoon. (MUST FINISH)

3. That house ____________________ since I was a child. (NOT PAINT)

4. Smoking ____________________ in this hotel (NOT ALLOW)

5. After all the flights ____________________ the tourists checked in at the airport hotel.

(CANCEL)

6. The car ____________________ for over a week (NOT WASH).

7. He ____________________ a new contract last year (GIVE)

8. This song ____________________ by the Beatles in 1967. (WRITE)

9. The earth ____________________ if we try hard enough to do something (CAN SAVE)

10. The new bridge ____________________ at the moment. (BUILD)

ninety four | 94
 14 Young Politicians

Listen Up

Choose the best option according to the audio.

1. The country that elects young the most 3. The British parliament has no people
is… under…
a) Poland a) 25
b) Norway b) 30

2. The study shows that …… are under 30. 4. According to the NGO, our world in Data…
a) More than 45% a) 10% of the population is over 65
b) More than 13 % b) The global average age is 45.

Squeeze out!

Teenagers aren’t interested

in politics because they
have their focus on other things.

That’s right… In my opinion…

We cannot forget that… That’d be great if…

ninety five | 95
 14 Young Politicians

If all people were more involved in

politics, the choices and consequently the
ellected politicians would be better
agents.

All politicians should have at least an educational

degree.

People shouldn’t be obligated to vote.

Ninety six | 96
 14 Young Politicians

In other words

1. These questions, difficult to answer, are a symptom of a larger issue that may be
unraveled this year, in the unprecedented electoral campaign that is almost entirely
conducted remotely.

2. Every day Brazil is bombarded with news of scandals, corruptions and bureaucracies. This
has alienated the young and any voter who has a minimum of good will toward politics.

3. We need to change this culture of political thinking, and that goes through the issue of
educational reform, the way issues are debated in the classroom

4. They feel more attracted to politics when their ideas and their voices are heard by parties
and renewal movements, which opens space for debate in relation to encouraging political
participation

5. The student movement has a role beyond the defense of our rights. It helps in the
understanding of the student as a collective being and seeks to build changes

Interaction

1- what is your opinion about electronic urns?

Are they safe?
2- what is the best political regime in your opinion?
3- do you always study and investigate your candidates?
4- do you think corruption will be stopped in the future? how?
5- what is your opinion about electing young politicians?
6- would you follow a career as a politician?

Ninety seven | 97
 15 Entertainment

___________________________________
• tried to obtain funding…
• to take out a few loans that would enable them to survive the harder times.
• Liar Game , Gambling Apocalypse and the cult Battle Royale, inspired Hwang…
• real tragedies of people on the verge of poverty…
• Korean studios was interested in the “grotesque and unrealistic” plot…
• the debt of Koreans alone has increased, approaching the country’s GDP…
• social inequalities are noticeable with the naked eye …
• managed to tick off all the points on the list of mandatory elements…
• the survival nature of the ongoing game…
• and the next story twists sparks the viewers curiosity for the next episode …
• the unflagging popularity of boxing shows or MMA…

1- The phenomenon of the series “Squid Game.

2- behind the stage of the series squid game.
3- the reality portrayed in the squid game series.

Lexicon
Complete the sentences

1. _________________ amount of money to finance a project.

2. _________________ Essentially, it's about making something possible or
feasible.
3. _________________ a very ugly or comically distorted figure, creature, or
image.
4. _________________ A plan, conspiracy, a sequence of events that tells a story.

Ninety eight | 98
 15 Entertainment

Working out the lexicon

a. Sparked
b. Tick off
c. Unflagging
d. Naked eye
1. He __________ me _______ for parking in front of his house. e. Verge
2. His _______________enthusiasm was an inspiration for
all of us.
3. You can see the planets with the ____________________on a clear night without using a
telescope.
4. He is a poor guy, he has always lived in the ___________________.
5. The mysterious old book on the shelf ____________my curiosity, and I couldn't resist
opening it to see what secrets it held.

Answer the questions

1. what production is the audio talking about?

2. Where was it produced?
3. How was its acceptance to the audience?
4. What is the production about?
5. Did the production receive critics? What are they about?
6. Did you watch the series? Would you suggest it to your Friends??

Ninety nine | 99
 15 Entertainment

CONNECTORS

______________the pain in his leg, he completed the marathon. [even though / in spite of]
In spite of the pain in his leg, he completed the marathon.

[Link] never made much money, _____________ of their success. [In spite / besides]
2. ________________having a headache, I had a great birthday. [although / despite]
3. I enjoyed the course, ___________ I would have liked more the practice. [besides /
although]
4. _________________ she spoke very quietly, he understood every word. [even though
/ besides]
5. _____________ of the law, people continue to use mobile phones while driving.
[besides / in spite]
6. She didn't get the job, _________________ she had all the qualifications. [despite /
even though]
7. The company decided not to invest this year, _______________ they didn’t come up
with new products [besides / although]
8. We enjoyed the festival, ______________ the rain. [besides / despite]

One hundred | 101

 15 Entertainment

Out Of Curiosity

In order to find out which movies definitely master the technique of fear, the company
Broadband Choices bet on an area of study called Science of Scare to find out which
horror movies most provoke fear in people. By monitoring the participants' heartbeats -
and collecting reports about the sensations experienced during the screening of certain
feature films - the company was able to define which is the scariest horror movie of all
time. In first place is “Sinister”, which caused its viewers to keep their heart rates
between 85 bpm and 131 *bpm throughout the film. Some even claimed that they felt

Bpm: Beats per minute.

Squeeze out!

I my opinion, fairy movies are

going to convince our kids of
an unreal reality.

It depends on… There is no doubt in…

Absolutely… I don’t see your point…

One hundred one | 101

 15 Entertainment

Perspectives

Do you think parental rating is

being respected in Brazil? What
are the consequences of breaking it?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

_________
__________________________
___________________________

I don’t think it’s going to happen so soon. It would demand a lot of

investment on infrastructure, furthermore people of nowadays
would rather watch movies at home than from the seat.

_________
__________________________
___________________________

Absolutely! Many films can portray, in more than just words, the
environment in which something happened, making students feel
almost at the place, as well as being a more attractive way to study
history. Not to undervalue the materials or the teacher.

One hundred two | 102

 15 Entertainment

Stretching out

inspiration
noun

verb

adjetive

adjetive
to inspiring

inspire

1._______________________________________
2._______________________________________
3._______________________________________

Interaction

1. Tell us a little about your relation with movies and series.

2. Are series and movies a good tool to learn and practice
foreign languages, how?
3. What elements do you consider in a movie to call it a good movie?
4. What other art manifestations do you consume?
5. What do you expect from the movies in the future?
6. Tell us about the last movie or series you watched? What was it about?

One hundred three | 103

03
podcast

2 One hundred four | 104

 03 podcast

___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
_________________
_______________
____________
_________ _______
_______ _________
____________
_______________
__________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________

One hundred five | 105

 03

_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________

One hundred six | 106

 03

It took me thirty minutes

to convey everything that was
happening.

I cannot explain it; but when

difficulties arise, I am not perplexed or
doubtful.

His eyes were captivating, by far the most

attractive feature in his darkly handsome
face.

He had been clean from doing drugs for so

long, but that simple cigarrete triggered his
adiction again.

One hundred seven | 107

 03

She wanted to strike out at someone -

anyone, but there was no one to blame for
this situation.

Greenpeace works to promote awareness of

the dangers that threaten our planet today.

Athletes must undergo a mandatory drugs

test before competing in the championship.

There is an ongoing debate over the issue.

One hundred eight | 108

 03

1. Do you consider being a policeman a dangerous job?

Justify your answer.
2. What are the pros and cons of working in an office?
3. Have you ever had issues working with other team members?
4. How can we develop teamwork on kids?
5. In your opinion is it more expensive of cheaper raising a kid
nowadays? Explain it.
6. Why do you think people stopped having so many children as they did in the past?
7. Are series and movies a good tool to learn and practice foreign languages, how?
8. What do you expect from the movies in the future?
9. what is the best political regime in your opinion?
10. do you always study and investigate your candidates?

One hundred nine | 109

workbook
workbook
 01 Eco-capsule

Talking about

Write about the text Eco-capsule

The Ecocapsule is a small and portable house designed for a minimalist lifestyle.
________________________________________________________________
It uses solar and wind energy and can collect rainwater.
________________________________________________________________
The capsule can accommodate two adults and has a kitchen, a bathroom,
and a folding sofa. Its versatile and compact design makes it suitable for traveling and
________________________________________________________________
living in different places
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Make sentences
1- Detached.
The detached house is far from the city center.
_________________________________________________________
2- Smooth.
The table has a smooth surface.
_________________________________________________________
3- Optimize.
We need to optimize the space in the room.
_________________________________________________________
4- Minimalist.
She prefers a minimalist lifestyle with fewer possessions.
_________________________________________________________
5- Container.
The container stores rainwater for daily use.
_________________________________________________________
6- Versatile.
The Ecocapsule is versatile because it can be used as a home, office, or trailer.
_________________________________________________________

Student:_______________________________________
1
 02 Housing tasks

Continue the sentences

1. The teacher had already organized the classroom when..._______________________

_____________________________________
2. By the time we started the meeting, they ….____________________________________
_____________________________________
3. He had already folded his clothes when…______________________________________
_____________________________________
4. I had already waited for hours when…_________________________________________
_____________________________________
5. When I woke up, my son had already …________________________________________
_____________________________________
6. It had already started raining when I … ________________________________________
______________________________________

Express your opinion

I think that one of the

couple should stay home
to take care of the kids, and
make all the house tasks.

___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

Student:_______________________________________
2
 03 Pollution

Rewrite the sentences

Ambitious Commiting Negligible Bold Resilience.

1. it’s a huge project, and that’s why the government won’t think they’ll finish it.
____________________________________________________________________
2. By making a lot of mistakes, they ended up arrested.
___________________________________________________________________
3. don't know why he gets so upset about something so trivial.
___________________________________________________________________
4. The kid had to be very courageous to do such a thing.
___________________________________________________________________
5. They showed resistence when they decided to keep on their way.
___________________________________________________________________

Answer the questions

1. What are the drawbacks of the solar energy?

2. Are we going to be able to end pollution one day? How?

3. Why is there so much pollution in the world?

Student:_______________________________________
3
 04 Competitions

Talking about

Write about the audio competitions

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Make sentences
1- burdensome.
_________________________________________________________
2- diligently
_________________________________________________________
3- enhance
_________________________________________________________
4- bolster
_________________________________________________________
5- flawless
_________________________________________________________
6- fatigued
_________________________________________________________

Student:_______________________________________
4
 05 Teenagers

Continue the sentences

1. The students must have...___________________________________________________

2. This contract should have been…_____________________________________________

3. The girl must have eaten… __________________________________________________

4. You must have…. _____________________________________to speak German so well.

5. According to the pictures, they …_____________have had great times on the mountains.

6. If I were you, I would have…_________________________________________________

Express your opinion

In my opinion, teenagers
crave for attention.

___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

Student:_______________________________________
5
 01

That girl _______already__________the house when we called the real estate.

1 [to buy]

When they ____________ this video, the company had already made a deal with
2 another agency.
[to recorder]

If the professor _______________ the students wouldn’t have known about it.
3 [not - to warn]

We ________________buying the apartment if you hadn’t shared your experience

4 with us.
[not to consider]

The employees should have _______________ before eight a.m

5 [to arrive]

All truck drivers must ________________

6 on strike again. [to go]

The band may _________________ the new album last night at the concert.
7 [to sing]

They must ________________ great times in Greece on their last vacations

8 [to have]

6
 06 refugee

Rewrite the sentences

Carry out flee prioritize in need response

1. He was accused of trying to escape the scene of the accident.

_________________________________________________________________________
2. Her answer to their decision was to threaten to quit her job.
_________________________________________________________________________
3. It's always difficult to give more importance to work, school, and family.
_________________________________________________________________________
4. The building work was executed by a local contractor.
_________________________________________________________________________
5. At the time I was halfway through my PhD I was begging for extra money.
_________________________________________________________________________

Answer the questions

1. Why are there refugees in the world?

2. Should countries have more flexibility to receive people? Why?

3. Should people from other countries adapt to the new culture, or they should keep their own?

Student:_______________________________________
7
 07 Human AID

Talking about

Write about the audio medicins sans frontieres

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Make sentences
1- impartiality
_________________________________________________________
2- disrupted
_________________________________________________________
3- midst
_________________________________________________________
4- aid
_________________________________________________________
5- threat
_________________________________________________________
6- ensure
_________________________________________________________

Student:_______________________________________
8
 08 Self learners

Follow the example

1. The professor will post the grades. [by Saturday]
The professor will have posted the grades by Saturday.

2. We will finish reading this book [the end of the day]

____________________________________________

3. John will start college [by next month]

_____________________________________________
4. The company will change the products. [tomorrow]

_____________________________________________

5. We will achieve our goals [end of this semester]

_____________________________________________

6- she will decide where to go [the weekend]

_____________________________________________

Express your opinion

A person can aquire knowledge and

become more and more intelligent,
but not smarter, wether you are
born smart or you won’t be smart.

___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

Student:_______________________________________
9
 09 Animals for work

Write about the text “Out Of Curiosity”

___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

Answer the questions

1. What is the main problem with animal testing?

2. What is your opinion about using animals for work?

3. What is your opinion about exotic animals as pets?

Student:_______________________________________
10
 10 Civil rights

Talking about

Write about the audio civil rights

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Make sentences
1- take place
_________________________________________________________
2- endure
_________________________________________________________
3- eradicate
_________________________________________________________
4- highlight
_________________________________________________________
5- slavery
_________________________________________________________
6- mobilize
_________________________________________________________

Student:_______________________________________
11
 02

We can go ______________ you’re ready.

1 a) While
b) As soon as.

___________ to enjoy their vacations, they left the hotel very early.
2 a) As soon as
b) In order to.

__________she is very nice, she doesn’t have many friends.

3 a) although
b) because

There was nothing on TV, __________ I went to bed.

4 a) however.
b) so

5 They must have ____________ a great time there. [to have]

6 She should have __________ us the meeting was postponed. [to tell]

The kids could have ____________ in that lake, but they didn’t know it was possible.
7 [to swim]

8 Julia might have _____________ the tests yesterday. [to take]

12
 11 teamwork

Continue the sentences

1. I absolutely must see him, despite…______________________________________________

2. They have organized the files, besides…___________________________________________

3. She went for a long walk, despite…_______________________________________________

4. We have all the tools we need to begin this work, however…

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Besides being rich, he…_________________________________________________________

6. Although they had extra time,…__________________________________________________

Express your opinion

Competition between
workers, can be toxic, and
destroy the teamwork.

___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

Student:_______________________________________
13
 12 Spectrum disorder

Write about the text “Out Of Curiosity”

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

Answer the questions

1. Is there any child in your family who suffers of any condition?

2. Why do you think people stopped having so many children as they

did in the past?

3. How can we convince kids to eat healthy food?

Student:_______________________________________
14
 13 Hazardous works

Talking about

Write about the audio hazardous works

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

Make sentences
1- raw material
_________________________________________________________
2- lumber
_________________________________________________________
3- strike
_________________________________________________________
4- extra fee
_________________________________________________________
5- cardboard
_________________________________________________________
6- misstep
_________________________________________________________

Student:_______________________________________
15
 14 Young politicians

Follow the example

1. They have bought that red car.
That red car has been bought by them.

2. Ardrew has organized all the conference.

3. The CEO has complimented us for our endeavor.

4. The doctor has taken care os my son.

5. The police has stopped the riot on the streets.

6. The band has composed a new song last winter.

Express your opinion

Teenagers aren’t interested

in politics because they
have their focus on other
things.

___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

Student:_______________________________________
16
 15 entertainment

Write about the text “Out Of Curiosity”

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

Answer the questions

1. Are series and movies a good tool to learn and practice foreign languages,

how?

2. What elements do you consider in a movie to consider it as a good movie?

3. What do you expect from the movies in the future?

Student:_______________________________________
17
 03

1. They could have broken the window.

1
The window _____________________________by them.

Have they surprised you?

2 Have you _____________________________________?

We have to sign all the documents.

3 All the documents ______________________________________________________
_________________

We have considered vacationing on the coast.

4 Vacationing on the coast______________________________________________
________________

____________ his qualities, he couldn’t get the vacancy.

5 a) although
b) In spite of

____________ being a writer, Sophie is a painter.

6 a) therefore
b) besides

_____________ the rain, we enjoyed the festival.

7 a) despite
b) in spite of

She stayed with him ___________he often mistreated her.

8 a) besides.
b) even though
18
 Texts
Lesson 2
When Kate Mangino started studying men whom she calls “equal partners” – those who do an
equal share of domestic labour – she was hoping to unearth some kind of common truth. She was
looking for something that would explain why they were relatively unusual, maybe even something
to help a future partner spot one in the wild. “It was a disappointment, to be honest,” she says,
with a laugh.
Then she realised it was good news – these were men who hadn’t grown up with equal-partner
fathers (only two of the 40 men she interviewed had). If they had willingly taken on half the
domestic load, without seeing that as normal while growing up, then so could other men. “No
matter where you came from, you can say: ‘I’d like to make this change,’” says Mangino, a gender
expert who has written a book, Equal Partners: Improving Gender Equality at Home. “It might take
some work and it might take some practice, but it’s not impossible.”
In different-sex relationships, women do around 65% of the physical household work. Chores that
are routine – cooking and cleaning, for instance – tend to fall to women, while intermittent chores,
such as sorting out finances or mowing the lawn, are more likely to be done by men. “This means
that the unpaid female role’s to-do list is relentless,” writes Mangino. After all, it doesn’t really
matter if the lawn doesn’t get mowed, but try ignoring laundry for a month. Add the burden of
cognitive labour – remembering birthdays, organising play dates – which disproportionately falls to
women in heterosexual relationships, and it is exhausting.
In same-sex relationships, domestic labour is more equal, “but can still fall back into those roles”,
says Mangino (she talks about male and female roles, drawn from traditional gendered divides,
rather than men and women).

For her book, Mangino interviewed 40 equal partners to find out what their domestic lives looked
like and how they had been created. She says setting out expectations at the beginning of a
relationship is “hugely important … it’s much easier to establish patterns from the beginning than
to change a relationship 10 or 20 years into it. I think being really clear about expectations, and
holding each other accountable from the start, is critical.”
It will probably involve realistic expectations and compromise, particularly if you have different
standards. “One of my husband’s triggers is when the kitchen is a mess, [whereas] I’m quite happy
to close the door and tackle it tomorrow,” says Mangino, who will make an effort to tidy the kitchen
if she can. “It’s just those little thoughtful actions that say: ‘I know you well and I care enough about
you to do this for you.’ I don’t mind the dirty kitchen, but I hate it when my bed is unmade. So we
all have our own different standards, and it’s understanding and respecting your partner’s standards
that I think is really important.”
Naturally, communication is at the heart of this – and it is a continuing conversation, particularly as
life changes. If a couple has children, that can entrench domestic labour for the person – usually the
mother – on parental leave. “She gets used to doing everything in the home and everything child-
related, then she goes back to work and adds the job.” An equal partnership, says Mangino, doesn’t
mean “every day following each other around with a clipboard. You’re looking over the course of
months or years.
Men now do more at home than in previous generations – “We see men wearing the baby carrier
and going to the grocery store,” says Mangino – it is tempting to “assume we’ve achieved equality,
we’re all done. I think that those are fantastic changes, but we still haven’t really broken into the
cognitive labour in the household. There’s a lot of invisible labour that the female role is doing that
the rest of the household enjoys.”
 Lesson 2
Listen up

Regular physical activity is good for maintaining optimal physical and mental health. And
among older adults, it curbs the risks of long term conditions, falls, immobility, dependency and
death.
Yet global monitoring data indicate that in 2016, physical activity was well below recommended
weekly levels and had budged little in a decade, with people in high income countries more than
twice as likely to be couch potatoes as those in low income countries.
Given that housework involves physical activity and is an indicator of the ability to live
independently, the researchers wanted to explore whether doing the household chores might
contribute to healthy ageing and boost physical and mental capacity among older adults in a
wealthy country.
Participants were quizzed about the intensity and frequency of household chores they regularly did,
as well as how many other types of physical activity they engaged in.
Light housework included washing up, dusting, making the bed, hanging out the washing, ironing,
tidying up, and cooking. Heavy housework was defined as window cleaning, changing the bed,
vacuuming, washing the floor, and activities such as painting/decorating.
After adjusting for other types of regular physical activity, the results showed that housework was
associated with sharper mental abilities and better physical capacity. But only among the older age
group.
These results collectively suggest that the higher cognitive, physical and sensorimotor functions
related to heavy housework activities might plausibly be associated with lower physiological fall risk
among older adults.
 Texts
Lesson 4
In the past, sports training required extensive paperwork and post-practice effort from both the
trainer and the athlete. While the athlete practiced, notes and video were diligently taken and then
collated into charts and graphs representing that athlete’s performance. After practice, trainer and
athlete would work together discussing aches, pains, and thoughts about physical movements that
happened much earlier. The system was tiring, but worked as far as athletes and trainers knew. That is
until recent technology transformed the field of sports training.
Advanced technology has become smaller, more resilient, and less burdensome over recent years,
paving the way for new opportunities, especially in athletics. Now athletes wear sensors that convey
real-time information to a trainer’s tablet, GPS accurately pinpoints motion, smartphones keep
everyone current and wearable tech can prevent injuries. Compared to whiteboards and post-practice
reviews, technology has substantially increased athletic potential.
Technology is revolutionizing sports training by live-tracking performances, perfecting athletic
movements, enhancing communication and virtually eliminating injuries.
Tracking Performance
Using sensors placed on the body or in “smart clothing” (active wear with sensing fibers woven in),
sports trainers can measure and track performance in real time. Almost anything about the athlete
can be measured, from breathing and heart rate, to hydration and temperature.
These live metrics can help the trainer determine what aspects each athlete needs to focus on more.
Athletes are unique, and real-time individual performance measurements can set a more precise and
accurate baseline. During practice, trainers can read live metrics and decide when it’s time to rest,
stretch or train harder.
Lasers and GPS have been incorporated into various aspects of the sports training world. Instead of
relying on times and changes, trainers can measure the exact position, distance, velocity and
acceleration of athletes to better understand where they can improve. Identifying more intricate data
leads to improved performance with less stress and chance for injury.
Perfecting Athletic Movements
Mounir Zok, the Director of Technology and Innovation for the U.S. Olympic Commission, has watched
technology change and transformed sports for the better. He claims that sports technology is so
advanced that it can create a ‘digital code’ for winning the gold medal. What he means is: data
collected and compared can ultimately translate into a gold medal performance. Technology has
increased an athlete’s prowess simply because it magnifies performance-related actions and events
that have been previously unseen.
For example, cyclists can wear heads-up display (HUD) glasses that flawlessly deliver heartrate, speed,
incline and other relevant cycling information. Metrics such as these can help the cyclist focus and
improve because they can make adjustments mid ride.
Swimmers and divers participate in an extremely technical sport and have adapted sensors into their
practices as well. When swimming or diving, the sensors measure more than the usual time and effort
metrics. They map movements like rotational speed, dive angle, leg movement and hydrodynamics.
Observing movements like this is groundbreaking, and allows trainers to help athletes perfect their
movements. They may only diminish milliseconds off their performance, but a millisecond in a race
can be all the difference…
 Lesson 4
…
Enhancing Communication
Applications such as YouTube have also enhanced communication during training. Countless hours of
workouts and game plays can be found by anyone and shared just as quickly through YouTube. To
bolster education through watching film or discussing plays, athletes and trainers can upload and
watch the necessary videos during practice or on their own time.
Communication has been further enhanced by other applications such as My Fitness Pal, a personal
digital health, diet and exercise journal that can be accessed on a smartphone or computer. Trainers
can keep track of athletes by checking their daily diet via My Fitness Pal, and athletes will have
personal accountability to their training. It’s similar to a social media site except that it’s specific to
exercise and athletes, coaches and trainers can interact with their input health information.
Eliminating Injuries
Perhaps the most important byproduct of technology in sports training is that injuries have been
severely reduced and now can be identified much earlier. Tracking performance, perfecting
movements and enhancing communication are not only benefits; they actually help create less injury-
prone environments.
Training management software can assist coaches and trainers in monitoring all aspects of training:
diet, energy, sleep, etc. When coaches and trainers can define individual practice for optimum results,
they are preventing fatigue and self-created injuries. Besides outside variables that cannot be
accounted for, the future may some day see injury-free athletics.
 Texts
Lesson 5
The talk certainly gave me plenty of food for they’re learning conversation through messages
thought about the way we communicate these that can be edited and changed at the expense of
days and how technology is changing our learning the art of real conversation in real time
behaviour. People are constantly multitasking, with the person in front of you.
whether it be emailing during meetings or texting I’m not sure to what extent I agree that people are
in the checkout line. I really believe it’s affecting more alone, but the way we communicate has
the way we relate to each other and it’s not just in certainly evolved. We send tiny snippets of
the workplace. Kids fade into the background as conversation or emoticons to each other and I
parents message at the dinner table or post on wonder how much this actually allows us to really
social networks during the school run. It’s as if we understand one another. This superficial
can’t bear to miss out on what our online friends conversation is replacing in-depth face-to-face
are up to, so we juggle the real and online world. interaction with its pauses, intonation and
My greatest concern is that we don’t give our sentiment. We’re getting used to conversing with
brains a chance to switch off. It’s these precious machines like Siri or robots, which are totally
moments when we actually process information devoid of any experience of human life. But
that helps us make important decisions. despite such limitations, we seem to be expecting
more from technology and less from each other.
Most of it is parent’s fault. How can we expect
teenagers not to text while doing their homework According to some psicologists, teenagers of
when they witness their parents posting on social nowadays, are having their personality
media while cooking the evening meal or waiting transformed, in comparisson to people before the
at a red light? She also made a valid point about boom in technology. , Due to the constant
people wanting to be in two or several places at engagement to technology and access to social
once. So they switch back and forth between their medias, teenagers are becoming more
real-life and online conversations. I see it all the unsimpathetic, due to less eye to eye interaction,
time with my teenage daughter and her friends. less caring and more selfish, the lack of interaction
They arrange to meet and then sit together in they became more individuals, and self centered. It
silence while each one engages in a different does not stop here. Teenagers lost the sensitivity
conversation online. to perceive others expressions or feelings, they lost
C interest on being engaged to other individuals, and
So much of what the speaker said rang true. I found more interest on themselves.
honestly believe there’s a danger that the more Regard to their point of view, they have lost
connected we are, the more isolated we feel. I decision power, their point of view has sometimes
don’t think this is such an issue for my generation no solid reasons, they tend to copy others and end
who’ve lived without technology for so long. We up becoming less authentic.
know how to be alone and, more importantly, we
know that it’s OK to be alone. But the under 20s
are another kettle of fish. They’re so busy
communicating that they never experience the
feeling of solitude and run the risk of not learning
how to enjoy their own company. In addition,
 Lesson 5
Listen up

Adolescence is full of ups and downs. This is because the physical changes that usually occur during
this phase mess with young people's heads. But what if I told you that adolescence lasts until the
age of 24?According to research by Australian scientists, instead of adolescence ending at age 19, it
lasts from age 10 to 24. This is because, according to the researchers, some decisions that are
made extend this age by another five years. Today it is very common for young people to choose to
extend their study period and postpone plans for marriage and motherhood / fatherhood. All this
alters the perception of adulthood, and these factors, according to the researchers, influence the
awareness of what it is to be an adolescent. And you think that this research did not divide
opinions? According to the scientists, this redefinition would be essential to secure the laws that
concern these young people. Other experts say that prolonging the end of adolescence could end
up infantilizing young people. What do you think?
 Refresh 1
Podcast 1
Hi guys, how are you?
Welcome to another trends podcast. Today we will talk a little bit about the house of the future.
And to help with this topic we have a very special guest.
Welcome James Campbell.
Campbell has been an architect for over 20 years. And today is an interior designer for the
construction and development company MoonHousing.
So let's start with the question what is the house of the future?
The house of the future is a trend that has been gaining space over the years. The proposal is to
have an intelligent and automated house, which allows the control of various features through
voice or commands by [Link] its advantages are energy savings and greater security
for residents. Therefore, in this reading you will learn about the main features that a technological
house [Link] all, some of these features can be adapted to your residence and offer a better
cost-benefit ratio for your life.
The first is personal [Link] these modernities, the virtual assistant or personal assistant
comes with the proposal to make life easier for the residents of the house. This assistant will work
in an intelligent way, just like the other automated features in the house. By giving a command, she
can make an appointment in your calendar, inform you about the weather, play a song, and
provide other services. It is as if you are talking to a real person!
Then there is Automation:This feature will ensure much more functionality and comfort for the
residents, because you will give voice commands or by cell phone, for example, and the smart
house will respond.
Another benefit is connected appliances:This harmonious automation does not depend only on
the house having the sensors to respond to your commands. In this sense, the appliances must be
intelligent and have the proper connection to meet the functionalities of the house of the
[Link] this reason, some smart appliances are already available on the market, such as a
refrigerator that can be connected to your smartphone and send you notifications of products that
are left over, missing, or about to run [Link] cool, isn't it?

And there is more. We cannot forget about energy, and of course, the house will have Renewable
[Link] at sustainability, renewable energy is something that does not stop growing, being a
trend for the houses of the future. It seems that in addition to the possibility of making better use
of natural daylight as an energy source, it will be possible to recycle your own waste at home to
turn it into energy.

Intelligent lighting is also part of the house of the future. Besides generating more comfort for the
residents, it brings benefits to the owner's pocket and to the environment. Generally, light bulbs
are cheap products, but they are crucial to electricity consumption. Thus, intelligent models can
have an even greater influence on [Link] almost mandatory item for a house of the
future is the room temperature regulator. Some systems allow you to control rooms separately.
Thus you can regulate the temperature of each room independently, cooling or heating according
to the preference of each [Link] automation can be programmed via smartphone, tablet, and
even notebook. There are some options on the market that, besides regulating the temperature,
have other functions, such as information search and music player. The proposal is to offer more
comfort to the residents, especially in regions of high heat or cold.
Wow, this house goes way beyond just sheltering us from bad weather, doesn't it?
Well, our time is running out, and we need to say goodbye, once again thank you very much for
sharing this information with [Link] tunned on our next [Link] bye.
 Refresh 1
Podcast 2
Why encourage children to take part in household chores?Household chores should be part of
children's daily lives, encouraging them to develop skills and interests. Enabling children to do
household chores prepares them for adult life, in which responsibilities and obligations are part of
everyday [Link] children take part in these activities, they feel valued and belong to the world
in which they live, effectively contributing to child [Link] to what many people
think, involving children in daily chores is a stimulus and a demonstration of affection for children,
creating a closeness and allowing them to actively participate in the [Link] this post we present
the importance of encouraging children to take part in household chores, and what they can do!
How not to confuse child labor and household chores?There is a big difference between child labor
and household chores, so don't feel guilty about asking your children to keep their room in order
or help clean the [Link] ILO - International Labor Organization, states that children and
adolescents can work, as long as it is not for the support of the family and they meet the following
requirements:the tasks are appropriate to their agedo not present risksare supervised by a
guardiando not interfere with school time, rest, leisure and [Link] there's nothing wrong with
encouraging children to take part in household chores, especially when the aim is to teach and
enable experiences that involve responsibility and [Link] do you get children to enjoy
taking part in household chores?
Children enjoy and feel useful taking part in the care of their home, especially when they are
valued and feel that their tasks have been noticed by other family [Link], it is
important that the activities take into account their age:Between 2 and 3 years oldFrom the age of
2, these little ones should start some kind of activity aimed at contributing to household
[Link] can start helping from an early age when they put their toys [Link] activity
encourages organization and develops motor coordination, balance and agility. It also helps them
identify objects and the right places to put [Link] 4 and 6 years oldChildren between the
ages of 4 and 6 can help with household chores where responsibilities increase, such as:taking the
garbage out of the bathroomtaking the dirty dishes to the sink,making the bed,watering the
plants,feeding the pets,helping to put the shopping [Link] tasks teach them to keep their
environments clean and comfortable, develop the importance of caring for living beings, stimulate
spatial orientation and the organization of environments.
Over 6 years oldFor older children, the encouragement of household chores can also help them
develop and shape their [Link] aged 6 and over can be asked to do the following
tasks:setting and clearing the table,keeping the room in order, including cleaning,washing the
dishes under adult supervision,using the microwavefolding clothes,answering the telephone,list
the groceries.I think there also needs to be flexibility on the part of parents in not demanding
perfection in carrying out activities, don't you?Of course, time makes responsibilities increase and
tasks become more [Link] this, the level of responsibility also grows and the child gains
self-confidence, taking on an important role in the family's [Link], once the chores are
done, there's nothing better than moments of leisure and joy with family members, in which play,
games and relaxation should be part of their home, especially in these times of social isolation that
we live [Link] about rewards? Is it a good form of incentive?Yes, it's a great idea for your child to
receive praise after the activity, but also other forms of reward, such as being able to play their
video game, or a chocolate, for example.
 Text
Lesson 07
Médecins Sans Frontières brings medical and humanitarian aid to people in danger and to victims
of natural or man-made disasters and conflict situations, without any racial, gender, religious,
philosophical or political discrimination.
Working with neutrality and impartiality, Médecins Sans Frontières claims, in the name of
universal medical ethics and the right to humanitarian assistance, total and complete freedom to
exercise its activities.
The members of the organization commit themselves to respect the deontological principles of
their profession and to maintain total independence from all powers, as well as from any political,
economic or religious forces. As volunteers, they understand the risks and dangers of the work
they do, and do not claim for themselves any compensation other than that offered by the
organization.
All our workers have in their hearts the love and compassion for others, they see the urgency of
aiding, and being there for those who need. Seeking the attendance without expecting anything in
charge, but gratitude, well being and a light of hope in the lives of everybody.
M S F acts in many fronts, such as:
Natural and socio-environmental disasters: Earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, or cyclones can have a
devastating impact on entire communities. Hundreds or even thousands of people can be injured,
with homes and livelihoods destroyed. Access to clean water, health services, and transportation
can also be disrupted
Refugees, and People on the Move.
More than 100 million people have been forced into displacement worldwide; this is the largest
number ever recorded in history.
health services.
A number of factors can make this access impossible: in the midst of armed conflict, insecurity
limits displacement and fear of violence poses a threat; sometimes the same insecurity and
violence also motivate the mass flight of health workers from a given locality; the lack of an
institutionalized public health system and shortage of health workers is common in many
developing countries; natural disasters can destroy health facilities; lack of financial resources can
make it impossible to use any kind of transportation to reach the few health facilities available in
hard-to-reach areas; and sometimes fees for consultations and medicines can restrict access to
health care. In an attempt to provide essential services and overcome these obstacles, MSF teams
assess the context in order to implement the solution that best fits the scenario encountered. The
organization can invest in the construction of permanent or temporary health facilities, according
to the health demand identified in the field, and act through mobile clinics, which aim to bring care
to the most remote regions and communities.
Immunization:MSF's work involves a wide variety of activities, from organizing vaccination
campaigns to facial reconstruction surgeries. Our team works in conflict and post-conflict
situations; in controlling and combating epidemic diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, hepatitis c
tuberculosis, HIV, malnutrition and others. It provides emergency care to victims of natural
disasters, and ensures medical care to people excluded from local health systems. MSF also
presses for affordable, quality medicines to reach the world's poorest populations.
 Text
Lesson 08
Autodidacticism refers to the process of learning and developing cognitive and intellectual skills
independently. That is, you do not need to rely on the support of another person to be able to
learn or absorb information about certain content. It is the ability to search for the best self-
learning methods, combining them with the best sources of knowledge, such as quality books,
internet videos, podcasts, among other possibilities. In other words, the individual is able to learn
about certain content without the need of a teacher or mentor on the side. With this, he or she
knows how to persistently research until he or she achieves reinforced acquisition of certain
knowledge. How can this skill be developed? Once you understand what autodidacticism is, you
may be asking yourself: But how can you develop this skill? Is it possible to "become" a self
learner? And our answer is: [Link] can become self-taught and, in fact, most people are.
However, it takes persistence and dedication to discover the best paths to self-learning. Below we
list some factors that impact this learning:1- Self-knowledge:
Through self-knowledge you will have the ability to see your strongest points and the ones that
need improvement, using this information as a foundation when practicing [Link]
example, if you are very good at writing, how about using this skill to try to put into words the
knowledge you have acquired? At the same time, if you have trouble learning by listening only,
take notes to strengthen your learning.
2- Positive habits and consistent study:
Positive study habits also need to happen consistently. This means that you should create a study
plan for a certain content you want to learn. And, in addition to the plan, you must prepare a
suitable space for that learning. Likewise, you must fight negative habits, such as the famous
procrastination. Always think about why you are studying a certain content. This can serve as a
foundation when it comes time to "say goodbye" to those excuses that procrastination creates in
our mind.
3. Reliable sources of knowledge.
Look for reliable sources when it comes time to become an autodidact. After all, there is no point
in wanting to learn something new if you consume materials that are not scientifically proven, for
example, right?
So use reliable sources such as Google Scholar, books by well known people in the area you want
to learn, and so on. Search for information about the authors you are reading, before assuming as
"truth" the data brought by them.4. Develop and replicate methods.
Develop learning methods and replicate them. Example: let's go back to the idea that you learn
more by writing. So, create a method of writing down and reviewing information that helps you
strengthen your knowledge of a certain area. And if it works, replicate it. A self-learner is someone
who finds ways, no matter what they are, to achieve his or her goal. To do this, the self-learner
develops adaptability, resilience, and perseverance, not content with some non finished project,
but seeks to accomplish it.
 Lesson 08
Listen up
Many students who enter college may feel that they are too young and unprepared for the journey
that lay ahead. The academic rigor can be intimidating. Parents wonder how their child will handle
having so much autonomy over their schedule and choices can impact their entire future. How is
an eighteen-year-old supposed to handle it?
Well, if you think eighteen is awfully young to be faced with the challenge of college, consider
doing it at eight years old! The youngest college graduate ever enrolled at age eight, graduated
with his bachelor’s degree at ten, and his first master’s at fourteen. It’s Michael Kearney, he was
ten when he got Bachelor’s Degree in Anthropology at The University of South Alabama.
Michael Kearney holds the Guinness World Book Record for being the youngest college graduate
ever. He was born in Honolulu, HI where he was homeschooled by his mother. He was diagnosed
with ADHD, but that didn’t hold this child prodigy back.
Kearney began to read at 10 months old and finished his high school education in one year. He
holds a bachelor’s degree in anthropology and two master’s: one in chemistry from Middle
Tennessee State University when he was 14 and one from Vanderbilt University in computer
science when he was 18. Kearney would earn his doctorate in chemistry 4 years later from Middle
Tennessee.
Describing his education, Kearney stated, “Most people, they get into school when they’re 6, and
they get out of school around 22, 23…. I just happened to be in college that entire time.” Kearney’s
college route may have been nontraditional, but certainly successful. Since then he has been a
game show contestant, where he has won thousands of dollars, and is currently a teaching
assistant in chemistry at Middle Tennessee State University.
 Text
Lesson 09
One of the ways in which non-human animals are exploited is through their use as laborers.
Domesticated animals that are used for transportation and traction, such as pulling carts or plows,
are generally known as "pack animals." Animals are used in this way by people in many situations.
Horses are ridden with a saddle, used to pull carts, and used as laborers in agricultural
[Link] many places the use of horses for transportation is a tourist attraction, which is
similar to how other domesticated animals used for labor are exploited.
Besides horses, other animals are used in different places for transportation and traction:
Mules are ridden to pull carts. It is usual that they have to carry loads on their backs.
Donkeys are used for riding and for pulling carts and plows.
Camels are widely used in desert areas because they are able to store their water and because
they have a good sense of direction.
Dogs are used in snow and frozen areas to pull sleds, or as police dogs.
Oxen and cows are used in agriculture to pull plows or carts with loads and for threshing.
Elephants are used in some Asia’s countries to transport people or loads.

There are some human groups that defend the extinction of the use of animals for some human
services. These groups defend their ideas by the fact that in some cases the animals are mistreated
and harmed by their owners. In some cases they suffer beatings or other forms of aggression to
make them work, they often work in hostile enviroments.
The correlation between work, the way animals live, and their state of health is sometimes not
good.
The use of animals for work is due to many reasons such as: They are cheaper than human
employees. Some activities couldn’t be done by human beings, like sniffing drugs or other ilegal
substances in airports for example. Or simply because no human would submit himself for doing
such a hard work, like pulling charriots or sleds full of load.

The use of tractors and other motorized vehicles is widespread in agriculture. Bicycles are an
alternative that have been widely used for more than a century in rural and urban settings
similarly. Cars, motorcycles, trains, and buses are means of transportation that do not use animals.
Although the number of animals being used for work have been dicreasing along the years, due to
the advancement of technology, there are still many of these practices around the world.

While there is a big number of people who do not agree with such practices, others think it’s a
millenar practice, and can still be practiced since you do not mistreat the animal and guarantee a
good life for them.
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Lesson 10

The civil rights movement was a struggle for social justice that took place mainly during the
1950s and 1960s for Black Americans to gain equal rights under the law in the United States.
The Civil War had officially abolished slavery, but it didn’t end discrimination against Black
people—they continued to endure the devastating effects of racism, especially in the South. By
the mid-20th century, Black Americans had had more than enough of prejudice and violence
against them. They, along with many white Americans, mobilized and began an unprecedented
fight for equality that spanned two decades.
The wave of protests after the death of George Floyd by a police officer in Minneapolis, United
States, made the hashtag BlackLivesMatter gain manifestations in the streets and social
networks. Famous and anonymous people have used the term in recent days, online and offline,
in support of the anti-racist movement and to demand the authorities to protect black lives.
Black Lives Matter, sometimes referred to on posters as BLM, is an organization that was born in
2013 by three American activists: Alicia Garza, from the national alliance of domestic workers;
Patrisse Cullors, from the coalition against police violence in Los Angeles; and Opal Tometi, from
the black alliance for fair immigration. Today, it is a global foundation whose mission is to
"eradicate white supremacy and build local power to intervene in the violence inflicted on black
communities" by the state and police.
The movement black lives matter claim for freedom, seeks to highlight racism, discrimination,
and racial inequality experienced by black people.
All lives should matter but in this America. from Ferguson to Charleston. we are constantly
reminded that blacks lives have not mattered as much as whites lives. And by proclaiming our
target of fully embracing that black lives matter, we come closer to our aspirations of a society
where all lives matter.
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Lesson 11
What are interpersonal skills? These are qualities that make human relationships easier and that
contribute to one's ethical posture, being beneficial for both managers and [Link] skills
bring together personal, social, communication, personality, attitudes, and professional
characteristics. Through these skills, managers can help their companies attract and retain high-
performance talent, and improve the organizational climate. Through these skills you will be able to
relate well to your employees, thus motivating them to act in the same way. This is not only
beneficial for the company, but for you and your employees, who will be able to live in a more
relaxed environment with less conflict, and will increase commitment and productivity at work.
What types of interpersonal skills are there?
Good communication skills:
This is the main skill that a manager must acquire, since whoever is in charge of a team must know
how to speak objectively and captivatingly. It is important to develop both verbal and non-verbal
communication. For effective verbal communication you must speak calmly, with empathy and
taking into consideration the opinions of your [Link] the other hand, good non-verbal
communication comes through eye contact, posture, and voice that can indicate the intention you
have.
Being a Good listener:
It is important to know how to listen carefully to what the other person is saying, because in this
way it is possible to better understand the needs and aspirations of employees.
Analyze:
As a manager it is fundamental to know how to analyze a problem or a situation, which allows you
to reflect better and find a solution. That's why you should take into account all the processes and
aspects of your organization, so you can identify what needs to be improved or changed. Be
empatheticis based on trying to understand what the other person is going through. To do this you
must put yourself in the shoes of your employees, so that you can give your opinion in a better way
according to the individual's profile.
Having empathy also helps the manager to understand the limitations and difficulties of his
employees.
Being polite:
a polite person who knows how to behave in different situations is essential for both a manager and
an employee in a company. This makes communication easier, as well as contributing to improved
interpersonal relationships and negotiations.
Negotiate:
it allows you to communicate better within your company and at the same time find solutions.
Furthermore, through negotiation you can reach an agreement with your customers and be able to
have good results when selling a product or service.
Solving problems:
It is also essential to develop the ability to solve problems, because in the corporate market it is
common for situations to arise to be solved when we least expect it is common for situations to
arise to be solved when we least expect it, and analyze the different possibilities, and then plan
what needs to be done can help a lot in the development and survival of your business.
Work as a team:
As a manager you should know that teamwork is essential for the smooth running of a company;
after all, the success of a project depends not only on the leader, but also on his or her
collaborators…
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Lesson 11
…Be proactive:
Being a proactive person means someone who is able to anticipate future problems, needs, or
changes. A proactive manager is able to divide tasks among employees in the best possible way, so
that you can solve problems efficiently, meet demands, and achieve stipulated goals.
Having a systemic vision:
Another important interpersonal skill that a manager must develop is to have a systemic vision of
your business, because this allows you to understand how your decisions can affect your employees
and the company in general. This way you will be able to decide in a balanced and fair way, thinking of
the best solution.
Develop emotional intelligence:
Through emotional intelligence it is possible to have self-knowledge, where you know your own
feelings and are able to direct your thoughts and behaviors. In this way you can manage your
emotions and adapt to different [Link] helps you to have better emotional control, self-
motivate, recognize other people's feelings, and be able to interact better with your collaborators.
Have ethics:
When managing a company it is important to develop ethics, as through ethics you gain more respect
and honesty. This helps strengthen your relationships at work, as well as convey your ideas without
offending [Link] this way your employees will have more confidence in you and can be guided by
your behavior, acting in the same way with your co-workers and managers.

Listen up
Today’s teams are different from the teams of the past: They’re far more diverse, dispersed, digital,
and dynamic (with frequent changes in membership). But while teams face new hurdles, their
success still hinges on a core set of fundamentals for group collaboration.
The basics of team effectiveness were identified by J. Richard Hackman, a pioneer in the field of
organizational behavior who began studying teams in the 1970s.
The key takeaway for leaders is this:
Compelling direction.
The foundation of every great team is a direction that energizes, orients, and engages its members.
Teams cannot be inspired if they don’t know what they’re working toward and don’t have explicit
goals.
Strong structure.
Teams also need the right mix and number of members, optimally designed tasks and processes,
and norms that discourage destructive behavior and promote positive dynamics.
High-performing teams include members with a balance of skills. Every individual doesn’t have to
possess superlative technical and social skills, but the team overall needs a healthy dose of both.
Diversity in knowledge, views, and perspectives, as well as in age, gender, and race, can help teams
be more creative and avoid groupthink.
Supportive context.
Having the right support is the third condition that enables team effectiveness. This includes
maintaining a reward system that reinforces good performance, an information system that provides
access to the data needed for the work, and an educational system that offers training, and last—
but not least—securing the material resources required to do the job, such as funding and
technological assistance. While no team ever gets everything it wants, leaders can head off a lot of
problems by taking the time to get the essential pieces in place from the start.
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Lesson 12
Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects social interaction, behavior, and
communication.
Autistic individuals vary widely in their strengths and need for support. For this reason, people often
refer to autism as autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
The features of autism often appear in the early years. Autism is not a disease, but early
intervention can equip children to manage some of the specific challenges they may face in the
wider world.
In the United States, about 1 in 54 children are on the autism spectrum, according to the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
What is autism spectrum disorder?
ASD is an umbrella term that includes a range of neurodevelopmental features.
Its effects can vary widely. Some people will need lifelong support, while others can live and work
independently.
In some cases, the features of the condition may be present from infancy. In others, the signs may
become more obvious as the individual becomes older.
does not babble by the age of 12 months or produce words by 16 months
does not respond when people talk to them but reacts to other sounds
does not make eye contact
does not play with others
An older child may:
have difficulty starting conversations
have difficulty making friends and interacting with others
use repetitive or atypical language
be uncomfortable with changes to their routine
be extremely passionate about specific topics or objects
Features
ASD can affect a person’s way of perceiving the world. The person may be hypersensitive to some
stimuli, such as light, sound, and taste, leading to the overstimulation of one or more senses. This is
called sensory overload.
It can make everyday experiences, such as going to a shopping mall, confusing and overwhelming.
difficulty maintaining or responding to conversation
limited eye contact
limited response to social interaction
difficulty in understanding other people’s feelings and expressing their own

For an autistic person, a break in routine, an unexpected event, or exposure to loud, overstimulating
environments can be overwhelming. Such situations can lead to outbursts of anger, frustration,
distress, sadness, or shutdown that others may misinterpret as “bad” behavior…
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Lesson 12
…Autistic people may also have a higher risk of Parents, caregivers, and others can maximize a
other conditions, such as: child’s quality of life by learning about ASD and
depression providing support.
anxiety For instance, they can help by:
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) learning how ASD affects the child
gastrointestinal problems accepting that while an autistic person may be
sleep disorders different than a neurotypical person, they are still
obesity a complete person with their own strengths and
high blood pressure weaknesses
diabetes being consistent in routines and rules
seizures building on the child’s strengths and interests
following routines where possible
Support planning and preparing for changes in advance
ASD is a lifelong condition, but various avoiding overstimulating environments where
interventions can help people manage the possible or introducing them gradually
challenges they may face. encouraging cooperative behavior by setting
Medication and therapy can help with limits and offering choices
speech development listening to autistic people who speak and write
social interaction about their experiences
epilepsy They can also work with the child to find out:
depression what triggers a reaction
sleep disturbances what reactions are likely to occur and when
behavioral challenges what they enjoy and dislike
A multidisciplinary team comprising ASD how they best communicate
specialists, speech therapists, teachers, and how they prefer to learn
psychologists can work with the individual and what their strengths and weaknesses are
their parents or caregivers to provide support.

Strategies and skills

Autistic people may behave in ways that appear
unusual to others. In fact, these behaviors — for
example, performing a repetitive movement —
are most likely to be strategies for helping them
cope Trusted Source when they feel
overwhelmed.
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Lesson 13
TOP TEN MOST DANGEROUS JOBS IN THE WORLD 6. REFUSE WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIAL
1. FISHING AND HUNTING WORKERS COLLECTORS
Fatal injury rate: 132.1 per 100,000 workers. Fatal injury rate: 33.1 per 100,000 workers.
Fishing and hunting workers work with wildlife in a Refuse waste and recyclable material collectors such as
variety of aspects. They place traps, reel in catches garbage men are exposed to a very difficult
through commercial fishing, and work on heavy environment during their day-to-day routine. Injuries
machinery in order to follow through with their duties. and fatalities typically occur among this workforce
These often hazardous conditions make this profession because of injuries involving heavy machinery on the
the most dangerous in the nation. Drowning is often trucks used. Because these workers often stop in the
the reason cited behind fatalities, but injury using middle of traffic routes to collect trash, one of the
heavy machinery can also contribute to deaths on the most common reasons for fatalities in this field is
job. because workers are struck by either the garbage truck
2. LOGGING WORKERS or another vehicle.
Fatal injury rate: 91.7 per 100,000 workers. 7. STRUCTURAL IRON AND STEEL WORKERS
Loggers work in forests and other outdoor Fatal injury rate: 32.5 per 100,000 workers.
environments. They are tasked with using heavy One of the most common reasons for fatalities in this
machinery to cut down trees to create raw materials field is because of accidental falls, slips, and trips.
including lumber, paper, and cardboard. Aspects of this Because these workers are tasked with constructing
profession that make it dangerous include conditions large structures using steel they are usually climbing on
that require the use of heavy machinery and contact ladders, operating heavy machinery, or lifting, loading,
with dangerous objects. Injuries related to heavy and unloading steel. These duties all bring with them a
machinery are the most common reason for fatalities variety of opportunities for accidental missteps to
in this field. occur.
3. ROOFERS 8. DELIVERY AND TRUCK DRIVERS
Fatal injury rate: 47 per 100,000 workers. Fatal injury rate: 25.8 per 100,000 workers.
Being a roofer remains to be one of the most Truck drivers, including small-scale delivery drivers,
dangerous professions out there. Falls from either the face hazards on the job because of motor vehicle
roof they are working on or ladders they use accidents. Crashes remain to be the leading reason
throughout their job are the main reasons fatal injuries behind fatalities in this field.
occur. 9. UNDERGROUND MINING MACHINE OPERATORS
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKERS Fatal injury rate: 21.6 per 100,000 workers.
Fatal injury rate: 43.3 per 100,000 workers. Miners who operate heavy machinery as part of their
Construction workers are tasked with a variety of job duties are at heightened risk for injury and fatality.
duties, most if not all of which carry a heightened level Common reasons for fatalities to occur include
of risk of injury. Construction workers are exposed to incidents involving transportation, heavy machinery,
an environment where things can fall on them or they and contacts with objects and other equipment.
can fall from great heights while they are working. 10. FARMERS AND AGRICULTURAL WORKERS
Missteps on ladders and injuries using heavy Fatal injury rate: 20.9 per 100,000 workers.
machinery are common reasons that lead to fatal Farmers and agricultural workers operate heavy
injuries. machinery on a regular basis. This heavy machinery is
5. AIRCRAFT PILOTS AND FLIGHT ENGINEERS typically the cause behind fatalities in this field.
Fatal injury rate: 34.3 per 100,000 workers. Crashes involving tractors are one of the most common
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers were listed as the reasons workers in this field get killed.
number two most dangerous jobs in 2018, but have Most of these workers receive hazardous duty pay, in
since dropped in terms of a profession with the highest order to guarantee a minimum number of workers,
fatal injury rate. Fatal accidents in this profession also due to the legislations that demands hazardous
commonly occur because of transportation incidents. jobs to receive extra fee.
While commercial airplanes remain to be incredibly
safe, the most dangerous aspects of this job lie with
private aircraft and helicopters.
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Lesson 14

Two out of ten 16- and 17-year-olds participated when their ideas and their voices are heard by
in the 2018 presidential election. For them, voting parties and renewal movements, which opens
is not mandatory. Two years earlier, in the space for debate in relation to encouraging
municipal race, there were three out of ten voters political participation," he advises.
in this age group. What is the reason for this Mateus Barbosa, 19, a member of University Goes
drop? to the Polls, a project that seeks to create political
Discontent with or denial of politics? Less interest awareness in the university environment, says that
in the presidential campaign? These questions, debates are an effective way to tackle young
difficult to answer, are a symptom of a larger issue people's non-participation in politics. "A very cool
that may be unraveled this year, in the way to know who you are going to vote for is to
unprecedented electoral campaign that is almost watch debates. And not only to know the
entirely conducted remotely. The table below candidate himself, but the ideologies that each
shows the volume of young people in politics in one defends, what are their agendas, what they
the last elections: Every day Brazil is bombarded know and don't know. Because it is much more
with news of scandals, corruptions and important to understand what you believe in and
bureaucracies. This has alienated the young and then choose a candidate who defends it.
any voter who has a minimum of good will toward HOW TO INSERT THE YOUNG INTO POLITICS
politics. One consequence is the increasing "Investment in education! We don't need a school
number of abstentions in elections (20.3% of the for politicians, but to show that participation is
electorate in 2018 and 19.2% in 2016). "We need important and that the student councils are an
to change this culture of political thinking, and example of the contribution of young people in
that goes through the issue of educational reform, the social environment," adds Ataíde.
the way issues are debated in the classroom," says Iago Montalvão, from UNE, complements: "The
the president of the National Union of Students student movement has a role beyond the defense
(UNE), Iago Montalvão. He and his student entity of our rights. It helps in the understanding of the
defend a radical change in the Brazilian student as a collective being and seeks to build
communication system as a way to improve the changes, giving experience in the political fight.
quality of democracy. "We have a communication
that is deeply concentrated in a few hands and an
internet that spreads a lot of false
information."Ataíde Roberto, representative of a
party with a recognized youth membership,
reminds that it is not enough to sharpen the
interest of young people to participate in
elections. "They feel more attracted to politics
 Lesson 14
Listen up

When it comes to electing young representatives, Although in many countries the wisdom and
the country that tops this podium is experience acquired with age are considered key
[Link] to the latest data from the factors for good political leadership, there are
Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) - an umbrella those who believe that older leaders are not
organization for 178 parliaments worldwide - this considered to be representative of the populations
Scandinavian country has the highest proportion they govern. According to the NGO Our World in
of young politicians in the [Link] data show Data, only 10% of the world's population today is
that 13.6 percent of Norwegian legislators are over 65, while the global average age is 30.
under 30, the highest number in the world in this
age [Link] almost 45 percent are under 45.
The total average age in parliament is 46. Some of
Norway's legislators are under 30 In contrast, the
British parliament has no people under 30. In
addition, less than 2% are under 45 years old. The
average age is [Link] are also no people under
30 in the United States Senate. Only 4% are under
45 and the average age is 64.
 Lesson 15
text

How to win in capitalism GDP, and social inequalities are noticeable with
In around 2008, Hwang Dong-hyuk unsuccessfully the naked eye – especially in large cities, where
tried to obtain funding that would allow him to slums can be separated from wealthy districts.
implement one of the scripts he wrote. The suddenly a bridge or a road. The crisis was only
professional downturn, which was also affected aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic, during
by the global economic crisis, forced the young which the series was filmed. All these factors
artist and his family to take out a few loans that made what seemed absurdly unrealistic to
would enable them to survive the harder times. producers in 2009 – the stories of economically
This experience – close to a large part of Korean excluded people desperate enough to give their
society – along with the manga he read at the own lives for a potentially better chance – become
time: Liar Game , Gambling Apocalypse and the dangerously probable in 2020. And, as the
cult Battle Royale, inspired Hwang to create a distributional success has shown Squid Game ,
story about a murderous tournament, in which the depressingly versatile.
prize will be the amount enabling immediate A land of contrasts
social promotion, and the life. The stories of It seems that the creators of Squid Game managed
individual characters were to reflect quite real to tick off all the points on the list of mandatory
tragedies of people on the verge of poverty for elements characterizing content produced for
several reasons, while the concept of a deadly streaming distribution: the enigmatic title and
tournament – in a metaphorical way to present iconography are to intrigue the user and
the machinations ruling contemporary capitalist distinguish the title from several hundred other
societies. Early versions of the script, then planned tiles available in the menu; the survival nature of
as a full-length film, were ready in 2009, but at the ongoing game and the elimination structure of
that time, however, as the author had predicted, the following episodes are a great source of
none of the Korean studios was interested in the attention, and the next story twists sparks the
“grotesque and unrealistic” plot. So the project viwers curiosity for the next episode – they are
stayed in a drawer for another ten years. therefore perfectly made to the so-called binge-
The Hwang script was given a second life by the watching. Finally, the original pleasure of
owners of the Netflix platform, who, after the following the formula of a murderous tournament,
success of the website outside the United States, in which the heroes literally kill each other to keep
decided to expand internationally and invest in our attention – entertainment, the genesis of
local productions. Hwang, who has since gained which should be sought even in ancient times, and
some recognition in the region through several of which a prominent example would be, for
full-length films he has directed and written, example, in the past Roman gladiatorial fights, and
contacted Kim Minyoung, the local representative today the unflagging popularity of boxing shows
of the company, who offered to collaborate on the or MMA. This addictive formula has a chance to
spot. A decade after the end of the work on the change the feelings we experiment while in front
first version of the script, the story seemed to the of a movie.
creator even more relevant – the debt of Koreans Have you already watched the newest big box
alone has increased, approaching the country’s office hit called “the squid game”?
 Refresh 3
Podcast 1

Podcast 1 through the changing role of women? A complete

The importance of the changing role of women in lack of tolerance to sexual harassment is one of
a male-dominated industry and encouraging more the most important problems that needs to be
to enter, but some of the problems that still occur. dealt with. This eBook also looks at different
In the US construction industry, only 9% of associations helping to provide women with the
workers are female, but under 1% of them, latest news and information on the changing role
actually have a job that occurs on-site. of women in a male-dominated industry.
This eBook discusses: Julie Shuttleworth, Granny Smith Mine General
Why it’s so important to encourage more women Manager for Barrick Gold Corporation, states:
to enter the heavy industry? Even though they Gender doesn’t even enter my mind when I am
are understood to be more attentive to risk, highly doing my job. Women that are successful in mining
skilled female workers are often rejected for men have got on and done their job, been recognized
who are less skilled. The creation of a more for their technical ability and leadership skills and
diverse team is one of the main reasons why what they deliver to the business.
women should be encouraged and this eBook Female role models like this, are one of the
goes into more detail explaining the different reasons why the role of women in the heavy
benefits that could occur. industry will hopefully continue to change, with
What are the common problems and reasons more deciding that this is an industry they would
why women aren’t interested? With the small like to become involved in.
number of on-site female workers, this is one of
the most obvious reasons why women aren’t
interested in the heavy industry. Maternity leave is
often an issue that is not considered as important,
with women not being provided with a well-paid
substantial amount of time to take off. Other
problems discussed in this eBook are a lack of
female role models and the chance of sexual
harassment.
What can be done to encourage more to enter,
 Refresh 3 Podcast 2
Young people across Europe are not politically between politicians and people.
disengaged as is commonly assumed, a research ‘It was striking that many respondents expressed
study has found. more general aspirations to live in a more
considerate, tolerant and solidaristic society,’ said
In fact, most of them vote and fully support Prof. Pilkington. ‘Despite the very real challenges
democracy, even if they think things could be politicians and political parties face in gaining
improved and politics should become more about public support and trust across Europe, our data
the common good and less about corporate and show that in relation to youth at least, the door is
elite interest. half-open, not half-closed.’
That’s the take-home message from the EU-
funded study MYPLACE, whose findings across 14 ‘The technological infrastructure of surveillance
European countries including Croatia, Denmark, societies can be used to manipulate and control
Germany, Russia and the UK revealed that 42 % of citizens, shaping their mindset,’ said Dr Reinhard
young people, defined as 16 to 25 years old, are Kreissl from the Vienna Centre for Societal
interested in politics, and Security, Austria, who coordinated the IRISS
70 % of those who are eligible voted in their last project. ‘This can have detrimental effects on the
national election. democratic process, since citizens can easily be
European youth see voting as the most effective manipulated, if not blackmailed, based on their
form of political action. Only 8 % consider it internet activity for example.
pointless. They believe that politics ought to be ‘We are sleepwalking into a society of digital
the pursuit of the public or collective good, but supervision, social sorting and soft control,’ said Dr
they do think that it has strayed from this ideal. Kreissl. He added that this turns citizens into
machine-readable, leaking data-containers that
However, close to 70 % of young people are can be remote controlled. For example, he said,
cynical about politics and think politicians are internet providers tailor the content we see, such
corrupt and that the rich have too much influence as adverts based on our search history, and as
in politics, the study found. such attempt to remote control what, when and
‘Beneath the lack of trust lies an almost universally how we see things on the internet.
negative evaluation of politicians and political Technology is not all bad, of course, and it can
parties,’ said Professor Hilary Pilkington from the help make life more convenient. But we end up
University of Manchester, UK, who coordinated trading privacy for convenience, giving up personal
the project. data to private and public bodies.
‘The loss of trust in politics and politicians is Surprisingly, most people are aware of the issue
strongly linked to the perception of politics as and have developed their own reactions and
having strayed from the pursuit of the public or responses to it.
collective good into a realm of self-promotion or ‘Citizens are aware of the new economy of data,
pursuit of material self-interest.’ where the user becomes the product,’ Dr Kreissl
This means that young people do not reject said. They adapt to this situation and also develop
politics per se, just this distorted view of it, she smart reactions, sometimes even exploiting the
said. The vast majority still supports multi-party surveillance technology for their own means, for
democracy with free opposition, they just think it example, tracking friends, kids, and spouses using
could work better. social media.
But clearly, for democracy to keep flourishing in
Despite the cynicism, young people continue to Europe politicians and society have some clear
dream of a better collective future. They would tasks ahead of them: cleaning up politics’ bad
like to see more direct forms of democracy, a image and reining in potential abuses of the new
better economy so people can earn a living, and digital era we live in.
improved and more honest communication
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