Solutions Chapter Complete Notes (Intermediate +
EAMCET)
1. Basic Terms
Solution: Homogeneous mixture.
Solute: Smaller amount component.
Solvent: Larger amount component.
Binary Solution: Solution with two components.
2. Concentration Terms
Mass % = (Mass of solute / Mass of solution) × 100
Volume % = (Volume of solute / Volume of solution) × 100
Mole Fraction: XA = nA/(nA+nB), XA + XB = 1
Molarity (M) = Moles of solute / Volume of solution (L)
Molality (m) = Moles of solute / Mass of solvent (kg)
3. Solubility
Unsaturated, Saturated, Supersaturated solutions.
4. Henry's Law
p = KH x
Higher pressure → More gas dissolves.
5. Vapour Pressure
Higher vapour pressure means easier evaporation.
6. Raoult's Law
PA = XA PA°
7. Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure
(P° - P)/P° = XB
8. Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions
Ideal: Obeys Raoult's law.
Non-Ideal: Positive or Negative deviation.
9. Colligative Properties
RLVP, Elevation of Boiling Point, Depression of Freezing Point, Osmotic Pressure.
10. Elevation of Boiling Point
∆Tb = iKb m
11. Depression of Freezing Point
∆Tf = iKf m
12. Osmosis
Solvent moves from dilute solution to concentrated solution through semipermeable membrane.
13. Osmotic Pressure
π = iMRT
14. Van't Hoff Factor
i = Actual particles / Expected particles
Dissociation: i > 1
Association: i < 1
15. Degree of Dissociation
i = 1 + (n − 1)α
α = (i − 1)/(n − 1)
16. Degree of Association
i = 1 − α + α/n
17. Abnormal Molecular Mass
i = Normal Molecular Mass / Observed Molecular Mass
Important Formulas
p = KHx
PA = XA PA°
(P°−P)/P° = XB
∆Tb = iKb m
∆Tf = iKf m
π = iMRT
i = 1 + (n−1)α
Common Mistakes
Do not count charges instead of ions.
Use litres in molarity and kilograms in molality.
Convert Celsius to Kelvin when required.
Most Important Numericals
Mole Fraction, Henry's Law, RLVP, Molarity, Molality, Elevation of Boiling Point, Depression of
Freezing Point, Osmotic Pressure, Van't Hoff Factor, Degree of Dissociation.