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HTML Basics

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2 views85 pages

HTML Basics

Uploaded by

davidsdavid900
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

HTML Basics

 An HTML file is a text file containing mark-up tags. The mark-up tags tell the browser
how to display the page.
 HTML documents are text files made up of HTML elements.
HTML elements are defined using HTML tags.

HTML Tags
 HTML tags are used to mark-up HTML elements
 HTML tags are surrounded by the two characters < and >
 The surrounding characters are called angle brackets
 HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
 The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
 The text between the start and end tags is the element content
 HTML tags are not case sensitive, <b> means the same as <B>

This is an HTML element:

<b> This text is bold </b>

The HTML element starts with a start tag: <b>


The content of the HTML element is: This text is bold
The HTML element ends with an end tag: </b>

The purpose of the <b> tag is to define an HTML element that should be displayed as
bold.

This is also an HTML element:

<body>
This is my first homepage. <b>This text is bold</b>
</body>

This HTML element starts with the start tag <body>, and ends with the end tag </body>.

The purpose of the <body> tag is to define the HTML element that contains the body of
the HTML document.

1
Recap on HTML Elements
 Each HTML element has an element name (body, h1, p, br)
 The start tag is the name surrounded by angle brackets: <h1>
 The end tag is a slash and the name surrounded by angle brackets </h1>
 The element content occurs between the start tag and the end tag
 Some HTML elements have no content
 Some HTML elements have no end tag . (eg br has no ending tag)

The most important tags in HTML are tags that define headings, paragraphs and line
breaks.

The best way to learn HTML is to work with examples. We have created a very nice HTML
editor for you. With this editor, you can edit the HTML source code if you like, and click on
a test button to view the result.

Headings

Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags. <h1> defines the largest
heading. <h6> defines the smallest heading.

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>
<h4>This is a heading</h4>
<h5>This is a heading</h5>
<h6>This is a heading</h6>

HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after a heading.

2
Paragraphs

Paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.

<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>

HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after a paragraph.

Don't Forget the Closing Tag

You might have noticed that paragraphs can be written without end tags </p>:

<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is another paragraph

The example above will work in most browsers, but don't rely on it. Future version of HTML
will not allow you to skip ANY end tags.

Closing all HTML elements with an end tag is a future-proof way of writing HTML. It also
makes the code easier to understand (read and browse) when you mark both where an
element starts and where it ends.

Line Breaks

The <br> tag is used when you want to break a line, but don't want to start a new
paragraph. The <br> tag forces a line break wherever you place it.

<p>This <br> is a para<br>graph with line breaks</p>

The <br> tag is an empty tag. It has no end tag like </br>, since a closing tag doesn't
make any sense.

<br> or <br />

More and more often you will see the <br> tag written like this: <br />

3
Because the <br> tag has no end tag (or closing tag), it breaks one of the rules for future
HTML (the XML based XHTML), namely that all elements must be closed.

Writing it like <br /> is a future proof way of closing (or ending) the tag inside the opening
tag, accepted by both HTML and XML.

Comments in HTML

The comment tag is used to insert a comment in the HTML source code. A
comment will be ignored by the browser. You can use comments to explain your
code, which can help you when you edit the source code at a later date.

<!-- This is a comment -->

Note that you need an exclamation point after the opening bracket, but not before the
closing bracket.

Basic Notes - Useful Tips

When you write HTML text, you can never be sure how the text is displayed in another
browser. Some people have large computer displays, some have small. The text will be
reformatted every time the user resizes his window. Never try to format the text in your
editor by adding empty lines and spaces to the text.

HTML will truncate the spaces in your text. Any number of spaces count as one. Some
extra information: In HTML a new line counts as one space.

Using empty paragraphs <p> to insert blank lines is a bad habit. Use the <br> tag
instead. (But don't use the <br> tag to create lists. Wait until you have learned about
HTML lists.)

HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after some elements, like before
and after a paragraph, and before and after a heading.

We use a horizontal rule (the <hr> tag), to separate the sections in our tutorials.

4
Basic HTML Tags

If you lookup the basic HTML tags in the reference below, you will see that the reference
contains additional information about tag attributes.

You will learn more about HTML tag attributes in the next chapter of this tutorial.

Tag Description
<html> Defines an HTML document
<body> Defines the document's body
<h1> to <h6> Defines header 1 to header 6
<p> Defines a paragraph
<br> Inserts a single line break
<hr> Defines a horizontal rule
<!--> Defines a comment

1. HTML Attributes

Attributes provide additional information to an HTML element.

HTML Tag Attributes

HTML tags can have attributes. Attributes provide additional information to an HTML
element.

Attributes always come in name/value pairs like this: name="value".

Attributes are always specified in the start tag of an HTML element.

Attributes Example 1:

<h1> defines the start of a heading.

<h1 align="center"> has additional information about the alignment.

5
Attributes Example 2:

<body> defines the body of an HTML document.

<body bgcolor="yellow"> has additional information about the background color.

Attributes Example 3:

<table> defines an HTML table. (You will learn more about HTML tables later)

<table border="1"> has additional information about the border around the table .

Use Lowercase Attributes

Attributes and attribute values are case-insensitive. However, the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4
recommendation, and XHTML demands lowercase attributes/attribute values.

Always Quote Attribute Values

Attribute values should always be enclosed in quotes. Double style quotes are the most
common, but single style quotes are also allowed.

In some rare situations, like when the attribute value itself contains quotes, it is necessary
to use single quotes:

name='John "ShotGun" Nelson'

6
2. HTML Text Formatting
HTML defines a lot of elements for formatting output, like bold or italic text.

Text Formatting Tags


Tag Description
<b> Defines bold text
<big> Defines big text
<em> Defines emphasized text
<i> Defines italic text
<small> Defines small text
<strong> Defines strong text
<sub> Defines subscripted text
<sup> Defines superscripted text
<ins> Defines inserted text
<del> Defines deleted text
<s> Deprecated. Use <del> instead
<strike> Deprecated. Use <del> instead
<u> Deprecated. Use styles instead

"Computer Output" Tags


Tag Description
<code> Defines computer code text
<kbd> Defines keyboard text
<samp> Defines sample computer code
<tt> Defines teletype text
<var> Defines a variable
<pre> Defines preformatted text
<listing> Deprecated. Use <pre> instead
<plaintext> Deprecated. Use <pre> instead
<xmp> Deprecated. Use <pre> instead

Citations, Quotations, and Definition Tags


Tag Description
<abbr> Defines an abbreviation
<acronym> Defines an acronym
<address> Defines an address element
<bdo> Defines the text direction
<blockquote> Defines a long quotation
<q> Defines a short quotation
<cite> Defines a citation
<dfn> Defines a definition term

Examples on Text Formatting


7
Example 1. Text Formatting

<html>
<body>
<b>This text is bold</b>
<br>
<strong>This text is strong</strong><br>
<big>This text is big</big><br>
<em>This text is emphasized</em>
<br>
<i>This text is italic</i><br>
<small>This text is small</small><br>
This text contains<sub>subscript</sub><br>
This text contains<sup>superscript</sup>
</body>
</html>

Example 2. Preformatted text

<html>
<body>
<pre>This is
preformatted text.
It preserves both spaces
and line breaks.</pre>

<p>The pre tag is good for displaying computer code:</p>

<pre>
for i = 1 to 10
print i
next i
</pre>
</body>
</html>

Example 3. Computer output tags


8
<html>
<body>

<code>Computer code</code>
<br>
<kbd>Keyboard input</kbd>
<br>
<tt>Teletype text</tt>
<br>
<samp>Sample text</samp>
<br>
<var>Computer variable</var>
<br>
<p>
<b>Note:</b> These tags are often used to display computer/programming
code.
</p>
</body>
</html>

Example 4 Address

<html>
<body>

<address>
Donald Duck<br>
BOX 555<br>
Disneyland<br>
USA
</address>
</body>
</html>

9
Example 5. Abbreviations and acronyms

<html>
<body>

<abbr title="United Nations">UN</abbr>


<br>
<acronym title="World Wide Web">WWW</acronym>

<p>The title attribute is used to show the spelled-out version when holding the
mouse pointer over the acronym or abbreviation.</p>

<p>This only works for the acronym element in IE 5.</p>

<p>This works for both the abbr and acronym element in Netscape 6.2.</p>

</body>
</html>

Example 6. Text Direction

html>
<body>
<p>
If your browser supports bi-directional override (bdo), the next line will be written from the
right to the left (rtl):
</p>
<bdo dir="rtl">
Here is some Hebrew text
</bdo>
</body>
</html>

10
Example 7. Quotations

<html>
<body>
Here comes a long quotation:
<blockquote>
This is a long quotation. This is a long quotation. This is a long quotation. This is a long
quotation. This is a long quotation.
</blockquote>
Here comes a short quotation:
<q>
This is a short quotation
</q>
<p>
With the block quote element, the browser inserts line breaks and margins, but the q
element does not render as anything special.
</p>
</body>
</html>

Example 8. Deleted and inserted text

<html>
<body>
<p>
a dozen is
<del>twenty</del>
<ins>twelve</ins>
pieces
</p>
<p>
Most browsers will overstrike deleted text and underline inserted text.
</p>
<p>
Some older browsers will display deleted or inserted text as plain text.
</p>
</body>
</html>

3. HTML Character entities

11
Some characters have a special meaning in HTML, like the less than sign (<) that defines
the start of an HTML tag. If we want the browser to actually display these characters we
must insert character entities in the HTML source.

A character entity has three parts: an ampersand (&), an entity name or a # and an entity
number, and finally a semicolon (;).

To display a less than sign in an HTML document we must write: &lt; or &#60;

The advantage of using a name instead of a number is that a name is easier to remember.
The disadvantage is that not all browsers support the newest entity names, while the
support for entity numbers is very good in almost all browsers.

Note that the entities are case sensitive.

This example lets you experiment with character entities: Character Entities

Non-breaking Space

The most common character entity in HTML is the non-breaking space.

Normally HTML will truncate spaces in your text. If you write 10 spaces in your text HTML
will remove 9 of them. To add spaces to your text, use the &nbsp; character entity.

The Most Common Character Entities:


Result Description Entity Name Entity Number
non-breaking space &nbsp; &#160;
< less than &lt; &#60;
> greater than &gt; &#62;
& ampersand &amp; &#38;
" quotation mark &quot; &#34;
' apostrophe &apos; (does not work in IE) &#39;

Some Other Commonly Used Character Entities:

12
Result Description Entity Name Entity Number
¢ cent &cent; &#162;
£ pound &pound; &#163;
¥ yen &yen; &#165;
€ euro &euro; &#8364;
§ section &sect; &#167;
© copyright &copy; &#169;
® registered trademark &reg; &#174;
× multiplication &times; &#215;
÷ division &divide; &#247;

4. HTML Links

The Anchor Tag and the Href Attribute

HTML uses the <a> (anchor) tag to create a link to another document.

An anchor can point to any resource on the Web: an HTML page, an image, a sound file, a
movie, etc.

The syntax of creating an anchor:

<a href="url">Text to be displayed</a>

The <a> tag is used to create an anchor to link from, the href attribute is used to address
the document to link to, and the words between the open and close of the anchor tag will
be displayed as a hyperlink.

This anchor defines a link to W3Schools:

<a href="[Link] W3Schools!</a>

13
The Target Attribute

With the target attribute, you can define where the linked document will be opened.

The line below will open the document in a new browser window:

<a href="[Link]
target="_blank">Visit W3Schools!</a>

The Anchor Tag and the Name Attribute

The name attribute is used to create a named anchor. When using named anchors we can
create links that can jump directly into a specific section on a page, instead of letting the
user scroll around to find what he/she is looking for.

Below is the syntax of a named anchor:

<a name="label">Text to be displayed</a>

The name attribute is used to create a named anchor. The name of the anchor can be any
text you care to use.

The line below defines a named anchor:

<a name="tips">Useful Tips Section</a>

You should notice that a named anchor is not displayed in a special way.

To link directly to the "tips" section, add a # sign and the name of the anchor to
the end of a URL, like this:

<a href="[Link]
Jump to the Useful Tips Section</a>

A hyperlink to the Useful Tips Section from WITHIN the file "html_links.asp" will
look like this:

<a href="#tips">Jump to the Useful Tips Section</a>

Basic Notes - Useful Tips

14
Always add a trailing slash to subfolder references. If you link like this:
href="[Link] you will generate two HTTP requests to the
server, because the server will add a slash to the address and create a new request like
this: href="[Link]

Named anchors are often used to create "table of contents" at the beginning of a large
document. Each chapter within the document is given a named anchor, and links to each
of these anchors are put at the top of the document.

If a browser cannot find a named anchor that has been specified, it goes to the top of the
document. No error
occurs.

More Examples

Open a link in a new browser window


This example demonstrates how to link to another page by opening a new window, so that
the visitor does not have to leave your Web site.

html>
<body>
<a href="[Link]" target="_blank">Last Page</a>
<p>
If you set the target attribute of a link to "_blank",
the link will open in a new window.
</p>
</body>
</html>

Link to a location on the same page


15
This example demonstrates how to use a link to jump to another part of a document.

<html>
<body>
<p>
<a href="#C4">See also Chapter 4.</a>
</p>
<h2>Chapter 1</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 2</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 3</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2><a name="C4">Chapter 4</a></h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 5</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 6</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 7</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 8</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 9</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 10</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 11</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 12</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 13</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 14</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 15</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 16</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
<h2>Chapter 17</h2>
<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>
</body>
</html>

16
Break out of a frame

This example demonstrates how to break out of a frame, if your site is locked in a frame.

<html>
<body>
<p>Locked in a frame?</p>
<a href="[Link]
target="_top">Click here!</a>
</body>
</html>

Create a mailto link


This example demonstrates how to link to a mail message (will only work if you have mail
installed).

<html>
<body>
<p>
This is a mail link:
<a href="[Link]
Send Mail</a>
</p>
<p>
<b>Note:</b> Spaces between words should be replaced by %20 to <b>ensure</b>
that the browser will display your text properly.
</p>
</body>
</html>

17
Create a mailto link 2

This example demonstrates a more complicated mailto link.

<html>
<body>
<p>
This is another mailto link:
<a href="[Link]
cc=someoneelse@[Link]&bcc=andsomeoneelse2@[Link]&subject=Summ
er%20Party&body=You%20are%20invited%20to%20a%20big%20summer
%20party!">Send mail!</a>
</p>
<p>
<b>Note:</b> Spaces between words should be replaced by %20 to <b>ensure</b>
that the browser will display your text properly.
</p>
</body>
</html>

5. HTML Frames

With frames, you can display more than one Web page in the same browser
window.

Frames

With frames, you can display more than one HTML document in the same browser window.
Each HTML document is called a frame, and each frame is independent of the others.

The disadvantages of using frames are:

 The web developer must keep track of more HTML documents


 It is difficult to print the entire page

18
The Frameset Tag
 The <frameset> tag defines how to divide the window into frames
 Each frameset defines a set of rows or columns
 The values of the rows/columns indicate the amount of screen area each
row/column will occupy

The Frame Tag


 The <frame> tag defines what HTML document to put into each frame

In the example below we have a frameset with two columns. The first column is set
to 25% of the width of the browser window. The second column is set to 75% of
the width of the browser window. The HTML document "frame_a.htm" is put into
the first column, and the HTML document "frame_b.htm" is put into the second
column:

<frameset cols="25%,75%">
<frame src="frame_a.htm">
<frame src="frame_b.htm">
</frameset>

Note: The frameset column size value can also be set in pixels (cols="200,500"), and one
of the columns can be set to use the remaining space (cols="25%,*").

Basic Notes - Useful Tips

If a frame has visible borders, the user can resize it by dragging the border. To prevent a
user from doing this, you can add noresize="noresize" to the <frame> tag.

Add the <noframes> tag for browsers that do not support frames.

Important: You cannot use the <body></body> tags together with the
<frameset></frameset> tags! However, if you add a <noframes> tag containing some
text for browsers that do not support frames, you will have to enclose the text in
<body></body> tags! See how it is done in the first example below.

19
More Examples

How to use the <noframes> tag

This example demonstrates how to use the <noframes> tag.

<html>
<frameset cols="25%,50%,25%">
<frame src="frame_a.htm">
<frame src="frame_b.htm">
<frame src="frame_c.htm">
<noframes>
<body>Your browser does not handle frames!</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</html>

Mixed frameset
This example demonstrates how to make a frameset with three documents, and how to
mix them in rows and columns.

<html>
<frameset rows="50%,50%">
<frame src="frame_a.htm">
<frameset cols="25%,75%">
<frame src="frame_b.htm">
<frame src="frame_c.htm">
</frameset>
</frameset>
</html>

20
Frameset with noresize="noresize"
This example demonstrates the noresize attribute. The frames are not resizable. Move the
mouse over the borders between the frames and notice that you can not move the
borders.

<html>
<frameset rows="50%,50%">
<frame noresize="noresize" src="frame_a.htm">
<frameset cols="25%,75%">
<frame noresize="noresize" src="frame_b.htm">
<frame noresize="noresize" src="frame_c.htm">
</frameset>
</frameset>
</html>

Navigation frame
This example demonstrates how to make a navigation frame. The navigation frame
contains a list of links with the second frame as the target. The file called
"tryhtml_contents.htm" contains three links. The source code of the links:
<a href ="frame_a.htm" target ="showframe">Frame a</a><br>
<a href ="frame_b.htm" target ="showframe">Frame b</a><br>
<a href ="frame_c.htm" target ="showframe">Frame c</a>
The second frame will show the linked document.

<html>
<frameset cols="120,*">
<frame src="tryhtml_contents.htm">
<frame src="frame_a.htm"
name="showframe">
</frameset>
</html>

21
Inline frame
This example demonstrates how to create an inline frame (a frame inside an HTML page).

<html>
<body>
<iframe src="[Link]"></iframe>
<p>Some older browsers don't support iframes.</p>
<p>If they don't, the iframe will not be visible.</p>
</body>
</html>

Jump to a specified section within a frame


This example demonstrates two frames. One of the frames has a source to a specified
section in a file. The specified section is made with <a name="C10"> in the "[Link]" file.

<html>
<frameset cols="20%,80%">
<frame src="frame_a.htm">
<frame src="[Link]#C10">
</frameset>
</html>

Jump to a specified section with frame navigation


This example demonstrates two frames. The navigation frame ([Link]) to the left
contains a list of links with the second frame ([Link]) as a target. The second frame
shows the linked document. One of the links in the navigation frame is linked to a
specified section in the target file. The HTML code in the file "[Link]" looks like this:
<a href ="[Link]" target ="showframe">Link without Anchor</a><br><a href
="[Link]#C10" target ="showframe">Link with Anchor</a>.

<html>
<frameset cols="180,*">
<frame src="[Link]">
<frame src="[Link]" name="showframe">
</frameset>
</html>

22
Frame Tags
Tag Description
<frameset> Defines a set of frames
<frame> Defines a sub window (a frame)
<noframes> Defines a noframe section for browsers that do not handle frames
<iframe> Defines an inline sub window (frame)

6. HTML Tables
Tables

Tables are defined with the <table> tag. A table is divided into rows (with the <tr>
tag), and each row is divided into data cells (with the <td> tag). The letters td
stands for "table data," which is the content of a data cell. A data cell can contain
text, images, lists, paragraphs, forms, horizontal rules, tables, etc.

<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

How it looks in a browser:

row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2

row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2

23
Tables and the Border Attribute

If you do not specify a border attribute the table will be displayed without any
borders. Sometimes this can be useful, but most of the time, you want the borders
to show. To display a table with borders, you will have to use the border attribute:

<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

Headings in a Table

Headings in a table are defined with the <th> tag.

<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Heading</th>
<th>Another Heading</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

24
How it looks in a browser:

Another
Heading
Heading

row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2

row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2

Empty Cells in a Table

Table cells with no content are not displayed very well in most browsers.

<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table>

How it looks in a browser:

row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2

row 2, cell 1

Note that the borders around the empty table cell are missing (NB! Mozilla Firefox displays
the border).

25
To avoid this, add a non-breaking space (&nbsp;) to empty data cells, to make the
borders visible:

<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
</table>

How it looks in a browser:

row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2

row 2, cell 1

Basic Notes - Useful Tips

The <thead>,<tbody> and <tfoot> elements are seldom used, because of bad browser
support. Expect this to change in future versions of XHTML. If you have Internet Explorer
5.0 or newer, you can view a working example in our XML tutorial.

26
More Examples:

Ex1: A table with no borders

<html>
<body>

<h4>This table has no borders:</h4>


<table>
<tr>
<td>100</td>
<td>200</td>
<td>300</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>400</td>
<td>500</td>
<td>600</td>
</tr>
</table>

<h4>And this table has no borders:</h4>


<table border="0">
<tr>
<td>100</td>
<td>200</td>
<td>300</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>400</td>
<td>500</td>
<td>600</td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

27
Ex2. A table demonstrating table headers

<html>
<body>

<h4>Table headers:</h4>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Telephone</th>
<th>Telephone</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bill Gates</td>
<td>555 77 854</td>
<td>555 77 855</td>
</tr>
</table>

<h4>Vertical headers:</h4>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>First Name:</th>
<td>Bill Gates</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Telephone:</th>
<td>555 77 854</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Telephone:</th>
<td>555 77 855</td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

28
Ex3. A table with empty cells

This example demonstrates how to use "&nbsp;" to handle cells that have no content .

<html>
<body>

<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>Some text</td>
<td>Some text</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>Some text</td>
</tr>
</table>

<p>
As you can see, one of the cells has no border. That is because it is empty. Try to insert a
space in the cell. Still it has no border.
</p>

<p>
The trick is to insert a no-breaking space in the cell.
</p>

<p>No-breaking space is a character entity. If you don't know what a character entity is,
read the chapter about it.
</p>

<p>The no-breaking space entity starts with an ampersand ("&"),


then the letters "nbsp", and ends with a semicolon (";")
</p>

<p>
</p>

</body>
</html>

29
Ex4. A table with a caption

<html>
<body>

<h4>
This table has a caption,
and a thick border:
</h4>

<table border="6">
<caption>My Caption</caption>
<tr>
<td>100</td>
<td>200</td>
<td>300</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>400</td>
<td>500</td>
<td>600</td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

30
Ex 5 Spanning rows and columns

<html>
<body>

<h4>Cell that spans two columns:</h4>


<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th colspan="2">Telephone</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bill Gates</td>
<td>555 77 854</td>
<td>555 77 855</td>
</tr>
</table>

<h4>Cell that spans two rows:</h4>


<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>First Name:</th>
<td>Bill Gates</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">Telephone:</th>
<td>555 77 854</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>555 77 855</td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

31
Eg.6 Tags Inside a Table

This example demonstrates how to display elements inside other elements.

<html>
<body>

<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>
</td>
<td>This cell contains a table:
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>A</td>
<td>B</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>C</td>
<td>D</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>This cell contains a list
<ul>
<li>apples</li>
<li>bananas</li>
<li>pineapples</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td>HELLO</td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

32
Eg. 7 Table with cell padding

This example demonstrates how to use cellpadding to create more white space between
the cell content and its borders.

<html>
<body>

<h4>Without cellpadding:</h4>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>

<h4>With cellpadding:</h4>
<table border="1"
cellpadding="10">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

33
Eg.8 Cell spacing

This example demonstrates how to use cellspacing to increase the distance between the
cells.

<html>
<body>

<h4>Without cellspacing:</h4>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>

<h4>With cellspacing:</h4>
<table border="1"
cellspacing="10">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

34
Eg.9 Table with background color/image to a table

<html>
<body>

<h4>A background color:</h4>


<table border="1"
bgcolor="red">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>

<h4>A background image:</h4>


<table border="1"
background="[Link]">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

35
Eg. 10 Adding a background color/image to a cell

<html>
<body>

<h4>Cell backgrounds:</h4>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="red">First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td
background="[Link]">
Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

36
Eg. 11 Aligning in a table cell

This example demonstrates how to use the "align" attribute to align the content of cells, to
create a "nice-looking" table.

<html>
<body>

<table width="400" border="1">


<tr>
<th align="left">Money spent on....</th>
<th align="right">January</th>
<th align="right">February</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Clothes</td>
<td align="right">$241.10</td>
<td align="right">$50.20</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Make-Up</td>
<td align="right">$30.00</td>
<td align="right">$44.45</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Food</td>
<td align="right">$730.40</td>
<td align="right">$650.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="left">Sum</th>
<th align="right">$1001.50</th>
<th align="right">$744.65</th>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

Eg. 12 The frame attribute

37
This example demonstrates how to use the "frame" attribute to control the borders around
the table.

<html>
<body>

<p>
If you see no frames around the tables in these examples, your browser is too old, or does
not support it.
</p>

<h4>With frame="border":</h4>
<table frame="border">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>

<h4>With frame="box":</h4>
<table frame="box">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>

<h4>With frame="void":</h4>
<table frame="void">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>

</tr>
</table>

38
<h4>With frame="above":</h4>
<table frame="above">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>

<h4>With frame="below":</h4>
<table frame="below">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>

<h4>With frame="hsides":</h4>
<table frame="hsides">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4>With frame="vsides":</h4>
<table frame="vsides">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>

<h4>With frame="lhs":</h4>
<table frame="lhs">
<tr>
39
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>

<h4>With frame="rhs":</h4>
<table frame="rhs">
<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

Eg. 13 Frame and border attributes

How to use the "frame" and "border" attributes to control the borders around the table.
40
<html>
<body>

<p>
If you see no frames around the tables in these examples, your browser does not support
the frame attribute.
</p>

<table frame="hsides" border="3">


<tr>
<td>First row</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br />
<table frame="vsides" border="3">
<tr>
<td>First row</td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

Table Tags
Tag Description
<table> Defines a table
<th> Defines a table header
<tr> Defines a table row
<td> Defines a table cell
<caption> Defines a table caption
<colgroup> Defines groups of table columns
<col> Defines the attribute values for one or more columns in a table
<thead> Defines a table head
<tbody> Defines a table body
<tfoot> Defines a table footer

7. HTML Lists

HTML supports ordered, unordered and definition lists.

41
Unordered Lists

An unordered list is a list of items. The list items are marked with bullets (typically small
black circles).

An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.

<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

Here is how it looks in a browser:

 Coffee
 Milk

Inside a list item you can put paragraphs, line breaks, images, links, other lists, etc.

Ordered Lists

An ordered list is also a list of items. The list items are marked with numbers.

An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.

<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Here is how it looks in a browser:

1. Coffee
2. Milk

Inside a list item you can put paragraphs, line breaks, images, links, other lists, etc.

Definition Lists

A definition list is not a list of items. This is a list of terms and explanation of the terms.

A definition list starts with the <dl> tag. Each definition-list term starts with the
<dt> tag. Each definition-list definition starts with the <dd> tag.
42
<dl>
<dt>Coffee</dt>
<dd>Black hot drink</dd>
<dt>Milk</dt>
<dd>White cold drink</dd>
</dl>

Here is how it looks in a browser:

Coffee
Black hot drink
Milk
White cold drink

Inside a definition-list definition (the <dd> tag) you can put paragraphs, line breaks,
images, links, other lists, etc.

More Examples

Different types of ordered lists

<html>
<body>

<h4>Numbered list:</h4>
<ol>
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ol>

<h4>Letters list:</h4>
<ol type="A">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>

<li>Oranges</li>
</ol>

<h4>Lowercase letters list:</h4>


<ol type="a">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
43
<li>Oranges</li>
</ol>

<h4>Roman numbers list:</h4>


<ol type="I">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ol>

<h4>Lowercase Roman numbers list:</h4>


<ol type="i">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ol>

</body>
</html>

This example demonstrates different types of ordered lists.

Different types of unordered Lists

This example demonstrates different types of unordered lists.

<html>
44
<body>
<h4>Disc bullets list:</h4>
<ul type="disc">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ul>

<h4>Circle bullets list:</h4>


<ul type="circle">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ul>

<h4>Square bullets list:</h4>


<ul type="square">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ul>

</body>
</html>

Nested list

This example demonstrates how you can nest lists.

<html>
45
<body>
<h4>A nested List:</h4>
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea
<ul>
<li>Black tea</li>
<li>Green tea</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

Nested list 2

This example demonstrates a more complicated nested list.

<html>
<body>
<h4>A nested List:</h4>
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea
<ul>
<li>Black tea</li>
<li>Green tea
<ul>
<li>China</li>
<li>Africa</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

</body>
</html>

Definition list

This example demonstrates a definition list.

46
<html>
<body>

<h4>A Definition List:</h4>


<dl>
<dt>Coffee</dt>
<dd>Black hot drink</dd>
<dt>Milk</dt>
<dd>White cold drink</dd>
</dl>

</body>
</html>
List Tags
Tag Description
<ol> Defines an ordered list
<ul> Defines an unordered list
<li> Defines a list item
<dl> Defines a definition list
<dt> Defines a definition term
<dd> Defines a definition description
<dir> Deprecated. Use <ul> instead
<menu> Deprecated. Use <ul> instead

8. HTML Forms and Input

HTML Forms are used to select different kinds of user input.

47
Examples

Text fields
This example demonstrates how to create text fields on an HTML page. A user can write
text in a text field.

<html>
<body>
<form action="">
First name:
<input type="text" name="firstname">
<br>
Last name:
<input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>
</body>
</html>

Password fields
This example demonstrates how to create a password field on an HTML page.

<html>
48
<body>
<form action="">
Username:
<input type="text" name="user">
<br>
Password:
<input type="password" name="password">
</form>
<p>
Note that when you type characters in a password field, the browser displays asterisks or
bullets instead of the characters.
</p>
</body>
</html>

Forms

A form is an area that can contain form elements.

Form elements are elements that allow the user to enter information (like text fields,
textarea fields, drop-down menus, radio buttons, checkboxes, etc.) in a form.

A form is defined with the <form> tag.

<form>
<input>

49
<input>
</form>

Input

The most used form tag is the <input> tag. The type of input is specified with the type
attribute. The most commonly used input types are explained below.

Text Fields

Text fields are used when you want the user to type letters, numbers, etc. in a form.

<form>
First name:
<input type="text" name="firstname">
<br>
Last name:
<input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>

How it looks in a browser:

First name:

Last name:

Note that the form itself is not visible. Also note that in most browsers, the width of the
text field is 20 characters by default.

50
Radio Buttons

Radio Buttons are used when you want the user to select one of a limited number of
choices.

<form>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="male"> Male
<br>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="female"> Female
</form>

How it looks in a browser:

Male

Female

Note that only one option can be chosen.

Checkboxes

Checkboxes are used when you want the user to select one or more options of a limited
number of choices.

51
<form>
I have a bike:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Bike">
<br>
I have a car:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Car">
<br>
I have an airplane:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Airplane">
</form>

How it looks in a browser:

I have a bike:

I have a car:

I have an airplane:

The Form's Action Attribute and the Submit Button

When the user clicks on the "Submit" button, the content of the form is sent to another
file. The form's action attribute defines the name of the file to send the content to. The file
defined in the action attribute usually does something with the received input.

52
<form name="input" action="html_form_action.asp"
method="get">
Username:
<input type="text" name="user">
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

How it looks in a browser: Top of Form

Username:

If you type some characters in the text field above, and click the "Submit" button, you will
send your input to a page called "html_form_action.asp". That page will show you the
received input.

More Examples

Checkboxes
This example demonstrates how to create check-boxes on an HTML page. A user can
select or unselect a checkbox.
<html>

53
<body>
<form action="">
I have a bike:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Bike">
<br />
I have a car:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Car">
<br />
I have an airplane:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Airplane">
</form>
</body>
</html>

Radio buttons
This example demonstrates how to create radio-buttons on an HTML page.
<html>
<body>
<form action="">
Male:
<input type="radio" checked="checked"
name="Sex" value="male">
<br>
Female:
<input type="radio"
name="Sex" value="female">
</form>
<p>

When a user clicks on a radio-button, the button becomes checked, and all other buttons with the
same name become unchecked
</p>
</body>
</html>

54
Simple drop down box
This example demonstrates how to create a simple drop-down box on an HTML page. A
drop-down box is a selectable list.
<html>
<body>
<form action="">
<select name="cars">
<option value="volvo">Volvo</option>
<option value="saab">Saab</option>
<option value="fiat">Fiat</option>
<option value="audi">Audi</option>
</select>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Another drop down box
This example demonstrates how to create a simple drop-down box with a pre-selected
value.
<html>
<body>
<form action="">
<select name="cars">
<option value="volvo">Volvo</option>
<option value="saab">Saab</option>
<option value="fiat" selected="selected">Fiat</option>
<option value="audi">Audi</option>
</select>
</form>
</body>
</html>

Textarea
This example demonstrates how to create a text-area (a multi-line text input control). A

55
user can write text in the text-area. In a text-area you can write an unlimited number of
characters.

<html>
<body>
<p>
This example cannot be edited
because our editor uses a textarea
for input,
and your browser does not allow
a textarea inside a textarea.
</p>
<textarea rows=”10” cols=”30”
The cat was playing in the garden.
</textarea>
</body>
</html>

Create a button
This example demonstrates how to create a button. On the button you can define your
own text.

<html>
<body>
<form action="">
<input type="button" value="Hello world!">
</form>
</body>
</html>

56
Fieldset around data
This example demonstrates how to draw a border with a caption around your data.

<html>
<body>
<fieldset>
<legend>
Health information:
</legend>
<form action="">
Height <input type="text" size="3">
Weight <input type="text" size="3">
</form>
</fieldset>
<p>
If there is no border around the input form, your browser is too old.
</p>
</body>
</html>

57
Form Examples

Form with input fields and a submit button


This example demonstrates how to add a form to a page. The form contains two input
fields and a submit button.

<html>
<body>
<form name="input" action="html_form_action.asp" method="get">
Type your first name:
<input type="text" name="FirstName" value="Mickey" size="20">
<br>Type your last name:
<input type="text" name="LastName" value="Mouse" size="20">
<br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
<p>
If you click the "Submit" button, you will send your input to a new page called
html_form_action.asp.
</p>
</body>
</html>

Form with checkboxes


This form contains three checkboxes, and a submit button.

<html>
<body>
<form name="input" action="html_form_action.asp" method="get">
I have a bike:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Bike" checked="checked" />
<br />
I have a car:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Car" />

<br />

58
I have an airplane:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Airplane" />
<br /><br />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
<p>
If you click the "Submit" button, you send your input to a new page called
html_form_action.asp.
</p>
</body>
</html>

Form with radio buttons


This form contains two radio buttons, and a submit button.

<html>
<body>
<form name="input" action="html_form_action.asp" method="get">
Male:
<input type="radio" name="Sex" value="Male" checked="checked">
<br>
Female:
<input type="radio" name="Sex" value="Female">
<br>
<input type ="submit" value ="Submit">
</form>
<p>
If you click the "Submit" button, you will send your input to a new page called
html_form_action.asp.
</p>
</body>
</html>

59
Send e-mail from a form
This example demonstrates how to send e-mail from a form.

<html>
<body>
<form action="MAILTO:someone@[Link]" method="post" enctype="text/plain">
<h3>This form sends an e-mail to W3Schools.</h3>
Name:<br>
<input type="text" name="name"
value="yourname" size="20">
<br>
Mail:<br>
<input type="text" name="mail"
value="yourmail" size="20">
<br>
Comment:<br>
<input type="text" name="comment"
value="yourcomment" size="40">
<br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Send">
<input type="reset" value="Reset">
</form>
</body>
</html>

60
Form Tags

Tag Description
<form> Defines a form for user input
<input> Defines an input field
<textarea> Defines a text-area (a multi-line text input control)
<label> Defines a label to a control
<fieldset> Defines a fieldset
<legend> Defines a caption for a fieldset
<select> Defines a selectable list (a drop-down box)
<optgroup> Defines an option group
<option> Defines an option in the drop-down box
<button> Defines a push button
<isindex> Deprecated. Use <input> instead

9. HTML Images
61
With HTML you can display images in a document.

Examples

Insert images

This example demonstrates how to display images in your Web page.

<html>
<body>
<p>
An image:
<img src="[Link]"
width="144" height="50">
</p>
<p>
A moving image:
<img src="[Link]"
width="48" height="48">
</p>
<p>
Note that the syntax of inserting a moving image is no different from that of a non-moving
image.
</p>
</body>
</html>

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Insert images from different locations
This example demonstrates how to display images from another folder or another server
in your Web page.

<html>
<body>
<p>
An image from another folder:
<img src="/images/[Link]"
width="33" height="32">
</p>
<p>
An image from W3Schools:
<img src="[Link]
</p>
</body>
</html>

The Image Tag and the Src Attribute

In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag.

The <img> tag is empty, which means that it contains attributes only and it has no closing
tag.

To display an image on a page, you need to use the src attribute. Src stands for "source".
The value of the src attribute is the URL of the image you want to display on your page.

The syntax of defining an image:

<img src="url">

The URL points to the location where the image is stored. An image named "[Link]"
located in the directory "images" on "[Link]" has the URL:
[Link]

The browser puts the image where the image tag occurs in the document. If you put an
image tag between two paragraphs, the browser shows the first paragraph, then the
image, and then the second paragraph.

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The Alt Attribute

The alt attribute is used to define an "alternate text" for an image. The value of the
alt attribute is an author-defined text:

<img src="[Link]" alt="Big Boat">

The "alt" attribute tells the reader what he or she is missing on a page if the browser can't
load images. The browser will then display the alternate text instead of the image. It is a
good practice to include the "alt" attribute for each image on a page, to improve the
display and usefulness of your document for people who have text-only browsers.

Basic Notes - Useful Tips

If an HTML file contains ten images - eleven files are required to display the page right.
Loading images take time, so my best advice is: Use images carefully.

More Examples

Background image
This example demonstrates how to add a background image to an HTML page.

<html>
<body background="[Link]">
<h3>Look: A background image!</h3>
<p>Both gif and jpg files can be used as HTML backgrounds.</p>
<p>If the image is smaller than the page, the image will repeat itself.</p>
</body>
</html>

64
Aligning images
This example demonstrates how to align an image within the text.

<html>
<body>
<p>
An image
<img src="[Link]"
align="bottom" width="48" height="48">
in the text
</p>
<p>
An image
<img src ="[Link]"
align="middle" width="48" height="48">
in the text
</p>
<p>
An image
<img src ="[Link]"
align="top" width="48" height="48">
in the text
</p>
<p>Note that bottom alignment is the default alignment</p>
<p>
An image
<img src ="[Link]"
width="48" height="48">
in the text
</p>
<p>

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<img src ="[Link]"
width="48" height="48">
An image before the text
</p>
<p>
An image after the text
<img src ="[Link]"
width="48" height="48">
</p>
</body>
</html>

Let the image float


This example demonstrates how to let an image float to the left or right of a paragraph.

<html>
<body>
<p>
<img src ="[Link]"
align ="left" width="48" height="48">
A paragraph with an image. The align attribute of the image is set to "left". The image will
float to the left of this text.
</p>
<p>
<img src ="[Link]"
align ="right" width="48" height="48">
A paragraph with an image. The align attribute of the image is set to "right". The image
will float to the right of this text.
</p>
</body>
</html>

66
Adjust images to different sizes
This example demonstrates how to adjust images to different sizes.

<html>
<body>
<p>
<img src="[Link]"
width="20" height="20">
</p>
<p>
<img src="[Link]"
width="45" height="45">
</p>
<p>
<img src="[Link]"
width="70" height="70">
</p>
<p>
You can make a picture larger or smaller changing the values in the "height" and "width"
attributes of the
img tag.
</p>
</body>
</html>

Display an alternate text for an image

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This example demonstrates how to display an alternate text for an image. The "alt"
attribute tells the reader what he or she is missing on a page if the browser can't load
images. It is a good practice to include the "alt" attribute for each image on a page.

<html>
<body>
<img src="[Link]" alt="Go Left" width="32" height="32">
<p>
Text-only browsers cannot display images and will only display the text that is specified in
the "alt" attribute for the image. Here, the "alt"-text is "Go Left".</p>
<p>
Note that if you hold the mouse pointer over the image, most browsers will display the
"alt"-text.
</p>
</body>
</html>

Make a hyperlink of an image

This example demonstrates how to use an image as a link.

<html>
<body>
<p>
You can also use an image as a link:
<a href="[Link]">
<img border="0" src="[Link]" width="65" height="38">
</a>
</p>
</body>
</html>

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Create an image map
This example demonstrates how to create an image map, with clickable regions. Each of
the regions is a hyperlink.

<html>
<body>
<p>
Click on one of the planets to watch it closer:
</p>
<img src="[Link]"
width="145" height="126"
usemap="#planetmap">
<map id="planetmap" name="planetmap">
<area shape="rect"
coords="0,0,82,126"
alt="Sun"
href="[Link]">
<area shape="circle"
coords="90,58,3"
alt="Mercury"
href="[Link]">
<area shape="circle"
coords="124,58,8"
alt="Venus"
href="[Link]">
</map>
<p><b>Note:</b> The "usemap" attribute in the img element refers to the "id" or
"name" (browser dependant) attribute in
the map element, therefore we have added both the "id" and "name" attributes to the
map element.</p>
</body>
</html>

Turn an image into an image map


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This example demonstrates how to turn an image into an image map. You will see that if
you move the mouse over the image, the coordinates will be displayed on the status bar.

<html>
<body>
<p>
Move the mouse over the image, and look at the status bar to see how the
coordinates change.
</p>
<p>
<a href="tryhtml_ismap.htm">
<img src="[Link]"
ismap width="146" height="126">
</a>
</p>
</body>
</html>

Image Tags
Tag Description
<img> Defines an image
<map> Defines an image map
<area> Defines a clickable area inside an image map

10. HTML Backgrounds

A good background can make a Web site look really great.


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Examples

Good background and text color


An example of a background color and a text color that makes the text on the page easy
to read.

<html>
<body bgcolor="#d0d0d0">
<p>
This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a
paragraph.
</p>
<p>
This is another paragraph. This is another paragraph. This is another paragraph. This is
another paragraph.
</p>
</body>
</html>

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Bad background and text color
An example of a background color and a text color that makes the text on the page
difficult to read.

<html>
<body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="yellow">
<p>
This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a
paragraph.
</p>
<p>
This is another paragraph. This is another paragraph. This is another paragraph. This is
another paragraph.
</p>
</body>
</html>

Backgrounds

The <body> tag has two attributes where you can specify backgrounds. The background
can be a color or an image.

Bgcolor

The bgcolor attribute specifies a background-color for an HTML page. The value of this
attribute can be a hexadecimal number, an RGB value, or a color name:

<body bgcolor="#000000">
<body bgcolor="rgb(0,0,0)">
<body bgcolor="black">

The lines above all set the background-color to black.

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Background

The background attribute specifies a background-image for an HTML page. The value of
this attribute is the URL of the image you want to use. If the image is smaller than the
browser window, the image will repeat itself until it fills the entire browser window.

<body background="[Link]">
<body background="[Link]

The URL can be relative (as in the first line above) or absolute (as in the second line
above).

Note: If you want to use a background image, you should keep in mind:

 Will the background image increase the loading time too much?
 Will the background image look good with other images on the page?
 Will the background image look good with the text colors on the page?
 Will the background image look good when it is repeated on the page?
 Will the background image take away the focus from the text?

Basic Notes - Useful Tips

The bgcolor, background, and the text attributes in the <body> tag are deprecated in the
latest versions of HTML (HTML 4 and XHTML). The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has
removed these attributes from its recommendations.

Style sheets (CSS) should be used instead (to define the layout and display properties of
HTML elements).

73
More Examples

Good background image


An example of a background image and a text color that makes the text on the page easy
to read.

<html>
<body background="[Link]">
<h3>Image Background</h3>
<p>Both gif and jpg files can be used as HTML backgrounds.</p>
<p>If the image is smaller than the page, the image will repeat itself.</p>
</body>
</html>

Good background image 2


An example of a background image and a text color that makes the text on the page easy
to read.

<html>
<body background="[Link]">
<h3>Image Background</h3>
<p>Both gif and jpg files can be used as HTML backgrounds.</p>
<p>If the image is smaller than the page, the image will repeat itself.</p>
</body>
</html>

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Bad background image
An example of a background image and a text color that makes the text on the page very
difficult to read.

<html>
<body background="[Link]">
<h3>Image Background</h3>
<p>Both gif and jpg files can be used as HTML backgrounds.</p>
<p>If the image is smaller than the page, the image will repeat itself.</p>
</body>
</html>

Computer Joke

Support: "Type dir, space, a, colon."

Customer: "With a space after 'space'?"

11. HTML Colours


75
Colors are displayed combining RED, GREEN, and BLUE light sources.

Color Values

HTML colors can be defined as a hexadecimal notation for the combination of Red, Green,
and Blue color values (RGB).

The lowest value that can be given to one light source is 0 (hex #00) and the highest
value is 255 (hex #FF).

The table below shows the result of combining Red, Green, and Blue light sources:.

Color Color HEX Color RGB


#000000 rgb(0,0,0)
#FF0000 rgb(255,0,0)
#00FF00 rgb(0,255,0)
#0000FF rgb(0,0,255)
#FFFF00 rgb(255,255,0)
#00FFFF rgb(0,255,255)
#FF00FF rgb(255,0,255)
#C0C0C0 rgb(192,192,192)
#FFFFFF rgb(255,255,255)

W3C Standard Color Names

W3C has listed 16 color names that will validate with an HTML validator.

The color names are: aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, green, lime, maroon, navy, olive,
purple, red, silver, teal, white, and yellow.

Cross-browser Color Names


76
A collection of nearly 150 color names are supported by all major browsers.

Cross-browser Color Values

Some years ago, when most computers only supported 256 different colors, a list of 216
Web Safe Colors was suggested as a Web standard. The reason for this was that the
Microsoft and Mac operating system used 40 different "reserved" fixed system colors
(about 20 each).

We are not sure how important this is now, since most computers today have the ability to
display millions of different colors, but the choice is left to you.

The 216 cross-browser color palette was created to ensure that all computers would
display the colors correctly when running a 256 color palette:

000000 000033 000066 000099 0000CC 0000FF


003300 003333 003366 003399 0033CC 0033FF
006600 006633 006666 006699 0066CC 0066FF
009900 009933 009966 009999 0099CC 0099FF
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00CC00 00CC33 00CC66 00CC99 00CCCC 00CCFF
00FF00 00FF33 00FF66 00FF99 00FFCC 00FFFF
330000 330033 330066 330099 3300CC 3300FF
333300 333333 333366 333399 3333CC 3333FF
336600 336633 336666 336699 3366CC 3366FF
339900 339933 339966 339999 3399CC 3399FF
33CC00 33CC33 33CC66 33CC99 33CCCC 33CCFF
33FF00 33FF33 33FF66 33FF99 33FFCC 33FFFF
660000 660033 660066 660099 6600CC 6600FF
663300 663333 663366 663399 6633CC 6633FF
666600 666633 666666 666699 6666CC 6666FF
669900 669933 669966 669999 6699CC 6699FF
66CC00 66CC33 66CC66 66CC99 66CCCC 66CCFF
66FF00 66FF33 66FF66 66FF99 66FFCC 66FFFF
990000 990033 990066 990099 9900CC 9900FF
993300 993333 993366 993399 9933CC 9933FF
996600 996633 996666 996699 9966CC 9966FF
999900 999933 999966 999999 9999CC 9999FF
99CC00 99CC33 99CC66 99CC99 99CCCC 99CCFF
99FF00 99FF33 99FF66 99FF99 99FFCC 99FFFF
CC0000 CC0033 CC0066 CC0099 CC00CC CC00FF
CC3300 CC3333 CC3366 CC3399 CC33CC CC33FF
CC6600 CC6633 CC6666 CC6699 CC66CC CC66FF
CC9900 CC9933 CC9966 CC9999 CC99CC CC99FF
CCCC00 CCCC33 CCCC66 CCCC99 CCCCCC CCCCFF
CCFF00 CCFF33 CCFF66 CCFF99 CCFFCC CCFFFF
FF0000 FF0033 FF0066 FF0099 FF00CC FF00FF
FF3300 FF3333 FF3366 FF3399 FF33CC FF33FF
FF6600 FF6633 FF6666 FF6699 FF66CC FF66FF
FF9900 FF9933 FF9966 FF9999 FF99CC FF99FF
FFCC00 FFCC33 FFCC66 FFCC99 FFCCCC FFCCFF
FFFF00 FFFF33 FFFF66 FFFF99 FFFFCC FFFFFF

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12. HTML Colour values

Colors are displayed combining RED, GREEN, and BLUE light sources.

Color Values

HTML colors are defined using a hexadecimal notation for the combination of Red, Green,
and Blue color values (RGB). The lowest value that can be given to one of the light sources
is 0 (hex #00). The highest value is 255 (hex #FF).

Turn Off the Red

If you turn off the Red light completely, there are 65536 different combination of Green
and Blue (256 x 256) to experiment with.

Turn On the Red

By setting the Red parameter to its maximum value, there are still 65536 different
combination of Green and Blue (256 x 256) to experiment with.

16 Million Different Colors

The combination of Red, Green and Blue values from 0 to 255 gives a total of more than
16 million different colors to play with (256 x 256 x 256).

Most modern monitors are capable of displaying at least 16384 different colors.

If you look at the color table below, you will see the result of varying the red light from 0 to
255, while keeping the green and blue light at zero.

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To see a full list of 16384 different colors based on red light varying from 0 to 255,
click on one of the hexadecimal or rgb values below.

Red Light HEX RGB


#000000 rgb(0,0,0)
#080000 rgb(8,0,0)
#100000 rgb(16,0,0)
#180000 rgb(24,0,0)
#200000 rgb(32,0,0)
#280000 rgb(40,0,0)
#300000 rgb(48,0,0)
#380000 rgb(56,0,0)
#400000 rgb(64,0,0)
#480000 rgb(72,0,0)
#500000 rgb(80,0,0)
#580000 rgb(88,0,0)
#600000 rgb(96,0,0)
#680000 rgb(104,0,0)
#700000 rgb(112,0,0)
#780000 rgb(120,0,0)
#800000 rgb(128,0,0)
#880000 rgb(136,0,0)
#900000 rgb(144,0,0)
#980000 rgb(152,0,0)
#A00000 rgb(160,0,0)
#A80000 rgb(168,0,0)
#B00000 rgb(176,0,0)
#B80000 rgb(184,0,0)
#C00000 rgb(192,0,0)
#C80000 rgb(200,0,0)
#D00000 rgb(208,0,0)
#D80000 rgb(216,0,0)
#E00000 rgb(224,0,0)
#E80000 rgb(232,0,0)
#F00000 rgb(240,0,0)
#F80000 rgb(248,0,0)
#FF0000 rgb(255,0,0)

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Shades of Gray

Gray colors are displayed using an equal amount of power to all of the light sources. To
make it easier for you to select the right gray color we have compiled a table of gray
shades for you:

RGB(0,0,0) #000000
RGB(8,8,8) #080808
RGB(16,16,16) #101010
RGB(24,24,24) #181818
RGB(32,32,32) #202020
RGB(40,40,40) #282828
RGB(48,48,48) #303030
RGB(56,56,56) #383838
RGB(64,64,64) #404040
RGB(72,72,72) #484848
RGB(80,80,80) #505050
RGB(88,88,88) #585858
RGB(96,96,96) #606060
RGB(104,104,104) #686868
RGB(112,112,112) #707070
RGB(120,120,120) #787878
RGB(128,128,128) #808080
RGB(136,136,136) #888888
RGB(144,144,144) #909090
RGB(152,152,152) #989898
RGB(160,160,160) #A0A0A0
RGB(168,168,168) #A8A8A8
RGB(176,176,176) #B0B0B0
RGB(184,184,184) #B8B8B8
RGB(192,192,192) #C0C0C0
RGB(200,200,200) #C8C8C8
RGB(208,208,208) #D0D0D0
RGB(216,216,216) #D8D8D8
RGB(224,224,224) #E0E0E0
RGB(232,232,232) #E8E8E8
RGB(240,240,240) #F0F0F0
RGB(248,248,248) #F8F8F8
RGB(255,255,255) #FFFFFF

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HTML Color Names

HTML Color Names

The table below provides a list of the color names that are supported by all major
browsers.

Note: If you want your pages to validate with an HTML or a CSS validator, W3C has
listed 16 color names that you can use: aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, green,
lime, maroon, navy, olive, purple, red, silver, teal, white, and yellow. If you want to
use other colors, you must specify their RGB or HEX value.

Color Name Color HEX Color


AliceBlue #F0F8FF
AntiqueWhite #FAEBD7
Aqua #00FFFF
Aquamarine #7FFFD4
Azure #F0FFFF
Beige #F5F5DC
Bisque #FFE4C4
Black #000000
BlanchedAlmond #FFEBCD
Blue #0000FF
BlueViolet #8A2BE2
Brown #A52A2A
BurlyWood #DEB887
CadetBlue #5F9EA0
Chartreuse #7FFF00
Chocolate #D2691E
Coral #FF7F50
CornflowerBlue #6495ED
Cornsilk #FFF8DC
Crimson #DC143C
Cyan #00FFFF
DarkBlue #00008B
DarkCyan #008B8B
DarkGoldenRod #B8860B
DarkGray #A9A9A9
DarkGrey #A9A9A9
DarkGreen #006400
DarkKhaki #BDB76B
DarkMagenta #8B008B
DarkOliveGreen #556B2F
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Darkorange #FF8C00
DarkOrchid #9932CC
DarkRed #8B0000
DarkSalmon #E9967A
DarkSeaGreen #8FBC8F
DarkSlateBlue #483D8B
DarkSlateGray #2F4F4F
DarkSlateGrey #2F4F4F
DarkTurquoise #00CED1
DarkViolet #9400D3
DeepPink #FF1493
DeepSkyBlue #00BFFF
DimGray #696969
DimGrey #696969
DodgerBlue #1E90FF
FireBrick #B22222
FloralWhite #FFFAF0
ForestGreen #228B22
Fuchsia #FF00FF
Gainsboro #DCDCDC
GhostWhite #F8F8FF
Gold #FFD700
GoldenRod #DAA520
Gray #808080
Grey #808080
Green #008000
GreenYellow #ADFF2F
HoneyDew #F0FFF0
HotPink #FF69B4
IndianRed #CD5C5C
Indigo #4B0082
Ivory #FFFFF0
Khaki #F0E68C
Lavender #E6E6FA
LavenderBlush #FFF0F5
LawnGreen #7CFC00
LemonChiffon #FFFACD
LightBlue #ADD8E6
LightCoral #F08080
LightCyan #E0FFFF
LightGoldenRodYellow #FAFAD2
LightGray #D3D3D3
LightGrey #D3D3D3
LightGreen #90EE90
LightPink #FFB6C1
LightSalmon #FFA07A
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LightSeaGreen #20B2AA
LightSkyBlue #87CEFA
LightSlateGray #778899
LightSlateGrey #778899
LightSteelBlue #B0C4DE
LightYellow #FFFFE0
Lime #00FF00
LimeGreen #32CD32
Linen #FAF0E6
Magenta #FF00FF
Maroon #800000
MediumAquaMarine #66CDAA
MediumBlue #0000CD
MediumOrchid #BA55D3
MediumPurple #9370D8
MediumSeaGreen #3CB371
MediumSlateBlue #7B68EE
MediumSpringGreen #00FA9A
MediumTurquoise #48D1CC
MediumVioletRed #C71585
MidnightBlue #191970
MintCream #F5FFFA
MistyRose #FFE4E1
Moccasin #FFE4B5
NavajoWhite #FFDEAD
Navy #000080
OldLace #FDF5E6
Olive #808000
OliveDrab #6B8E23
Orange #FFA500
OrangeRed #FF4500
Orchid #DA70D6
PaleGoldenRod #EEE8AA
PaleGreen #98FB98
PaleTurquoise #AFEEEE
PaleVioletRed #D87093
PapayaWhip #FFEFD5
PeachPuff #FFDAB9
Peru #CD853F
Pink #FFC0CB
Plum #DDA0DD
PowderBlue #B0E0E6
Purple #800080
Red #FF0000
RosyBrown #BC8F8F
RoyalBlue #4169E1
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SaddleBrown #8B4513
Salmon #FA8072
SandyBrown #F4A460
SeaGreen #2E8B57
SeaShell #FFF5EE
Sienna #A0522D
Silver #C0C0C0
SkyBlue #87CEEB
SlateBlue #6A5ACD
SlateGray #708090
SlateGrey #708090
Snow #FFFAFA
SpringGreen #00FF7F
SteelBlue #4682B4
Tan #D2B48C
Teal #008080
Thistle #D8BFD8
Tomato #FF6347
Turquoise #40E0D0
Violet #EE82EE
Wheat #F5DEB3
White #FFFFFF
WhiteSmoke #F5F5F5
Yellow #FFFF00
YellowGreen #9ACD32

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