F.Y.
AEC ENGLISH (INL 101)
UNIT 1: GRAMMAR
1.1 PARTS OF SPEECH – INTRODUCTION & IDENTIFICATION
Parts of speech are categories into which words are divided based on their function in a
sentence.
● Understanding them helps students:
● Construct correct sentences
● Identify grammatical errors
● Improve writing and comprehension
Main Parts of Speech with Examples:
Noun – names a person, place, thing, or idea
Example: honesty, student, library
Pronoun – replaces a noun
Example: he, she, they
Verb – shows action or state of being
Example: reads, writes, is
Adjective – describes a noun
Example: intelligent student
Adverb – describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb
Example: speaks clearly
Preposition – shows relationship between words
Example: under the table
Conjunction – joins words or sentences
Example: and, but, because
Interjection – expresses sudden feeling
Example: Oh!, Wow!
1.2 NOUNS – KINDS, CASES, USAGE & COMMON ERRORS
KINDS OF NOUNS
Common Noun – general name
Example: teacher
Proper Noun – specific name
Example: India
Collective Noun – group
Example: team
Abstract Noun – quality or idea
Example: courage
Material Noun – substance
Example: gold
CASES OF NOUNS
Nominative Case – subject
Example: The boy runs fast.
Objective Case – object
Example: She helped the boy.
Possessive Case – ownership
Example: The boy’s book is new.
COMMON ERRORS IN NOUN USAGE
Wrong plural forms
Confusion between countable and uncountable nouns
Incorrect possessive forms
1.3 SUBJECT–VERB AGREEMENT & TENSES
SUBJECT–VERB AGREEMENT
A verb must agree with its subject in number and person.
Singular subject → singular verb
Plural subject → plural verb
Example:
The child plays outside.
The children play outside.
TENSES
Tenses show the time of action.
Present Tense – current or habitual action
Example: She studies daily.
Past Tense – completed action
Example: She studied yesterday.
Future Tense – action yet to happen
Example: She will study tomorrow.
UNIT 2: CLAUSES, STRUCTURES & SENTENCES
2.1 CLAUSES – TYPES & STRUCTURES
A clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb.
TYPES OF CLAUSES
Independent Clause – complete meaning
Example: She completed the work.
Dependent Clause – incomplete meaning
Example: because she was tired
TYPES BASED ON STRUCTURE
Coordination – equal clauses joined
Example: He studied hard and he passed the exam.
Subordination – one clause depends on another
Example: She stayed home because she was ill.
Conditional Clauses – condition and result
Example: If it rains, the match will be cancelled.
2.2 SENTENCE TYPES – FUNCTIONAL
Declarative Sentence – statement
Example: The exam begins tomorrow.
Interrogative Sentence – question
Example: When does the exam begin?
Imperative Sentence – command/request
Example: Complete your assignment.
Exclamatory Sentence – strong feeling
Example: What a wonderful performance!
2.3 SENTENCE TYPES – STRUCTURAL
Direct Speech
Example: He said, “I am ready.”
Indirect Speech
Example: He said that he was ready.
Active Voice
Example: The manager approved the request.
Passive Voice
Example: The request was approved by the manager.
Affirmative Sentence
Example: She understands the lesson.
Negative Sentence
Example: She does not understand the lesson.
UNIT 3: VOCABULARY & PUNCTUATION
3.1 WORD FORMATION
Word formation increases vocabulary.
Prefix – added before word
Example: unhappy
Suffix – added after word
Example: happiness
Conversion – change in word class
Example: to email (noun → verb)
Compounding – joining words
Example: classroom
Abbreviation – shortened form
Example: etc.
3.2 BASIC PUNCTUATION MARKS
1. Comma (,) – separates ideas
2. Colon (:) – introduces explanation
3. Semicolon (;) – joins related sentences
4. Hyphen (-) – joins compound words
5. Full Stop (.) – ends a sentence
Example:
She bought fruits, vegetables, and bread.
3.3 ADDITIONAL PUNCTUATION MARKS
Apostrophe (’) – possession or contraction
Example: student’s book
Parentheses ( ) – extra information
Exclamation Mark (!) – emotion
Slash (/) – alternatives