Main Points :-

 Meaning of Right.
 Worldwide Declaration of Human Rights.
 Why rights are necessary?
 Origin of Rights.
 Types of Rights.
 Claims of Rights.
 Duties, Types of Duties.
 Human Rights

Meaning of Right:-

 Right is a demand made by a person, which the society accepts and

gives a leader in the state, keeping public welfare in mind, then that
demand becomes a right.

 Without getting acceptance in the society, ‘demand’ cannot take the

form of authority.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights:-

 Citizens of all the countries of the world have not got full rights yet.
In this direction, on 10th December 1948, the General Assembly of
the United Nations adopted and implemented the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights.

 Human Rights Day – 10th December (every year)

Why rights are necessary?

 For the freedom of the person and protection of dignity.
 To run a democratic government smoothly.

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  To develop the talent and ability of the person.
 For the overall development of the person.
 A person without rights is like a bird in a closed cage.

Origin of Rights:-

(i) Principles of natural rights - life, liberty and property - natural rights (17th
and 18th century)

(ii) In the modern era - natural rights unacceptable

Human rights are the most important in terms of social welfare

TYPES OF RIGHTS
l. Natural Rights
2. Moral Rights
3. Legal Rights

1. Natural Rights:- Rights at birth, Life, liberty and property.

2. Moral Rights:- Rights associated with the moral feelings of a person.

Serving parents, decent behavior, true character and respect.

3. Legal Rights:- Which the state h as given legal recognition.

3.1 Fundamental Rights:-

i. Equality
ii. Freedom
iii. Right against Exploitation
iv. Right to Religious Freedom
v. Cultural and Educational Rights
vi. Right to Constitutional Remedies

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 3.2 Political Rights:-
i. Right to vote.
ii. Right to be elected.
iii. Right to get government office.

3.3 Civil Rights:-

i. Freedom to go anywhere in the country.
ii. Freedom of thoughts & expression.

3.4 Economic Rights:-

i. Right to work.
ii. Right to keep property.

Claims of Rights:-
 Universal rights - Right to education, freedom of expression.

Certain activities which cannot be considered as rights:-

Those activities which are harmful to the health and welfare of the society.
 Such as smoking.
 Consumption of intoxicating or prohibited drugs.

Authority and State:-

(i) Creation of authority sole state
(ii) Protection of Rights of States
(iii) No right exists, unless it is recognized by the state.
(iv) The state also empowers rights and prevents them from being abused.

How rights can become more powerful?

1. Let the constitution be written.

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 2. Independent Judiciary, Guardian of Rights
3. Federal Government and Division of Powers
4. The State should not interfere in the infernal affairs of the citizens
5. Public awareness
6. Independent Press

 If the rights are protected by the states, they also get the right to prevent
the misuse of the rights, so the reasonable restrictions are also
described in Article-19(2) of the Constitution.
 Rights and duties are two side of a coin. One aspects is right and the
other asepect is duty. We have to hide something in return for the
rights we get in society. It is not our duty.

TYPES OF DUTIES

Moral Duty:- 1. Duty to keep your environment clean.

2. Providing proper education to children.
3. Serving parents and elders.
4. Adherence to social rules.
5. Fulfilling the needs of the family.

Legal Duty:- 1. Honoring the Constitution.

2. Honoring the national flag and national anthem.
3. Maintaining law and order.
4. Regular taxation, protection of national property.
5. Maintaining the unity and integrity and security of the country.
6. Protecting the country.

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 7. Wise utilization of natural resources.
8. Protecting the ozone layer.

Some New Human Rights :-

List of new human rights to overcome some new threats and challenges in the
country:-
1. Right to clean air, safe drinking water and sustainable development.
2. Right to information claim.
3. Women’s Right to Protection.
4. Toilets for the weaker sections of the society.
5. Children’s right to food preservation and education.
6. Necessary conditions for simple living.
7. Rights to privacy.
8. Right to clean enviornment.

Price of Human Rights :-

 Continuous awareness of human beings.
 No person can be arrested arbitrarily, proper reason for arrest is
necessary.
 Harassment is not appropriate to obtain the sanction of crime from
the offender.
It is necessary for a citizen to be vigilant, keep his eyes open, always aware
to protect his rights and freedom.

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 QUESTIONNAIRE

Objective type questions(One Marks)

1. A right is basically a ....................... which is justified.

(a) Claim (b) Demand

(c) Duty (d) Right

2. Political theorists in the 17th - 18th centuries argued that rights are given
to us by

(a) by nature (b) by god

(c) by nature or by god (d) any of the above

3. In recent years, the word 'right' is being used more than the word 'natural
right',

(a) Political (b) Social

(c) Economic (d) Human

4. Most democratic systems begin with the preparation of a Declaration of

Rights

(a) Social (b) Political

(c) Economic (d) Cultural

5. 10 December ................. The General Assembly of the United Nations

adopted and implemented the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

(a) 1945 (b) 1947

(c) 1948 (d) 1960

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6. Natural rights in the modern period are:-

(a) acceptable (b) unacceptable

(c) legal (d) none of the above

7. Human rights are from the point of view of social welfare:-

(a) important (b) insignificant

(c) general (d) specific

8. Rights acquired by birth are called?

(a) legal (b) moral

(c) political (d) natural

9. Right to be elected comes under which category?

(a) Natural Right (b) Social Right

(c) Political Right (d) Cultural Right

10. The right to "work" is :-

(a) Social (b) Economic

(c) Political (d) Moral (a) (b) (c) (d)

11. Who gives us the right to be self-realized and original?

(a) Right to Equality (b) Right to Freedom of Religion

(c) Right to Expression (d) Right Against Exploitation

12. The right which helps in developing our reasoning power is-

(a) Right to Equality (b) Right to Education

(c) Right to Expression (d) Right to Freedom of Religion

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13. Which rights of man were marked by political theorists in the 17th and
18th centuries-

(a) Right to life (b) Right to liberty

(c) Right to property (d) All of the above

14. "All people are entitled to have certain things by simply being human." This
is the basic belief-
(a) Human Rights (b) Moral Rights
(c) Social rights (d) Political rights
15. Who has played the most important role in the abolition of slavery?
(a) Natural Rights (b) Social Rights
(c) Human Rights (d) Political Rights
16. The right to have a clean environment comes under which category of rights?
(a) Social Right (b) Economic Right
(c) Cultural Right (d) Human Rights
17. The foundation of a democratic system of government is formed by
(a) by civil liberties and political rights
(b) by civil liberties and economic rights
(c) by civil liberties and social rights
(d) by civil liberties and cultural rights

18. The right to get primary education in one's mother tongue, comes under
which category of rights-

(a) Right to Freedom (b) Right to Equality

(c) Against Exploitation (d) Right to Education and Culture

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19. Who builds the foundation of a democratic society?
(a) Duty (b) Right
(c) Claim (d) None of the above

20. Showing a sting operation based on a conversation between a famous cine

star and a renowned officer on television is an infringement of which right?
(a) Right to privacy (b) Right to freedom
(c) Right to equality (d) Right to freedom of expression
21. Assertion:- The great philosopher in 18th century Germany was "Immanuel
Kant".
Reason: - According to the great philosopher "Immanuel Kant" - 'We should
behave with others as we expect others for ourselves'.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct
explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct
explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is false but reason is correct.
(d) Assertion is true but reason is false.
22. Assertion:- The oppressed people all over the world are taking advantage
of the concept of universal human rights.
Reason:- The world community collectively wants to live a life full of
dignity and self-respect.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct
explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct
explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is false but reason is correct.
(d) Assertion is true but reason is false.

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23. Assertion:- In 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations accepted
the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights and appealed to the world to implement them.
Reason :- The success of moral appeal of human rights claims depends on
the governments and laws of the countries of the world.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct
explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct
explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is false but reason is correct.
(d) Assertion is true but reason is false.
24. Assertion:- Rights not only tell what the state has to do, they also tell what
the state has nothing to do.
Reason :- If the state wants to put a person behind the bars, then it will have
to give reasons for that before the court.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct
explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct
explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is false but reason is correct.
(d) Assertion is true but reason is false.
25. Assertion:- The object of rights is to protect the welfare of the people.
Reason:- Democratic government is accountable to the people.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct
explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the corre::
explanation of Assertion.

205 XI – Political Science

 (c) Assertion is false but reason is correct.
(d) Assertion is true but reason is false.
One Mark Questions
26. What is a right?
27. Why are rights important?
28. Where did political theorists state the origins of rights in the 17th and
18th centuries?
29. In recent years, which “right-world” is being used more than the word natural
rights?
30. What is the “core belief” behind human rights?
31. Who has created the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
32. When is World Human Rights Day celebrated?
33. What is the importance of rights in human life?
34. What are the rights described in the Constitution of India?
35. Why is the right to education to called a universal right of an individual?
36. What do you understand by duty?
37. Write a distinction between fundamental rights and natural rights.
38. What are the types of duties? Write the name
39. Name two moral duties?
40. “We should behave with others as we expect of ourselves”. Which
philosopher has this moral concept of authority?
(a) Laski (b) Aristotle
(c) Kant (d) Lock
41. What is meant by natural rights?
(a) Those rights which were given by the king in ancient times.
(b) Rights that are given by the state to citizens.
(c) Rights that nature has given to a person.
(d) Rights that are necessary for the development of a person.

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42. What is the support of nature rights :-
(a) Karl Marx (b) Locke
(c) Aristotle (d) Machiavelli

43. Right to life ____________________.

(a) Social Rights (b) Economic Rights
(c) Political Rights (d) Cultural Rights

44. “Rights are the name of sod al systems without which a person cannot
develop in full”. Whose statement is this
(a) Macyavali (b) Aristotle
(c) Einstein (d) Laski

45. The right to vote is -

(a) Social Rights (b) Political Rights
(c) Economic Rights (d) Moral Rights

Fill the blanks:-

46. __________ are also essential coditions of social life, which is necessary
for the all-round development of a person.

47. Right to work __________ right.

48. Political Rights in India ________ citizens of the age or older get it.

49. The farmers are criticizing the government against the agricultural laws
__________ under the authority.

50. ____ December _______ The General Assembly of the United Nations
accepted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

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51. Read the following passage carefully and answer the following questions.
“Today the United Nations General Assembly declares the world-wide
Declaration of Human Rights as the universally accepted standard of
achievement for all civilizations and countries, that - every person and every
part of society always keeping this manifesto in mind. The rights and
freedoms will promote the dignity of liberties through the medium of
teaching and education, and their all-country and strong acceptance and
compliance by national and international instruments oriented towards
development among themselves, between the people of the member
countries and under their jurisdiction will establish it among the people of
the coming regions”.

i) The United Nations was established?

(a) 1940 (b) 1945
(c) 1950 (d) 1955

ii) Which part of the United Nations declared the “Universal Declaration
of Human Rights”
(a) UNHIEF (b) Security Council
(c) UNESCO (d) General Assembly

iii) Which medium is considered approriate by the United Nations to

promote human rights
(a) Media (b) All India Radio and Doordarshan
(c) Education (d) Correspondence

iv) The United Nations called for the establishment of human rights
among
(a) between member countries
(b) among non-member countries
(c) among the people of member countries
(d) none of the above
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52. Write true or false in front of each of the following statements- (5×1)
i) The right to education is a social right.
ii) The right to work is a cultural right.
iii) The right to speech is an economic right.
iv) The right to contest elections is a political right.
v) In order to live with respect, a person must have the right to work.

Two Marks Questions

1. What rights are included in political rights?
2. Explain any two measures for protection of rights.
3. Write any two duties of the citizen towards the state.
4. What are the economic rights of a citizen?
5. Match the following:-
(a) Economic right = right to vote
(b) Civil rights or social rights = right to freedom
(c) Political rights = minimum allowance
(d) Cultural right = right to get education in mother tongue

Four Marks Questions

1. Duty and authority are two sides of the same coin. Do you agree with this
statement? Explain

2. Describe any four political rights of citizens.

3. Rights impose certain limits on state power? Explain by giving

examples.

209 XI – Political Science

Five Marks Questions
1. Look at the following picture and read the conversation and answer the
questions below.

(i) What right is the above picture claiming?

(ii) What does a person feel hurt due to delay in any work in the society?
Who gives him relief?
(iii) What is the right to information?
Six Marks Questions
1. What is duty? Mention the duty of a good citizen.
2. What are the types of right? Explain by giving examples.
3. What is the relationship between rights and duties?
4. Write the difference between right and claims?

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 ANSWERS
Objective Type Questions
1. (a) claim
2. (c) by nature or by God
3. (d) Human
4. (b) Political
5. (c) 1948
6. (b) unacceptable
7. (a) Important
8. (d) Natural
9. (c) Political Rights
10. (b) Economic
11. (c) Right to Expression
12. (b) Right to Education
13. (d) All of the above
14. (a) Human Rights
15. (c) Human Rights
16. (d) Human Rights
17. (a) by civil liberties and political rights
18. (d) Right to Education and Culture
19. (b) Right
20. (a) Right to privacy
21. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation
of Assertion.
22. (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct
explanation of Assertion.
23. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation
of Assertion.

211 XI – Political Science

24. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is the correct explanation
of Assertion.
25. (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is the correct explanation
of Assertion.
One Mark Answers
26. A right is a demand or claim made by a person, which the society accepts
and the state recognizes, taking public welfare into consideration, then
that demand becomes a ‘right’.
27. Right signifies those things and others consider it important and necessary
to live a life of honor and dignity.
28. In the 17th and 18th centuries, political theory used to argue that for us
rights are nature or God.
29. In recent years, the term ‘human rights’ is being used more than the word
natural rights.
30. The basic belief behind human rigths is that all people, being mere human
beings, possess certain things as water. Every human being as a human being
is of specific and equal importance.
31. The United Nations has created the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
32. Every year on 10th December.
33. Rights are very important for the all round development of human beings.
34. The rights mentioned in the Constitution of India are called “Fundamental
Rights”.
35. Because education helps in ithe development of all areas of the person,
this right is called universal right.
36. Responsibilities played in lieu of obtaining rights are called duties.
37. Fundamental rights are conferred by the constitution while natural rights
are derived from birth.
38. The duties are mainly of two types:- (i) moral duty, (ii) legal duty
39. Moral duties are:- (i) obeying social norms, (ii) caring for the elderly

XI – Political Science 212

40. (b) Aristotle
41. (c) Rights that nature has given to a person
42. (b) Locke
43. (a) Social rights
44. (d) Laski
45. (b) Political rights
Fillthe blanks:-
46. Rights
47. Economic Rights
48. 18 years of age
49. Political authority
50. 10th December 1948
51. i) (b) 1945
ii) (d) General Assembly
iii) (c) by education
iv) (c) among the members of the member countries.
52. (a) right
(b) wrong
(c) wrong
(d) right
(e) right
Two Marks Answers
1. (i) Vote
(ii) to be elected
2. (i) by state
(ii) by the independent judiciary
3. (i) Respect for the Constitution
(ii) Cooperation in maintaining law and order
4. (i) Right to choose business, work
(ii) Right to keep property

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5. (a) Economic right = minimum allowance
(b) Civil rights or social rights = right to freedom
(c) Political rights = right to vote
(d) Cultural right = right to get education in mother tongue

Four Marks Answers

l. Close Relation of Rights and Duties:- Rights cannot fulfill a person’s
personality unless the person performs his duties towards the society, Duty
is an obligation which gives freedom to others to exercise their rights.
2. Right to vote, right to contest elections and right to form political party.
3. State cannot infringe on rights.
Public interest should be taken care of by the state because it is the people
who choose the government in democratic countries.
Rights only give the state the esponsibility to act in certain ways.
Rights ensure that states act without violating the dignity of life and liberty
of the individual.

Five Marks Answers

1. (i) Right to information
(ii) Insecure and helpless, judiciary.
(iii) To obtain information and data on any subject, in case of doubt / doubt.

Six Marks Answers

l. Duties are obligations. Duties we perform towards others, which leads to
the development of society.
Duties:- (i) keeping body, mind clean (ii) education, (iii) service to parents,
(iv) devotion to the nation, (v) security of the country, (vi) national flag and
dignity of the national anthem.

2. (i) Natural - Life, Freedom

(ii) Ethical - Service to paranets, Education of children
(iii) Legal - Fundamental, Social, Economic, Political

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3. Deeply connected, who sides of the same coin, rights cannot apply without
duty.

4. (i) Not all claims are rights but all rights are claims.
(ii) Rights are claims that are recognized by the state, all claims are
recognized by the state.
(iii) Claims - Not guaranteed by the constitution of the state.
Fundamental rights - Guaranteed by the constitution of the state.

215 XI – Political Science