beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  565

PZz`©k Aa¨vq
m¤¢vebv

cvV m¤úwK©Z MyiæZ¡c~Y© welqvw`

 m¤¢vebvi mv‡_ RwoZ wKQz k‡ãi aviYv :

 ˆ`e cixÿv (Random Experiment) : hLb †Kv‡bv cixÿvi m¤¢ve¨ mKj djvdj Av‡M †_‡K Rvbv _v‡K wKš‘
cixÿvwU‡Z †Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó †Póvq Kx djvdj Avm‡e Zv wbwðZ K‡i ejv hvq bv, G‡K ˆ`e
cixÿv e‡j| †hgb, GKUv gy`ªv wb‡ÿc cixÿvi m¤¢ve¨ djvdj Head (H), Tail (T) n‡e, Zv Avgiv Av‡M
†_‡KB Rvwb wKš‘ †Kvb djvdjwU NU‡e gy`ªvwU wb‡ÿ‡ci c~‡e© Zv Avgiv wbwðZ K‡i ej‡Z
cvwi bv| myZivs gy`ªv wb‡ÿc cixÿv GKUv ˆ`e cixÿv|
 NUbv (Event) : †Kv‡bv cixÿvi djvdj ev djvd‡ji mgv‡ek‡K NUbv e‡j| D`vniY¯^iƒc GKUv Q°v
wb‡ÿc cixÿvq Ô3' cvIqv GKUv NUbv| Avevi †Rvo msL¨v cvIqvI GKwU NUbv|
 mgm¤¢ve¨ NUbvewj (Equally Likely Events) : †Kv‡bv cixÿvi NUbv¸‡jv NUvi m¤¢vebv mgvb nq
A_©vr GKwU AciwUi †P‡q †ewk ev Kg m¤¢ve¨ bv nq, Z‡e NUbv¸‡jv‡K mgm¤¢ve¨ e‡j| †hgb
GKUv wbi‡cÿ gy`ªv wb‡ÿ‡c †nW ev †Uj Avmvi m¤¢vebv mgvb mgvb| myZivs †nW Avmv I
†Uj Avmv NUbv `yBwU mgm¤¢ve¨ NUbv|
 ci¯úi wew”Qbœ NUbvewj (Mutually Exclusive Events) : †Kv‡bv cixÿvq hw` GKUv NUbv NU‡j
Ab¨Uv A_ev Ab¨ NUbv¸‡jv bv NU‡Z cv‡i Z‡e D³ NUbv¸‡jv‡K ci¯úi wew”Qbœ NUbv e‡j| †hgb,
GKUv wbi‡cÿ gy`ªv wb‡ÿc Ki‡j †nW Avmv ev †Uj Avmv `yBwU wew”Qbœ NUbv| †Kbbv †nW
Avm‡j †Uj Avm‡Z cv‡i bv| Avevi †Uj Avm‡j †nW Avm‡Z cv‡i bv| A_©vr †nW I †Uj GKmv‡_
Avm‡Z cv‡i bv|
 AbyK‚j djvdj (Favourable Outcomes) : †Kv‡bv cixÿvq GKUv NUbvi ¯^c‡ÿi djvdj‡K D³ NUbvi AbyK‚j
djvdj e‡j| †hgb, GKwU Q°v wb‡ÿc Ki‡j we‡Rvo msL¨v nIqvi AbyK‚j djvdj 3 wU|
 bgybv‡ÿÎ (Sample Space) : †Kv‡bv ˆ`e cixÿvi m¤¢ve¨ mKj djvdj wb‡q MwVZ †mU‡K bgybv‡ÿÎ
e‡j| GKUv gy`ªv wb‡ÿc Ki‡j `yBwU m¤¢ve¨ djvdj cvIqv hvq| h_v †nW (H) I †Uj (T). GLb S Øviv G
cixÿ‡Yi djvd‡ji †mU‡K m~wPZ Ki‡j bgybv‡ÿÎ S = {H, T}.
 bgybv we›`y (Sample Point) : bgybv‡ÿ‡Îi cÖwZwU Dcv`vb‡K djvd‡ji bgybv we›`y e‡j| GKUv
gy`ªv GKevi wb‡ÿc cixÿvq bgybv‡ÿÎ S = {H, T} Ges GLv‡b H, T cÖ‡Z¨‡KB GK GKwU bgybv
we›`y|
 `ywU we‡kl ai‡bi NUbv:
wbwðZ NUbv : †Kv‡bv cixÿvq †h NUbv Aek¨B NU‡e G‡K wbwðZ NUbv e‡j|
D`vniY : AvMvgxKvj m~h© c~e© w`K †_‡K DV‡e AvR m~h© cwðg w`‡K A¯Í hv‡e| G¸‡jvi
cÖ‡Z¨KwU wbwðZ NUbvi m¤¢vebv|
 Am¤¢e NUbv : †Kv‡bv cixÿvq †h NUbv KL‡bv NU‡e bv A_©vr NU‡Z cv‡i bv G‡K Am¤¢e
NUbv e‡j| Am¤¢e NUbvi m¤¢vebv me mgq k~b¨ nq|
D`vniY : AvMvgxKvj m~h© cwðg w`‡K DV‡e A_ev m~h© c~e©w`‡K A¯Í hv‡e, Am¤¢e
NUbvi m¤¢vebv k~b¨| G¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU NUbvB Am¤¢e NUbv|
GK bR‡i G Abykxjbx‡Z e¨eüZ m~Îmg~n :
 †Kv‡bv NUbv NUvi m¤¢vebv =
 †Kv‡bv NUbv NUv Ges bv NUvi m¤¢vebvi †hvMdj|
 †h‡Kv‡bv NUbvi m¤¢vebv 0 †_‡K 1 Gi g‡a¨ _vK‡e|
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  566
 NUbv NUvi m¤¢vebv P(A) n‡j O < P(A) < 1
A
 hw` †Kv‡bv GKwU cixÿ‡Yi †gvU m¤¢ve¨ djvdj A Ges Aci GKwU cixÿ‡Yi †gvU m¤¢ve¨ djvdj
B nq Zvn‡j cixÿv `yBwU GK‡Î msNwUZ n‡j †gvU m¤¢ve¨ djvdj = A  B
 bgybv‡ÿ‡Îi AvKvi †ek eo n‡j Probability tree Gi mvnv‡h¨ bgybv‡ÿÎ ˆZwi Kiv hvq Ges wewfbœ NUbvi
m¤¢vebv wbY©q Kiv hvq|

Abykxjbxi cÖkœ I mgvavb

1. GKwU Q°v gvi‡j 3 DVvi m¤¢vebv i. †_‡K 30 ch©šÍ µwgK b¤^‡ii g‡a¨ †gvU
1
†KvbwU? †Rvo msL¨v 15wU| †Rvo msL¨v cvIqvi
 L M N AbyK‚j NUbv = 15wU
wb‡Pi Z_¨ †_‡K (2Ñ3) b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi  P †Rvo msL¨v =
`vI : = = (Ans.)
GKwU _wj‡Z bxj ej 12wU, mv`v ej 16wU Ges ii. 1 †_‡K 30 ch©šÍ µwgK b¤^‡ii g‡a¨ 4 Øviv
Kv‡jv ej 20wU Av‡Q| ˆ`efv‡e GKUv ej †bIqv wefvR¨ msL¨v 7wU h_v : 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28|
n‡jv| myZivs AbyK‚j djvdj 7wU|
2. ejwU bxj nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?  P (4 Øviv wefvR¨) = (Ans.)
K L M 
iii. 1 †_‡K 30 ch©šÍ µwgK b¤^‡ii g‡a¨ 8 Gi
3. ejwU mv`v bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
†P‡q †QvU µwgK b¤^i 7wU| h_v : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
K  M N
6, 7
wb‡gœi Z_¨ †_‡K (4Ñ6) b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi
myZivs AbyK‚j djvdj 7wU|
`vI :
 P (8 Gi †P‡q †QvU) = (Ans.)
GKwU gy`ªv‡K wZbevi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv|
iv. wU‡KU¸‡jv‡Z 22 Gi †P‡q eo µwgK b¤^i
4. me©vwaK evi H Avmvi m¤¢vebv
8wU h_v : 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30.
KZ?
myZivs AbyK‚j djvdj 8wU|
 1 evi L 2 evi M 3 evi N 4 evi
 P (22 Gi †P‡q eo) = = (Ans.)
5. me‡P‡q Kg msL¨K evi T Avmvi m¤
cÖkœ \ 8 \ †Kv‡bv GKwU jUvwi‡Z 570wU
¢vebv KZ?
wU‡KU wewµ n‡q‡Q| iwng 15wU wU‡KU
K 0 L M 1 N 2
wK‡b‡Q| wU‡KU¸‡jv fv‡jvfv‡e wgwk‡q
[ mwVK DËi : ]
GKwU wU‡KU ˆ`efv‡e cÖ_g cyi¯‹v‡ii Rb¨
6. PÆMÖvg AvenvIqv Awd‡mi
†Zvjv n‡jv| iwn‡gi cÖ_g cyi¯‹vi cvIqvi
wi‡cvU© Abyhvqx 2012 mv‡ji RyjvB
m¤¢vebv KZ?
gv‡mi 1g mßv‡n e„wó n‡q‡Q †gvU 5
mgvavb : †gvU wU‡KU wewµ n‡q‡Q =
w`b| †mvgevi e„wó bv nIqvi m¤
570wU
¢vebv KZ?
K  M N 1
iwng wU‡KU wK‡b‡Q = 15wU
cÖkœ \ 7 \ 30wU wU‡K‡U 1 †_‡K 30 ch©šÍ  iwn‡gi cÖ_g cyi¯‹vi cvIqvi m¤¢vebv = =
(Ans.)
µwgK b¤^i †`qv Av‡Q| wU‡KU¸‡jv
fv‡jvfv‡e wgwk‡q GKwU wU‡KU ˆ`efv‡e cÖkœ \ 9 \ GKUv Q°v GKevi wb‡ÿc Kiv
†bqv n‡jv| wU‡KUwU (i) †Rvo msL¨v (ii) n‡j †Rvo msL¨v A_ev wZb Øviv wefvR¨
Pvi Øviv wefvR¨ (iii) 8 Gi †P‡q †QvU (iv) 22 msL¨v DVvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
Gi †P‡q eonIqvi m¤¢vebv¸‡jv wbY©q mgvavb : GKUv Q°v wb‡ÿc cixÿvq bgybv
Ki| †ÿÎ : {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
mgvavb : wU‡KU¸‡jv‡Z 1 †_‡K 30 ch©šÍ  mgMÖ m¤¢ve¨ djvdj 6
µwgK b¤^i †`Iqv Av‡Q| myZivs mgMÖ m¤
¢ve¨ djvdj 30|
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  567
GKUv Q°vq †Rvo msL¨v Av‡Q 3wU, h_v : {2, 4, 1wU UªvwdK AvBb f½ K‡i‡Q Ggb WªvBfv‡ii
6}| myZivs †Rvo msL¨v cvIqvi AbyK‚j djvdj msL¨v = 46
3wU  wbe©vwPZ WªvBfviwUi 1wU AvBb f½ Kivi
 P (†Rvo msL¨v) = = = m¤¢vebv =
Avevi, 3 Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v 2wU, h_v : {3, 6}| =
myZivs 3 Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v cvIqvi AbyK‚j Avevi,
djvdj 2wU| 4 Gi AwaK AvBb f½ K‡i‡Q Ggb WªvBfv‡ii

 P (3 Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v) = = = msL¨v = 5

†h‡nZz †Rvo msL¨v Ges 3 Øviv wefvR¨  wbe©vwPZ WªvBfviwUi 4 Gi AwaK AvBb f½
msL¨v Df‡qi g‡a¨ 6 AšÍfy©³| myZivs †Rvo Kivi m¤¢vebv =
=
msL¨v Ges 3 Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v cvIqvi
wb‡Y©q m¤¢vebv Ges
AbyK‚j djvdj 1wU|
cÖkœ \ 12 \ †Kv‡bv GKwU d¨v±wi‡Z
 P (†Rvo msL¨v Ges 3 Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v) =
wb‡qvMK…Z †jvK‡`i Kv‡Ri aiY Abyhvqx
 P (†Rvo msL¨v A_ev 3 Øviv wefvR¨) =
wbgœfv‡e †kªwYK…Z Kiv hvq :
P (†Rvo msL¨v) + P (3 Øviv wefvR¨)  P (†Rvo
msL¨v Ges 3 Øviv wefvR¨) †kªwYKiY msL¨v
= +  = = = (Ans.) e¨e¯’vcbvq 157
cÖkœ \ 10 \ †Kv‡bv GKwU ¯^v¯’¨ †K‡›`ªi cwi`k©K wn‡m‡e 52
wi‡cvU© Abyhvqx 155 wkï Kg IR‡bi, 386 Drcv`b Kv‡R 1473
wkï ¯^vfvweK IR‡bi Ges 98wU wkï †ewk Awdwmqvj Kv‡R 215
IR‡bi Rb¥ †bq| GLvb n‡Z GKwU wkï GKRb‡K ˆ`efv‡e wbe©vPb Ki‡j †jvKwU
ˆ`efv‡e wbe©vPb Ki‡j wbe©vwPZ e¨e¯’vcbvq wb‡qvwRZ Gi m¤¢vebv KZ?
wkïwU †ewk IR‡bi n‡e Gi m¤¢vebv KZ? †jvKwU e¨e¯’vcbvq A_ev Drcv`b Kv‡R
mgvavb : ¯^v¯’¨ †K‡›`ª †gvU wkï Rb¥ †bq wb‡qvwRZ Gi m¤¢vebv KZ?
(155 + 386 + 98) = 639 Rb| ˆ`efv‡e GKRb wkï †jvKwU Drcv`b Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ bq Gi m¤
wbe©vPb Ki‡j 639 R‡bi †h †Kv‡bv GKRb wkï ¢vebv KZ?
Avm‡Z cv‡i| mgvavb : d¨v±wi‡Z wb‡qvMK…Z †gvU
 mgMÖ m¤¢ve¨ djvdj = 639 †jv‡Ki msL¨v =
†ewk IR‡bi wkïi AbyK‚‡j m¤¢ve¨ djvdj = 98 (157 + 52 + 1473 + 215) Rb = 1897 Rb
myZivs †ewk IR‡bi wkï Rb¥ †bIqvi m¤¢vebv e¨e¯’vcbvq wb‡qvwRZ †jv‡Ki msL¨v 157 Rb
= (Ans.)  †jvKwUi e¨e¯’vcbvq wb‡qvwRZ nIqvi m¤
cÖkœ \ 11 \ `yB nvRvi jvB‡mÝ cÖvß ¢vebv = (Ans.)
WªvBfvi GK eQ‡i wbgœwjwLZ msL¨K Avevi, Drcv`b Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ †jv‡Ki msL¨v
UªvwdK AvBb f½ K‡i| = 1473 Rb
UªvwdK AvBb WªvBfv‡ii msL¨v  Drcv`b Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv =
f‡½i msL¨v myZivs †jvKwUi e¨e¯’vcbvq A_ev Drcv`b
0 1910 Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv = + = =
1 46 (Ans.)
2 18 Drcv`b Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ bq Ggb †jv‡Ki
3 12
msL¨v
4 9
= (157 + 52 + 215) = 424
5 ev Zvi AwaK 5
 †jvKwU Drcv`b Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ bq Ggb m¤
GKRb WªvBfvi‡K ˆ`efv‡e wbe©vPb Ki‡j ¢vebv = (Ans.)
WªvBfviwUi 1wU AvBb f½ Kivi m¤¢vebv KZ?
cÖkœ \ 13 \ 1wU gy`ªv I 1wU Q°v wb‡ÿc
WªvBfviwUi 4 Gi AwaK AvBb f½ Kivi m¤
NUbvq Probability tree ˆZwi Ki|
¢vebv KZ?
mgvavb : GKwU gy`ªv I GKwU Q°v wb‡ÿc
mgvavb : †gvU WªvBfv‡ii msL¨v
NUbv‡K `yB avc wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kwi|
= (1910 + 46 + 18 + 12 + 9 + 5) Rb = 2000 Rb
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  568
cÖ_g av‡c gy`ªv wb‡ÿ‡c 2wU djvdj { H A_ev cÖkœ \ 15 \ †Kv‡bv GKRb †jv‡Ki XvKv
T } Avm‡Z cv‡i| n‡Z ivRkvnx †Uª‡b hvIqvi m¤¢vebv Ges
wØZxq av‡c Q°v wb‡ÿ‡c 6wU djvdj {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ivRkvnx n‡Z Lyjbv ev‡m hvIqvi m¤
6} Avm‡Z cv‡i| ZvB cixÿvq †gvU djvdj‡K ¢vebv . Probability tree e¨envi K‡i †jvKwU
Probability Tree Gi mvnv‡h¨ wbgœfv‡e †`Lv‡bv XvKv n‡Z ivRkvnx †Uª‡b bq Ges
hv‡e : ivRkvnx n‡Z Lyjbv ev‡m hvIqvi m¤
¢vebv KZ †ei Ki| †jvKwU ivRkvnx †Uª‡b
wKš‘ Lyjbv ev‡m bv hvIqvi m¤¢vebv †ei
Ki|
mgvavb : wb‡P †jvKwUi wewfbœ Dcv‡q
XvKv n‡Z ivRkvnx Ges ivRkvnx n‡Z Lyjbv
hvIqvi Probability Tree †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|

cÖkœ \ 14 \ Probability tree Gi mvnv‡h¨ wb‡Pi

QKwU c~iY Ki :
gy`ªv wb‡ÿc mKj m¤¢ve¨ m¤
djvdj ¢vebv
GKevi gy`ªv P(T) =
wb‡ÿc m¤¢vebvi gva¨‡g Probability Tree n‡e :
`yBevi gy`ªv P(1H) =
P(HT) =
wb‡ÿc
wZbevi gy`ªv P(HHT) =
P(2H) =
wb‡ÿc
mgvavb : cÖwZwU gy`ªv wb‡ÿc‡K GK
GKwU avc wn‡m‡e awi| cÖwZav‡c 2wU djvdj
H A_ev T Avm‡Z cv‡i| †gvU djvdj Probability tree myZivs XvKv n‡Z ivRkvnx †Uª‡b bq Ges
Gi mvnv‡h¨ wbgœfv‡e †`Lv‡bv hvq : ivRkvnx n‡Z †jvKwUi Lyjbv ev‡m hvIqvi m¤
¢vebv = P(ivRkvnx †Uª‡b bq, Lyjbv ev‡m)
=  = (Ans.)
Avevi, †jvKwUi ivRkvnx †Uª‡b Ges Lyjbv
ev‡m bv hvIqvi m¤¢vebv = P (ivRkvnx †Uª‡b,
Lyjbv ev‡m bq)
=  = (Ans.)

cÖkœ \ 16 \ GKRb †jvK XvKv n‡Z

ivRkvnx †Uª‡b hvIqvi m¤¢vebv , ev‡m
mviwYwU wbgœiƒc : hvIqvi m¤¢vebv , †cø‡b hvIqvi m¤¢vebv
gy`ªv mKj m¤¢ve¨ m¤ | †jvKwUi ivRkvnx n‡Z Lyjbvq ev‡m
wb‡ÿc djvdj ¢vebv hvIqvi m¤¢vebv Ges †Uª‡b hvIqvi m¤
GKevi gy`ªv {H,T} P( T ) = ¢vebv | Probability tree e¨envi K‡i †jvKwU
wb‡ÿc ivRkvnx †Uª‡b Ges Lyjbvq ev‡m hvIqvi
`yBevi {HH, HT, TH, TT} P( 1H ) = = m¤¢vebv †ei Ki|
P( HT ) = mgvavb : Probability tree wbgœiƒc :
gy`ªv
wb‡ÿc
wZbevi {HHH, HHT, HTH, P( HHT ) =
HTT,THH,THT, TTH, P( 2H ) =
gy`ªv
TTT}
wb‡ÿc
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  569
L. cÖ_‡g gy`ªv PviwU‡K Pvi av‡c wn‡m‡e
we‡ePbv Kiv Ges cÖwZ av‡c 2wU djvdj { L
A_ev C } Avm‡Z cv‡i| myZivs †gvU djvdj‡K
Probability tree Gi mvnv‡h¨ wbgœfv‡e
†`Lv‡bv hv‡e :

m¤¢vebvi gva¨‡g Probability tree n‡e :

myZivs †jvKwUi ivRkvnx †Uª‡b Ges Lyjbvq

ev‡m hvIqvi m¤¢vebv, P (ivRkvnx †Uª‡b,
Lyjbv ev‡m) =  = (Ans.)
cÖkœ \ 17 \ GKwU `yB UvKvi gy`ªv Pvi
evi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv| (Gi kvcjvi wcV‡K L
Ges cÖv_wgK wkÿvi wkïi wcV‡K C m¤¢ve¨ bgybv we›`y¸‡jv LLLL, LLLC, LLCL,
we‡ePbv Ki) LLCC, LCLL, LCLC, LCCL, LCCC, CLLL, CLLC, CLCL,
CLCC, CCLL, CCLC, CCCL, CCCC.
K. hw` gy`ªvwU‡K Pviev‡ii cwie‡Z©
Zvn‡j bgybv‡ÿÎwU n‡e :
`yBevi wb‡ÿc Kiv nq Z‡e GKwU L
{LLLL, LLLC, LLCL, LLCC, LCLL, LCLC, LCCL, LCCC,
Avmvi m¤¢vebv Ges GKwU C bv Avmvi CLLL, CLLC, CLCL, CLCC, CCLL, CCLC, CCCL, CCCC}
m¤¢vebv KZ?
L. m¤¢ve¨ NUbvi Probability Tree A¼b Ki| Ges
bgybv †ÿÎwU wjL|
M. †`LvI †h, gy`ªvwU n msL¨K evi wb‡ÿc Ki‡j
msNwUZ NUbv 2n †K mg_©b K‡i|
mgvavb :
K. `yBwU gy`ªv wb‡ÿc cixÿv‡K `yB avc
wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv hvq| cÖwZ av‡c
2wU djvdj { L A_ev C } Avm‡Z cv‡i| myZivs
†gvU djvdj‡K Probability tree Gi mvnv‡h¨
wb‡gœv³fv‡e †`Lv‡bv hvq

m¤¢ve¨ bgybv we›`y¸‡jv LL, LC, CL, CC

Zvn‡j bgybv †ÿÎwU n‡e { LL, LC, CL, CC }
myZivs GKwU L Avmvi m¤¢vebv = =
Avevi, GKwU C Avmvi m¤¢vebv = =
 GKwU C bv Avmvi m¤¢vebv = 1 = (Ans.)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  570
M. ÔLÕ bs Gi Probability tree we‡kølY K‡i cvB, Pvievi gy`ªv wb‡ÿc cixÿvq bgybv we›`yi
GKevi gy`ªv wb‡ÿc cixÿvq bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = 16 = 24
msL¨v = 2 = 21  n evi gy`ªv wb‡ÿc cixÿvq bgybv we›`yi
`yBevi gy`ªv wb‡ÿc cixÿvq bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = 2n.
msL¨v = 4 = 22 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
wZbevi gy`ªv wb‡ÿc cixÿvq bgybv we›`yi
msL¨v = 8 = 23
¸iæZ¡c~Y© enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

1. GKwU wbi‡cÿ Q°v GKevi wb‡ÿ‡c 3-Gi 9. Dfq gy`ªvq H cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
¸wYZK msL¨v Avmvi m¤¢vebv KZ?  L M N
K  M N 10. Kgc‡ÿ GKwU T cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
2. `yB UvKvi PviwU gy`ªv GKmv‡_ wb‡ÿc K L  N 1

Kiv n‡j, bgybv we›`y KqwU n‡e? wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 11 I 12 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
K 32  16 M 8 N 4 `vI :
3. GKwU _‡j‡Z 5 Uv jvj, 6 Uv mv`v I 7 Uv GKwU wbi‡cÿ gy`ªv wZbevi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv|
Kv‡jv ej Av‡Q| ˆ`efv‡e GKwU ej †bIqv 11. `yBwU †nW I GKwU †Uj cvIqvi m¤¢vebv
n‡jv| ejwU jvj nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? KZ?
K  M N K  M N
4. m¤¢vebvi m‡e©v”P gvb KZ? 12. Kgc‡ÿ GKwU †nW cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
K 0 †_‡K ¶z`ªZi L 0 K L M 

 1 N 1 †_‡K e„nËi wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 13 I 14 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

5. GKwU wbwÿß gy`ªvi m¤¢ve¨ djvdj KZ? `vI :
 2 L 4 M 6 N 8 GKwU wbi‡cÿ gy`ªv wZbevi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv|
6. Am¤¢e NUbvi gvb memgq KZ nq? 13. `yBwU †jR (Tail) cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
K 1 L 2  0 N 1 K L  N

7. Am¤¢e NUbvi †ÿ‡Î 14. †Kv‡bv †jR I †Kv‡bv gv_v bv cvIqvi m¤

i. †h NUbv †Kv‡bv cixÿvq KL‡bvB NU‡ebv ¢vebv KZ?
K 0  M N
ii. m¤¢vebvi gvb me©`v k~b¨
iii. m¤¢vebvi gvb GK A_ev k~b¨
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 15 I 16 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? `vI :
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
GKwU MÖv‡g 350 Rb we`y¨r, 150 Rb †mŠi we`y¨r
8. GKwU Q°v wb‡ÿ‡ci †ÿ‡Î Ges 115 Rb †Kv‡bv we`y¨r e¨envi K‡i bv|
i. we‡Rvo msL¨v cvIqvi m¤¢vebv
15. ˆ`efv‡e GKRb‡K wbe©vPb Kiy‡j we`y¨r
ii. †gŠwjK msL¨v cvIqvi m¤¢vebv
e¨enviKvix nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZUzKz?
K  M
iii. 7 msL¨vwU cvIqvi m¤¢vebv 0
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? N

K i L i I ii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii 16. ˆ`efv‡e GKRb‡K wbe©vPb Ki‡j †mŠi

wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 9 I 10 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI we`y¨r e¨enviKvix bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv
: KZUzKz?
K L  N
`yBwU wbi‡cÿ gy`ªv GK‡Î wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv|
ˆ`e PjK  ˆ`e cixÿv M NUbv N
141 : m¤¢vebvi mv‡_ RwoZ K
wew”Qbœ NUbv
wKQz k‡ãi aviYv 18. GKwU gy`ªv wb‡ÿc cixÿvq m¤¢ve¨ djvdj
 mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi (H, T), wKš‘ †Kvb djvdjwU NU‡e Zv ARvbv
n‡j Zv‡K Kx ejv n‡e? (mnR)
17. hLb †Kv‡bv cixÿvi m¤¢ve¨ mKj djvdj
K NUbv L wew”Qbœ NUbv M bgybv  ˆ`e
Av‡M †_‡K Rvbv _v‡K wKš‘ †Kv‡bv
cixÿv
wbw`©ó †Póvi djvdj ARvbv _v‡K ZLb
19. †Kv‡bv cixÿvi djvdj ev djvd‡ji mgv‡ek‡K
Zv‡K Kx e‡j? (mnR)
Kx e‡j? (mnR)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  571
 NUbv L AbyK~j djvdj M bgybv 32. GKwU wbi‡cÿ Q°v wb‡ÿc cixÿvq bgybv
N m¤¢vebv we›`y KqwU? (mnR)
20. GKwU Q°v wb‡ÿc cixÿvq †Rvo msL¨vi K 2wU L 3wU M 4wU  6wU
†mU‡K Kx ejv nq? (mnR)
 enyc`x mgvwßm~PK
 NUbv L mgm¤¢ve¨ NUbv
enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
M bgybv‡ÿÎ N bgybv
we›`y 33. GKwU wbi‡cÿ gy`ªv wb‡ÿc cixÿvqÑ
21. hLb †Kv‡bv ˆ`e cixÿvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU NUbv i. cixÿvwU ˆ`e cixÿv

NUvi m¤¢vebv mgvb nq ZLb NUbv¸‡jv‡K ii. bgybv we›`y H I T

Kx e‡j? (mnR) iii. H ev T Avmv `yBwUB mgm¤¢ve¨ NUbv

K wew”Qbœ NUbv L Am¤¢e wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR)
NUbv K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii

 mgm¤¢ve¨ NUbv N wbwðZ NUbv 34. GKwU wbi‡cÿ Q°v wb‡ÿ‡ci NUbvqÑ
22. gy`ªv wb‡ÿc cixÿvq †nW I †Uj Avmvi i. bgybv we›`y 6wU
NUbv `ywU Kx? (mnR) ii. bgybv we›`y¸‡jv mgm¤¢ve¨ NUbv
K wecixZ m¤¢ve¨  mgm¤¢ve¨ iii. bgybv we›`y¸‡jv ci¯úi wew”Qbœ NUbv
M †nW †ewk m¤¢ve¨ N †Uj †ewk m¤¢ve¨ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
23. †Kv‡bv ˆ`e cixÿvq `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii

NUbvi g‡a¨ †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU NU‡j hw`  Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb

Ab¨¸‡jv bv N‡U Z‡e NUbv¸‡jv‡K Kx e‡j? cÖ‡kœvËi
(mnR)
K mgm¤¢ve¨ NUbv  wew”Qbœ NUbv wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 35 I 36 bs cÖ‡kœi
M wbwðZ NUbv N Am¤¢e DËi `vI :
NUbv GKwU wbi‡cÿ Q°v wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv| Gi mv‡_
24. †Kv‡bv cixÿvq GKUv NUbvi mc‡ÿi djvdj‡K bgybv‡ÿÎ S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} Gi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ `ywU
Kx ejv nq? (mnR)
NUbv h_vµ‡g A = {2, 4, 6} Ges B = {1, 3, 5}
K bgybv‡ÿÎ L bgybv 35. A †Kvb NUbv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i? (mnR)
K we‡Rvo msL¨v  †Rvo msL¨v
we›`y
M ¯^vfvweK msL¨v N †gŠwjK msL¨v
 AbyK‚j djvdj N NUbv
25. GKwU Q°v wb‡ÿc Ki‡j djvdj †Rvo msL¨v 36. B †Kvb NUbv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i? (mnR)
K †Rvo msL¨v  †gŠwjK
nIqvi AbyK‚j djvdj KqwU? (ga¨g)
K 2  3 M 4 N 6 msL¨v
26. GKwU Q°v wb‡ÿc Ki‡j djvdj I Gi ¸wYZK M we‡Rvo msL¨v N ¯^vfvweK msL¨v

nIqvi AbyK‚j djvdj KZwU? (ga¨g)

K 1wU  2wU M 3wU N 4wU
142 : hyw³wfwËK m¤¢vebv
27. †Kvb GKwU †U÷ wµ‡KU g¨v‡Pi m¤¢ve¨ wbY©q
†gvU djvd‡ji msL¨v KZ? (ga¨g)
K 2wU  3wU M 4wU N 5wU
 mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
28. †Kv‡bv ˆ`e cixÿvi m¤¢ve¨ mKj djvdj 37. m¤¢vebv wbY©‡qi m~Î wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
wb‡q MwVZ †mU‡K Kx e‡j? (mnR) (mnR)
K bgybv we›`y L NUbv M AbyK‚j K m¤¢vebv =
NUbv  bgybv‡ÿÎ  m¤¢vebv =
29. GKwU wbi‡cÿ gy`ªv wb‡ÿ‡ci cixÿvq M m¤¢vebv =
bgybv‡ÿÎ KqwU? (ga¨g) N P(A) =

 1wU L 2wU M 3wU N 4wU 38. Q°v wb‡ÿc cixÿvq Q°vwU wbi‡cÿ n‡j
30. bgybv‡ÿ‡Îi cÖwZwU Dcv`vb‡K Kx e‡j? djvdj¸‡jv Kxiƒc n‡e? (mnR)

(mnR)  mgm¤¢ve¨ L Amgm¤

K NUbv L Dcbgybv‡ÿÎ M NUbv  ¢ve¨
bgybv we›`y M welg m¤¢ve¨ N m¤¢vebv
31. GKwU wbi‡cÿ gy`ªv wb‡ÿc cixÿvq bgybv wbY©q Kiv hv‡e bv
we›`y KqwU? (mnR) 39. GKwU gy`ªv 1 evi wb‡ÿc Ki‡j †Uj Avmvi
K 1wU  2wU M 3wU N 4wU AbyK‚j djvdj KqwU? (mnR)
 1wU L 2wU M 3wU N 4wU
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  572
40. GKwU Q°v wb‡ÿc Ki‡j †Rvo msL¨v nIqvi e¨vL¨v : 4 Gi Kg Ges †gŠwjK msL¨vi AbyK‚j djvdj = {2, 3} =
2wU
AbyK‚j djvdj KqwU? (mnR)
 4 Gi Kg Ges †gŠwjK msL¨v covi m¤¢vebv = =
K 2  3 M 4 N 6
52. †Rvo A_ev we‡Rvo msL¨v covi m¤¢vebv
41. GKwU wbi‡cÿ Q°v wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv,
KZ? (mnR)
msL¨vwU 5 ev 5 Gi †P‡q †ewk Avmvi m¤
K L M 1
¢vebv KZ? (KwVb) e¨vL¨v : †Rvo A_ev we‡Rvo msL¨vq AbyK‚j djvdj 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
K  M N
6 = 6wU
42. n msL¨K NUbvi g‡a¨ m msL¨K NUbv NUvi
m¤¢vebvÑ (mnR) 143 : `yBwU we‡kl ai‡bi NUbv
K L n-m  N m+n
43. †Kv‡bv NUbvi AbyK‚j djvd‡ji gvb k~b¨  mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
n‡j ZLb m¤¢vebvi gvb KZ? (mnR) 53. †Kv‡bv cixÿvq †h NUbv Aek¨B NU‡e Zv‡K
 k~b¨ (0) L M N2 Kx e‡j? (mnR)
44. m¤¢vebvi m‡e©v”P gvb KZ? K mgm¤¢e NUbv L wew”Qbœ NUbv
(mnR)  wbwðZ NUbv N Am¤¢e
K 0  1 M N 2
NUbv
45. †Kvb NUbv A Gi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi †KvbwU Øviv 54. AvMvgxKvj m~h© c~e©w`‡K DV‡e, GUv
m¤¢vebvi mxgv wb‡`©k Kiv nq? (mnR) †Kvb ai‡bi NUbv? (mnR)
 0  P(A)  1 L 0 < P(A) < 1
K mgm¤¢e NUbv L wew”Qbœ NUbv
M 0  P(A) < 1 N 0 < P(A)  1
 wbwðZ NUbv N Am¤¢e
46. GKwU Q°v GKevi wb‡ÿc Ki‡j †Rvo msL¨v
cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? (ga¨g)
NUbv
K 1  M N 0 55. wbwðZ NUbvi m¤¢vebv KZ? (mnR)
K 2  1 M N0
47. GKwU gy`ªv GKevi wb‡ÿc Ki‡j †nW A_ev
†Uj cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? 56. hw` P(B) = 1 nq, Zvn‡j B NUbvwU Kx NUbv?
(mnR) (mnR)
 1 L M N 0  wbwðZ L Am¤¢e M mgm¤¢eN kZ©vaxb
48. wZbwU mgiƒc gy`ªv wb‡ÿ‡c cÖ‡Z¨Kevi 57. †Kv‡bv cixÿvq †h NUbv KLbB NU‡e bv
2wU H cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? (ga¨g) Zv‡K Kxe‡i? (mnR)
K L M 1  K mgm¤¢e NUbv L wew”Qbœ NUbv
49. Bs‡iwR eY©gvjv n‡Z GKwU Aÿi †bqv n‡j M wbwðZ NUbv  Am¤¢e NUbv
Zv e¨ÄbeY© nIqvi m¤¢vebv †KvbwU? 58. AvMvgxKvj m~h© cwðgw`‡K DV‡e, GUv
(ga¨g) †Kvb ai‡bi NUbv? (mnR)
K  M N
K mgm¤¢e NUbv L wew”Qbœ NUbv
 enyc`x mgvwßm~PK M wbwðZ NUbv  Am¤¢e NUbv
enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 59. Am¤¢e NUbvi m¤¢vebv KZ? (mnR)
K 2 L 1 M 0
50. `yBwU wbi‡cÿ gy`ªv wb‡ÿc Kivq mgMÖ
60. hw` P(A) = 0 nq, Zvn‡j A NUbvwU Kx NUbv?
djvdj
(mnR)
HH, HT, TH, TT 
K wbwðZ L ¯^vaxb  Am¤¢e N kZ©vaxb
i. 1g wb‡ÿ‡c H covi m¤¢vebv
61. GKwU cv‡Î 3Uv jvj, 6Uv Kv‡jv ej Av‡Q|
ii. Dfq gy`ªvq GKB wcV covi m¤¢vebv
ˆ`efv‡e GKUv ej †bqv n‡jv| ejwU jvj nIqvi
iii. Dfq gy`ªvq T covi m¤¢vebv
m¤¢vebv KZ? (ga¨g)
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
K 1 L  N0
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
e¨vL¨v : †gvU ej = (3 + 6) = 9wU
 m¤¢vebv = =
 Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb =

62. †Kv‡bv _‡j‡Z 2wU mv`v I 3wU Kv‡jv ej

cÖ‡kœvËi
Av‡Q| ˆ`efv‡e GKwU ej †bqv n‡jv| ejwU
wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 51 I 52 bs cÖ‡kœi bxj nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? (KwVb)
DËi `vI : K 1 L M 0
GKwU Q°v wb‡ÿ‡ci mgMÖ m¤¢ve¨ djvdj¸‡jv 1, 2, 3, e¨vL¨v : m¤¢vebv = = =0

4, 5, 6 n‡j,  enyc`x mgvwßm~PK

51. 4 Gi Kg Ges †gŠwjK msL¨v covi m¤¢vebv enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
KZ? (ga¨g)
K  M N 63. i. gy`ªv wb‡ÿc GKwU ˆ`e cixÿv
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  573
ii. m¤¢vebvi gvb 0 n‡Z 1 Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K K 0.40  0.50 M 0.60 N 0.70

iii. Am¤¢e NUbvi m¤¢vebv memgq k~b¨ n‡e e¨vL¨v : cÖvß H = 5,000
 T Gi msL¨v = 10,000  5,000 = 5,000
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 P(T) = = 0.50
(mnR)
72. GKwU gy`ªv wbi‡cÿfv‡e 990 evi wb‡ÿc
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
Ki‡j 540 evi †Uj Av‡m| Zvn‡j †Uj Gi
64. GKwU Q°v `yBevi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jÑ Av‡cwÿK MYmsL¨v KZ? (mnR)
i. †gvU bgybv we›`yi msL¨v 12 K .39 L .41  .55 N .59
ii. P(x + y = 5) nIqvi m¤¢vebv 73. †Kv‡bv GKwU †kªwYK‡ÿ 40 Rb wkÿv_©xi
iii. †gvU bgybv we›`yi msL¨v 36 g‡a¨ 25 Rb wkÿv_©x Rbbx ej‡cb e¨envi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) K‡i| ˆ`efv‡e GKRb wkÿv_©x‡K wbe©vPb
K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii Kiv n‡j †m Rbbx ej‡cb e¨enviKvix nIqvi
65. GKwU _‡j‡Z 4wU jvj, 5wU Kv‡jv I 6wU m¤¢vebv KZ? (KwVb)
meyR ej Av‡Q| ˆ`efv‡e GKwU ej DVv‡jÑ K 1 L  N
i. jvj nIqvi m¤¢vebv e¨vL¨v : m¤¢vebv = = =

ii. Kv‡jv nIqvi m¤¢vebv 74. †Kv‡bv GKwU jUvix cixÿvq 15,000 wUwK‡Ui
iii. meyR nIqvi m¤¢vebv g‡a¨ iwdK 450wU wUwKU wK‡b‡Q| Zvi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? cÖ_g cyi¯‹vi cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? (KwVb)
K 1 L 0.7 M 0.07  0.03
(ga¨g)
75. XvKv kn‡ii GKwU wbw`©ó GjvKvq 25000
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
emevmKvixi g‡a¨ 15000 e¨w³ Wv÷web
66. i. †Kv‡bv NUbvi m¤¢vebv =
e¨envi K‡i| ˆ`efv‡e GKRb e¨w³‡K
ii. m¤¢vebvi gvb 0 n‡Z 1 Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K
wbe©vPb Ki‡j Zvi Wv÷web e¨envi bv
iii. GKwU gy`ªv wb‡ÿ‡c H A_ev T Avmvi m¤
Kivi m¤¢vebv KZ? (ga¨g)
¢vebv 1
K L  N
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(mnR)  enyc`x mgvwßm~PK
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
 Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb 76. 10wU jvj ej I 3wU Kv‡jv ej n‡Z ˆ`efv‡e
cÖ‡kœvËi GKwU ej wbe©vPb Kiv n‡jvÑ
i. ejwU jvj nevi m¤¢vebv
wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 67 Ñ 69 bs cÖ‡kœi ii. ejwU Kv‡jv nevi m¤¢vebv
DËi `vI :
GKwU cv‡Î hZ¸‡jv Kv‡jv ej Av‡Q, Zvi wZb ¸Y
iii. ejwU Kv‡jv bv nevi m¤¢vebv
Av‡Q jvj ej| mv`v ej Av‡Q jvj e‡ji wظY| GLb cvÎ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
n‡Z GKwU ej ˆ`efv‡e wbe©vPb Kiv n‡jvÑ
K i I ii  i I iii
67. ejwU Kv‡jv nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? (mnR)
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
 L M N
68. ejwU mv`v nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? (mnR)  Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb
K L M 
cÖ‡kœvËi
69. ejwU Kv‡jv A_ev mv`v nIqvi m¤¢vebv
KZ? (ga¨g) wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 77 Ñ 79 bs cÖ‡kœi
K L M  DËi `vI :
e¨vL¨v : P (Kv‡jv A_ev mv`v) = P(Kv‡jv) + P(mv`v) = + = AvenvIqv `߇ii wi‡cvU© Abyhvqx Ryb gv‡m
XvKv kn‡i 15 w`b gyljav‡i Ges 10 w`b ¸wo ¸wo
144 : Z_¨wfwËK m¤¢vebv
e„wó n‡q‡Q| Zvn‡jÑ
wbY©q 77. 4-B Ryb e„wó nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?(ga¨g)
 L M N
 mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi e¨vL¨v : †gvU e„wó n‡q‡Q = gyljav‡i + ¸wo ¸wo = (10 + 15)
= 25 w`b
70. hyw³wfwËK m¤¢vebv wbY©‡q djvdj¸‡jv  4-B Ryb e„wó n‡q‡Q Zvi m¤¢vebv = [∵ Ryb gvm = 30
Kx ai‡bi n‡Z nq? (mnR) w`b]
K kZ©vaxb  mgm¤¢ve¨ M 78. 4-B Ryb gyljav‡i e„wó nIqvi m¤¢vebv
Amgm¤¢ve¨ N wew”Qbœ KZ? (ga¨g)
71. GKwU gy`ªv 10,000 evi wb‡ÿc Ki‡j cÖvß H K  M N

Gi msL¨v 5,000 Ges gy`ªvwU 1 evi 79. 4-B Ryb e„wó bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
wb‡ÿ‡c Ki‡j T cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?(ga¨g) (ga¨g)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  574
K L M  K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
e¨vL¨v : †h‡nZz e„wó n‡q‡Q = (10 + 15) = 25 w`b
89. GKwU Q°v wb‡ÿ‡ci †ÿ‡ÎÑ
 e„wó nqwb = (30  25) = 5 w`b, e„wó bv nIqvi m¤
¢vebv = i. we‡Rvi msL¨v covi m¤¢vebv

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 80 Ñ 82 bs cÖ‡kœi ii. †gŠwjK msL¨v covi m¤¢vebv

DËi `vI : iii. 7 covi m¤¢vebv k~b¨

†Kv‡bv GKwU jUvwi‡Z 570wU wUwKU wewµ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)

n‡q‡Q| eiKZ 15wU wUwKU wK‡b‡Q| wUwKU¸‡jv K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii

fv‡jvfv‡e wgwk‡q GKwU wUwKU ˆ`efv‡e †Zvjv  Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb

n‡jv| cÖ‡kœvËi
80. eiK‡Zi 1g cyi¯‹vi cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
(ga¨g)
wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 90 I 91 bs cÖ‡kœi
 L M N DËi `vI :
81. `ywU wUwKU cici †Zvjv n‡j eiK‡Zi 2q wZbwU gy`ªv wb‡ÿc bgybv‡ÿÎ, S = {HHH, HHT, HTH,
cyi¯‹vi cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? (ga¨g) THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT}
K L M  90. eo †Rvi 1wU T cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?(ga¨g)
e¨vL¨v : 1g cyi¯‹vi †NvwlZ nIqvi ci cv‡Î Avi wUwKU _v‡K  L M N1
= 570  1 = 569 e¨vL¨v : eo †Rvi 1wU T Gi AbyK‚j NUbv = {HHH, THH, HTH,
GLv‡b, eiK‡Zi 2q cyi¯‹vi cvIqvi m¤¢vebv = HHT} = 4wU
82. eiK‡Zi 1g cyi¯‹vi bv cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? 91. eo †Rvi 1wU cvIqvi m¤¢vebv = = eo †Rvi
(ga¨g) wZbwU H/T cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? (ga¨g)
 L M N  1 L M N
wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 92  95 bs cÖ‡kœi
145 : bgybv‡ÿÎ Ges m¤¢vebv DËi `vI :
Tree Øviv m¤¢vebv wbY©q GKwU wbi‡cÿ Q°v I GKwU gy`ªv GK‡Î wb‡ÿ‡c
bgybv‡ÿÎ S = {1H, 1T, 2H, 2T, 3H, 3T, 4H, 4T, 5H, 5T, 6H, 6T}
 mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
92. gy`ªvq H covi m¤¢vebv KZ? (ga¨g)
83. GKwU gy`ªv wZbevi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡j  L M N
e¨vL¨v : gy`ªvq H covi NUbv = {1H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5 H, 6H} = 6wU
†Kv‡bv †nW bv cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?(ga¨g)
 gy`ªvq H covi m¤¢vebv = =
K0  M N
93. Q°vq we‡Rvo msL¨v covi m¤¢vebv KZ?
84. PviwU Q°v GK‡Î wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡j Q°v
(ga¨g)
PviwU‡Z wewfbœ A¼ covi m¤¢vebv KZ?
 L M N
(KwVb) e¨vL¨v : Q°vq we‡Rvo msL¨v covi NUbv = {1H, 1T, 3H, 3T, 5H,
 L M N 5T} = 6wU
85. GKwU gy`ªv 2 evi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡j cici GKB  Q°vq we‡Rvo msL¨v covi m¤¢vebv = =
wcV Avmvi m¤¢vebv wb‡Pi †KvbwU? 94. Q°vq †Rvo msL¨v Ges gy`ªvq T covi m¤
(ga¨g) ¢vebv KZ? (ga¨g)
K 0 L  N1 K L M 
e¨vL¨v : Q°vq †Rvo Ges gy`ªvq T covi NUbv = {2T, 4T, 6T}
86. `yBwU wbi‡cÿ gy`ªv I Q°v GK‡Î wb‡ÿc
 Q°vq †Rvo Ges gy`ªvq T covi m¤¢vebv =
Kiv n‡jv| gy`ªvq wecixZ wcV I Q°vq †Rvo
95. Q°vq 3 Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v Ges gy`ªvq
msL¨v covi m¤¢vebv KZ? (mnR)
†h‡Kv‡bv wcV cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?(ga¨g)
K  M N
K  M N
 enyc`x mgvwßm~PK GKwU gy`ªv 4 evi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv|
enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 96 - 99 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
87. m¤¢vebv tree Gi mvnv‡h¨Ñ `vI :
i. wbf©yj bgybv‡ÿÎ ˆZwi Kiv hvq
96. Dc‡ii wc‡V 2H Avmvi m¤¢vebv KZ? (ga¨g)
 L M N
ii. wewfbœ NUbvi m¤¢vebv †ei Kiv hvq bv
97. AšÍZ 3wU H Avmvi m¤¢vebv KZ? (ga¨g)
iii. wewfbœ NUbvi m¤¢vebv †ei Kiv hvq K L M 
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR) 98. eo †Rvi 2wU H Avmvi m¤¢vebv KZ?(ga¨g)
K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K L  N

88. `ywU gy`ªv wb‡ÿ‡ci †ÿ‡Î- 99. PviwU gy`ªvq GKB wcV Avmvi m¤¢vebv
i. eo †Rvo 1wU H covi m¤¢vebv = 0.78 KZ? (mnR)
ii. Kgc‡ÿ 1wU H covi m¤¢vebv = 0.75 K L M0 

iii. HH GKwU bgybv we›`y GKwU wbi‡cÿ gy`ªv GK mv‡_ 3 evi wb‡ÿc Kiv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) n‡jv|
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  575
Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 100  102 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 101. †Kej †Uj Avmvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
`vI : (ga¨g)
100. wZbwUB †nW Avmvi m¤¢vebv KZ? K L M 

(ga¨g) 102. Kgc‡ÿ GKwU †Uj

cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? (KwVb)
K L  N
K  M N
[Link] wbi‡cÿ Q°v I GKwU gy`ªv GKevi wZbwU gy`ªv GKevi wb‡ÿc Ki‡j †gvU
iii.
wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡j KZwU bgybv we›`y cvIqv bgybvwe›`y 12wU
hv‡e? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K 16wU L 12wU  8wU N 6wU  i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii

104.†Kvb cixÿvq GKUv NUbvi ¯^c‡ÿi djvdj‡K wb‡gœi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 115 I 116 bs cÖ‡kœi
Kx ejv nq? DËi `vI :
K bgybv‡ÿÎ L bgybvwe›`y AbyK‚j GKwU wbi‡cÿ Q°v I GKwU gy`ªv GK‡Î wb‡ÿ‡c
djvdj N NUbv bgybv †ÿÎ
[Link] kãwUi cÖ‡Z¨KwU eY© Avjv`v S = {1H, 1T, 2H, 2T, 3H, 3T, 4H, 4T, 5H, 5T, 6H, 6T}

KvM‡R †i‡L GKwU ev· Gi g‡a¨ ivLv n‡jv 115. gy`ªvq H covi m¤¢vebv KZ?
 L 6 M N
Ges wgkv‡bv n‡jv| GKwU KvMR Zzj‡j Zv I
116. Q°vq †Rvo msL¨v covi m¤¢vebv KZ?
nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
 L M N
 L M N
wb‡gœi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 117  119 bs cÖ‡kœi
[Link] Q°v gvi‡j †gŠwjK msL¨v DVvi m¤
DËi `vI :
¢vebv KZ?
K L M  GKUv _‡j‡Z 4Uv jvj, 5Uv mv`v I 6Uv Kv‡jv ej Av‡Q|
107. †Kvb GKwU jUvwi‡Z 570wU wUwKU ˆ`efv‡e GKUv ej †bIqv n‡jv|
wewµ n‡q‡Q| kv‡n` 15wU wUwKU 117. ejwU Kv‡jv nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
K 0  M N
wK‡b‡Q| kv‡n‡`i 1g cyi¯‹vi cvIqvi m¤
¢vebv KZ? 118. ejwU jvj bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
K 0 L M 
 L M N
108.6wU jvj, 5wU mv`v I 4wU Kv‡jv ej †_‡K 119. ejwU njy` nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
 0 L M N
Kv‡jv ej cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
 L M N wb‡gœi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 120 I 121 bs cÖ‡kœi
109.1 †_‡K 100 ch©šÍ ¯^vfvweK msL¨v¸‡jv n‡Z DËi `vI :
ˆ`ePqb c×wZ‡Z GKwU msL¨v †bIqv n‡j PÆMÖvg AvenIqv Awd‡mi wi‡cvU© Abyhvqx
msL¨vwU c~Y©eM© nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? 2012 mv‡j RyjvB gv‡mi 1g mßv‡n e„wó n‡q‡Q 5
 L M N w`b|
110. GKwU Q°v wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv, 6 covi m¤ 120. †mvgevi e„wó nevi m¤¢vebv KZ?
¢vebv KZ? K L  N 1
K 1 L 0 M  121.†mvgevi e„wó bv nevi m¤¢vebv KZ?
111.†Kv‡bv NUbv A Gi Rb¨ m¤¢vebvi mxgv K  M N 1

wb‡Pi †KvbwU? wb‡gœi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 122  124 bs cÖ‡kœi

K 0 < P(A) < 1 0  P(A)  1 M 0  P(A) < 1N 0 < P(A)  1 DËi `vI :
[Link]ðZ NUbvi †ÿ‡Î m¤¢vebvi gvb KZ? †Kv‡bv cixÿvq 403 Rb evsjvq, 209 Rb Bs‡iwR‡Z, 342
K 50 L 3 M 2  1 Rb MwY‡Z Ges 101 Rb cwimsL¨v‡b cvm K‡i‡Q|
113. gy`ªv wb‡ÿc cixÿv GKwUÑ GKRb cixÿv_©x ˆ`efv‡e wbe©vPb Kiv n‡jv|
i. ˆ`e cixÿv 122. cwimsL¨v‡b cvm Kivi m¤¢vebv KZ?
ii. mgm¤¢ve¨ NUbv  L M N

iii. wbwðZ cixÿv [Link]‡iwR A_ev cwimsL¨v‡b cvm Kivi m¤

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ¢vebv KZ?
 i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii K  M N †Kv‡bvwUB
114. wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki : bq
i. m¤¢vebvi gvb 0 n‡Z 1 Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K 124. Bs‡iwR‡Z A_ev cwimsL¨v‡b cvm bv
ii. Q°v wb‡ÿ‡c †Rvo msL¨v Avmvi m¤¢vebv nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
 L M N 0

¸iæZ¡c~Y© m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I mgvavb

 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  576

cÖkœ-1 î GKwU wbi‡cÿ gy`ªv wZbevi wb‡ÿc Kiv QvÎx †Rwm‡K 20 †_‡K 30 ch©šÍ ¯^vfvweK
n‡jv 
msL¨v¸‡jv wjL‡Z ejvq †Rwm Zv
K. D`vniYmn bgybv‡ÿ‡Îi msÁv `vI| 2 mwVKfv‡e †ev‡W© wjLj| Gici wZwb
L. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Probability tree-Gi QvÎx‡`i †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU msL¨v ˆ`efv‡e
gva¨‡g bgybv‡ÿÎ ˆZwi Ki| 4 Pqb Ki‡Z ej‡jb|
M. D‡jøwLZ cixÿvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi NUbv¸‡jv K. msL¨vwU †gŠwjK bv nIqvi m¤
NUevi m¤¢vebv wbY©q Ki : 4 ¢vebv wbY©q Ki| 2
(i) †Kej GKwU †Uj cvIqv; L. msL¨vwU c„_Kfv‡e 2, 3 I 5 Øviv
(ii) Kgc‡ÿ GKwU †nW cvIqv| wefvR¨ nIqvi m¤¢vebv Ges
îí 1bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí GKB mv‡_ 2, 3 I 5 Øviv wefvR¨
K. †Kv‡bv ˆ`e cixÿvi m¤¢ve¨ mKj djvdj nIqvi m¤¢vebv wbY©q Ki| 4
wb‡q MwVZ †mU‡K bgybv‡ÿÎ e‡j| M. †`LvI †h, msL¨vwU †gŠwjK nIqvi
GKwU gy`ªv wb‡ÿc Ki‡j `yBwU m¤¢ve¨ m¤¢vebv Ges 2, 3 Ges 5 Gi
djvdj cvIqv hvq| h_v-†nW (H) I †Uj (T), GLb, ¸wYZK nIqvi m¤¢vebvi †hvMdj
S Øviv G cixÿ‡Yi djvd‡ji †mU‡K m~PxZ 1| 4
Ki‡j Avgiv wjL‡Z cvwi îí 2bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
S = {H, T)
K. 20 †_‡K 30 msL¨v¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †gŠwjK msL¨v
myZivs D³ cixÿvi bgybv‡ÿÎ S = {H, T)
= 2wU
L. GKwU wbi‡cÿ gy`ªv wZbevi wb‡ÿ‡ci m¤
†gvU msL¨v = 30  20 + 1 = 11wU
¢ve¨ mKj djvdj Probability tree Gi mvnv‡h¨
 †gŠwjK nIqvi m¤¢vebv =
wb‡P †`qv n‡jv :
=
 †gŠwjK bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv = = (Ans)
L. 20 †_‡K 30 Gi g‡a¨,
2 Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v = 6wU
 msL¨vwU 2 Øviv wefvR¨ nIqvi m¤
¢vebv
= = (Ans)
3 Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v = 4wU
 msL¨vwU 3 Øviv wefvR¨ nIqvi m¤
¢vebv
m¤¢ve¨ djvdj¸‡jv : HHT, HTH, HTT, HHH, THT, TTH, THH, = = (Ans)
TTT
5 Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v = 3wU
 gy`ªv wZbevi wb‡ÿ‡ci bgybv‡ÿÎwU, S =
 msL¨vwU 5 Øviv wefvR¨ nIqvi m¤
{HHT, HTH, HTT, HHH, THT, TTH, THH, TTT}
¢vebv
M. ÔLÕ n‡Z cÖvß bgybv‡ÿÎwU S = {HHT, HTH,
= = (Ans)
HTT, HHH, THT, TTH, THH, TTT} GLv‡b †gvU
msL¨vwU GKB mv‡_ 2, 3 I 5 Øviv wefvR¨
bgybv we›`y 4wU|
n‡e hw` Zv 15 Øviv wefvR¨ nq|
(i) †Kej GKwU †Uj cvIqvi AbyK‚j bgybv
 15 Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v = 1wU
we›`y 3wU.
 GKB mv‡_ 2, 3 I 5 Øviv wefvR¨ nIqv m¤
 G‡ÿ‡Î m¤¢vebv = (Ans.)
¢vebv
(ii) Kgc‡ÿ GKwU †nW cvIqvi AbyKzj bgybv
= = (Ans)
we›`y 7wU|
M. GLv‡b, 2 Gi ¸wYZ‡Ki msL¨v n(A) = 6
 Kgc‡ÿ GKwU †nW cvIqvi m¤¢vebv =
(Ans.) 3 Gi ¸wYZ‡Ki msL¨v n(B) = 4
5 Gi ¸wYZ‡Ki msL¨v n(C) = 3
cÖkœ-2 î Rbve Avj‡d«W `kg †kªwYi
2 I 3 Gi ¸wYZK, n(A  B)
D”PZi MwY‡Zi K¬v‡m wM‡q H †kªwYi
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  577
ev, 6 Gi ¸wYZ‡Ki msL¨v = 2 M. djwU Kgjv nIqvi m¤¢vebv =
3 I 5 Gi ¸wYZK, n(B  C) djwU Av‡cj bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv = 1 – =
ev, 15 Gi ¸wYZ‡Ki msL¨v = 1  djwU Kgjv wKš‘ Av‡cj bv nIqvi m¤
2 I 5 Gi ¸wYZK, n(A  C) ¢vebv = ×
ev, 10 Gi ¸wYZ‡Ki msL¨v = 2 =
 2, 3 I 5 Gi ¸wYZ‡Ki msL¨v, n(A  B  C) = 1 cÖkœ-4 î GKRb †jv‡Ki wPUvMvs †_‡K XvKv ev‡m hvIqvi m¤
¢vebv , XvKv †_‡K ivRkvnx †Uª‡b hvIqvi m¤¢vebv , ivRkvnx
 2, 3 ev 5 Gi ¸wYZ‡Ki msL¨v, n(A  B  C) =
†_‡K Kzmy¤^v gmwR` ev‡m hvIqvi m¤¢vebv | (wPUvMvs C,
n(A) + n(B) + n(C)  n(A  B)  n(B  C)  n(A  C) +
XvKv D, ivRkvnx R Ges Kzmy¤^v gmwR` M aZ©e¨)
n(A  B  C)
=6+4+3212+1=9 K. XvKv †_‡K ivRkvnx †Uª‡b bv
 2, 3 ev 5 Gi ¸wYZK nIqvi m¤¢vebv = hvIqvi m¤¢vebv wbY©q Ki| 2
= L. m¤¢vebv NUbvi Probability tree A¼b
Avevi, †gŠwjK nIqvi m¤¢vebv = [ÔKÕ Ki| 4
n‡Z] M. Probability tree e¨envi K‡i XvKv
 msL¨vwU †gŠwjK nIqvi m¤¢vebv Ges 2, ev‡m bq, ivRkvnx‡Z †Uª‡b Ges
3 ev 5 Gi ¸wYZK nIqvi m¤¢vebvi †hvMdj = Kzmy¤^v gmwR` ev‡m bv
+ = = 1 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) hvIqvi m¤¢vebv wbY©q Ki| 4
cÖkœ-3 î GKwU d‡ji Szwo‡Z 2wU Avg, 24wU Av‡cj Ges 15wU
îí 4bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
Kgjv Av‡Q| _‡j n‡Z ˆ`efv‡e GKwU dj †bqv n‡jv|
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, †jvKwUi XvKv †_‡K ivRkvnx
K. †`LvI †h, †Kv‡bv NUbvi m¤
†Uª‡b hvIqvi m¤¢vebv =
¢vebvi gvb 0 †_‡K 1 Gi g‡a¨
†h‡nZz, m‡e©v”P m¤¢vebvi gvb 1|
mxgve× _v‡K| 2
 XvKv †_‡K ivRkvnx †Uª‡b bv hvIqvi m¤
L. djwU Avg A_ev Av‡cj nIqvi m¤
¢vebv =1 –
¢vebv wbY©q Ki| 4
= (Ans.)
M. djwU Kgjv wKš‘ Av‡cj bv nIqvi
L. m¤¢ve¨ NUbvi Probability tree A¼b Kiv n‡jv :
m¤¢vebv wbY©q Ki| 4
îí 3bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
K. g‡b Kwi, GKwU ˆ`e cixÿvi mmxg
bgybv‡ÿÎ S Ges D³ bgybv‡ÿ‡Îi mv‡_
mswkøó A GKwU NUbv|
awi, S bgybv‡ÿ‡Îi †gvU bgybv we›`yi
msL¨v = n(S)
A NUbvi AbyK‚j bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = n(A)
P(A) = ........... (i)
GwU ¯úó †h, A NUbvi Dcv`vb msL¨v 0
†_‡K n(S) Gi g‡a¨ _vK‡e|
A_©vr, 0  n(A)  n(S)
M. m¤¢ve¨ gva¨‡g Probability tree A¼b Kiv n‡jv :
ev, [n(S) Øviv fvM K‡i]
ev, 0  P(A)  1 [(i) bs mgxKiY _‡K]
†Kv‡bv NUbvi m¤¢vebvi gvb 0 †_‡K 1 Gi
g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡K| (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
L. d‡ji Szwo‡Z Avg 2wU, Av‡cj 24wU Ges
Kgjv 15wU|
 †gvU dj = 41
djwU Avg nIqvi m¤¢vebv =
djwU Avg nIqvi m¤¢vebv =
djwU Avg A_ev Av‡cj nIqvi m¤¢vebv= +
= = (Ans.)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  578

GLb, †jvKwUi XvKv ev‡m bq, ivRkvnx‡Z

†Uª‡b Ges Kzmy¤^v gmwR` ev‡m bv
hvIqvi m¤¢vebv
= P [XvKv ev‡m bq, ivRkvnx‡Z †Uª‡b,
Kzmy¤^v gmwR‡` ev‡m bq]
= (Ans.)

cÖkœ-5 î GKwU gy`ªv Pvi evi wb‡ÿc Kiv nj|

K. ˆ`e cixÿv ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
L. m¤¢ve¨ NUbvi Probability tree A¼b
Ki Ges bgybv‡ÿÎwU wjL| 4
M. PviwU †nW Ges Kgc‡ÿ GKwU
†Uj cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ Zv †ei
Ki| 4
îí 5bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
K. hLb †Kv‡bv cixÿvi m¤¢ve¨ mKj djvdj
Av‡M †_‡K Rvbv _v‡K, wKš‘ cixÿvwU‡Z
†Kv‡bv wbw`©ó †Póvq Kx djvdj Avm‡e
Zv wbwðZ K‡i ejv hvq bv, Zv‡K ˆ`e cixÿv
bgybv‡ÿÎ, S = {HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HHTT, HTHH,
e‡j| HTHT, HTTH, HTTT, THHH, THHT, THTH, THTT, TTHH,
L. TTHT, TTTH, TTTT}
M. GKwU gy`ªvi kvcjvi wcV‡K †nW (H) Ges
cÖv_wgK wkÿvi wkïi wcV‡K †Uj (T)
we‡ePbv Kiv n‡jv Ñ
ÔLÕ Gi bgybv‡ÿÎ †_‡K,
PviwU †nW cvevi djvdj {HHHH} A_©vr 1wU
 PviwU †nW (H) cvevi m¤¢vebv = (Ans.)
Kgc‡ÿ GKwU †Uj (T) cvevi djvdj = 15wU
 Kgc‡ÿ GKwU †Uj (T) cvevi m¤¢vebv =
(Ans.)
cÖkœ-6 î GKwU Q°v‡K `yBevi
wbi‡cÿfv‡e wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  579
K. hw` Q°vwU‡K `yBev‡ii bgybv‡ÿÎ = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2,
cwie‡Z© GKevi wb‡ÿc Kiv 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4),
(3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 1), (5,
n‡Zv, Z‡e we‡Rvo msL¨v Avmvi
2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5),
m¤¢vebv KZ? 2 (6, 6)}
L. m¤¢ve¨ NUbvi Probability tree A¼b M. GKwU Q°v Ges GKwU gy`ªv wb‡ÿc Kiv
Ki Ges bgybv‡ÿÎwU †jL| 4 n‡j bgybv‡ÿÎwU n‡e, {1H, 1T, 2H, 2T, 3H, 3T, 4H,
M. DÏxc‡Ki Q°v Ges GKwU gy`ªv 4T, 5H, 5T, 6H, 6T}
wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡j Q°vq 5 Ges  mgMÖ m¤¢ve¨ djvdj = 12
gy`ªvq H Avmvi m¤¢vebv KZ? 4 Q°vq 5 Ges gy`ªvq H Avmvi AbyK‚j NUbvi
îí 6bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí bgybv‡ÿÎ = {5H}
 D³ NUbvi AbyK‚j djvdj = 1
K. GKwU Q°v wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡j bgybv‡ÿÎwU n‡e,
 p (Q°vq 5 Ges gy`ªvq H Avmv) = (Ans.)
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
myZivs mgMÖ m¤¢ve¨ djvdj = 6 cÖkœ-7 î GKwU gy`ªv wZbevi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jvÑ

Q°vq we‡Rvo msL¨vi †mU = {1, 3, 5} K. gy`ªvwU GKevi wb‡ÿc Ki‡j †nW I
A_©vr D³ NUbvi AbyK‚j djvdj = 3 †Uj Avmvi m¤¢vebvi mgwó
 Q°vwU GKevi wb‡ÿc Ki‡j we‡Rvo wbY©q Ki| 2
msL¨v Avmvi m¤¢vebv L. m¤¢ve¨ NUbvi probability tree A¼b

= = (Ans.) Ki Ges bgybv‡ÿÎwU wjL| 4

L. GKwU Q°v `yBevi wbi‡cÿfv‡e wb‡ÿc Kiv M. wZbwU †nW Ges Kgc‡ÿ GKwU
n‡j, m¤¢ve¨ NUbvi †h Probability tree ˆZwi n‡e †Uj cvIqvi m¤¢vebv †ei Ki| 4
Zv wbgœiƒc : îí 7bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
K. gy`ªvwU GKevi wb‡ÿc Ki‡j bgybv‡ÿÎ, S =
{H, T}
†nW Avmvi m¤¢vebv =
†Uj Avmvi m¤¢vebv =
 †nW I †Uj Avmvi m¤¢vebvi mgwó = + =
1 (Ans.)
L. wZbwU gy`ªv wb‡ÿ‡ci m¤¢ve¨ mKj djvdj
probability tree Gi mvnv‡h¨ wb‡gœ †`qv
n‡jv :-

m¤¢ve¨ djvdj¸‡jv : HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH,

THT TTH, TTT
 wZbwU gy`ªv wb‡ÿ‡ci bgybv‡ÿÎ, S =
{HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
Ges †gvU bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = 8
M. awi, NUbv, A = wZbwU †nW = {HHH}
A NUbvi AbyK‚j bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = 1
Ges †gvU bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = 8
 P(A) = (Ans.)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  580
Avevi, awi, NUbv B = Kgc‡ÿ GKwU T cov
= {HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
B NUbvi AbyK‚j bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = 7
Ges †gvU bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = 8
 P(B) = (Ans.)
cÖkœ-8 î iwdK XvKv I ivRkvnx n‡Z
Lyjbv Avm‡e e‡j w¯’i Kij| wKš‘ †m ev‡m iwd‡Ki ivRkvnx ev‡m bq Ges Lyjbv †Uª‡b
bv, †Uª‡b hv‡e Zv w¯’i Ki‡Z cviwQj bv| hvIqvi m¤¢vebv
ZvB †m GKwU gy`ªv `yBevi wb‡ÿc K‡i = (Ans.)

wb‡Ri m¤¢vebv hvPvB KiwQj| †k‡l †`Lv cÖkœ-9  GKwU Q°v I `yBwU wbi‡c¶
†Mj, Zvi XvKv n‡Z ivRkvnx ev‡m hvIqvi gy`ªv wb‡¶c Kiv n‡jv|
m¤¢vebv Ges ivRkvnx n‡Z Lyjbv †Uª‡b K. `yBwU gy`ªv wb‡¶‡ci bgybv
hvIqvi m¤¢vebv | †¶ÎwU ˆZwi K‡i eo‡Rvo 2T Avmvi
K. mgm¤¢ve¨ NUbv Kx? D`vniY m¤¢vebv wbY©q Ki| 2
`vI| 2 L. Q°vwU GKevi wb‡¶c Kiv n‡j
L. iwd‡Ki wb‡ÿwcZ gy`ªvi †Rvo msL¨v A_ev 3 Øviv wefvR¨
bgybv‡ÿθ‡jv Probability tree Gi msL¨v DVvi m¤¢vebv wbY©q
gva¨‡g wbY©q Ki I HH Avmvi Ki| 4
m¤¢vebv wbY©q Ki| 4 M. GKwU Q°v I GKwU gy`ªv wb‡¶c
M. Probability e¨envi K‡i, iwd‡Ki NUbvi Probability tree ˆZwi K‡i Q°vq
ivRkvnx ev‡m bq Ges Lyjbv we‡Rvo msL¨v I gy`ªvq H Avmvi
†Uª‡b hvIqvi m¤¢vebv wbY©q m¤¢vebv wbY©q Ki| 4
Ki| 4  9bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
îí 8bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí K. GKwU gy`ªvi `yBwU wcV| GKwU H(Head) I
K. hw` †Kv‡bv cixÿvi NUbv¸‡jvi NUvi m¤ AciwU T(Tail)| `yBwU gy`ªv GK‡Î wb‡ÿc Kiv
¢vebv mgvb nq A_©vr GKwU AciwUi n‡j, bgybv †ÿÎwU n‡e = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
†P‡q †ewk ev Kg m¤¢ve¨ bv nq Z‡e myZivs mgMÖ m¤¢ve¨ djvdj = 4
NUbv¸‡jv‡K mgm¤¢ve¨ e‡j| eo‡Rvi 2T Avmvi AbyK‚j NUbv = {HH, HT, TH,
TT}
†hgb, GKwU wbi‡cÿ gy`ªv wb‡ÿ‡c †nW ev
D³ NUbvi AbyK‚j djvdj = 4
†Uj Avmvi m¤¢vebv mgvb|
 P (eo‡Rvo 2T) = = 1 (Ans.)
myZivs †nW Avmv ev †Uj Avmv NUbv
L. GKwU Q°v wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡j bgybv †ÿÎwU
`yBwU mgm¤¢ve¨ NUbv|
n‡e
L. `yBevi gy`ªv wb‡ÿ‡ci Probability tree :
= (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
myZivs mgMÖ m¤¢ve¨ djvdj = 6
Q°vq †Rvo msL¨vi †mU = {2, 4, 6}
Q°vq 3 Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨vi †mU = {3, 6}
 D³ NUbvi AbyK‚j djvdj = 4
 bgybv‡ÿÎ = {HH, HT, TH, TT)
Q°vwU GKevi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡j †Rvo msL¨v
 †gvU bgybvwe›`y = 4
A_ev 3 Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v DVvi m¤¢vebv
 HH Avmvi m¤¢vebv = (Ans.)
= = (Ans.)
M. iwd‡Ki wewfbœ Dcv‡q XvKv †_‡K ivRkvnx
M. GKwU Q°v wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡j Gi bgybv †ÿÎwU
I ivRkvnx n‡Z Lyjbv hvIqvi Probability tree
n‡e
wb‡P †`Lv‡bv n‡jv : {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
GKwU gy`ªv wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡j Gi bgybv
†ÿÎwU n‡e {H, T}
GKwU Q°v I GKwU gy`ªv GK‡Î wb‡ÿc Kiv
n‡j, †h Probability tree ˆZwi n‡e Zv wbgœiƒc :
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  581
†bIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? iv) K…wl
†bIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? 4
 11bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
K. †Kv‡bv cixÿvq †h NUbv Aek¨B NU‡e, ZvB
wbwðZ NUbv| wbwðZ NUbv NUvi m¤
¢vebv 1|
bgybv‡ÿÎ = {1H, 1T, 2H, 2T, 3H, 3T, 4H, 4T, 5H, 5T, 6H, 6T} †Kv‡bv cixÿvq †h NUbv KL‡bv NU‡e bv,
 mgMÖ m¤¢ve¨ djvdj = 12 ZvB Am¤¢e NUbv| Am¤¢e NUbv NUvi m¤
Q°vq we‡Rvo msL¨v Ges gy`ªvq †nW (H) ¢vebv 0|
Avmvi AbyK‚j NUbvi bgybv †ÿÎ = {1H, 3H, 5H} L. †gvU QvÎx msL¨v (20 + 25 + 15) Rb = 60 Rb
 D³ NUbvi AbyK‚j djvdj = 3 i. D”PZi MwYZ wb‡q‡Q 20 Rb
 P (Q°vq we‡Rvo msL¨v I gy`ªvq H GKRb QvÎx‡K ˆ`efv‡e wbe©vPb Kiv n‡j,
Avmv) = = (Ans.) QvÎxwUi D”PZi MwYZ †bIqv m¤¢e = =
cÖkœ-10  Rbve iwdK Avn‡¤§` `kg (Ans.)
†kªwYi D”PZi MwY‡Zi K¬v‡m wM‡q H ii. RxeweÁvb wb‡q‡Q 25 Rb
†kªwYi QvÎ mygb‡K 20 †_‡K 30 ch©šÍ  QvÎxwUi RxeweÁvb †bIqvi m¤¢vebv =
=
¯^vfvweK msL¨v¸‡jv wjL‡Z ejvq mygb
 QvÎxwUi RxeweÁvb bv †bIqvi m¤¢vebv
mwVKfv‡e msL¨v¸‡jv evK‡ev‡W© wjLj|
= 1  = (Ans.)
Gici wZwb Qv·`i †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU msL¨v
M. i. QvÎxwUi D”PZi MwYZ A_ev RxeweÁvb
ˆ`efv‡e Pqb Ki‡Z ej‡jb|
†bIqvi m¤¢vebv
K. msL¨vwU †gŠwjK nIqvi m¤
= + = = = (Ans.)
¢vebv wbY©q Ki| 2
ii. QvÎxwUi RxeweÁvb †bIqvi m¤¢vebv =
L. msL¨vwU c„_Kfv‡e 2, 3 I 5 Øviv
Ó Mvn©¯’¨ A_©bxwZ Ó Ó =
wefvR¨ nIqvi m¤¢vebv Ges =
GKB mv‡_ 2, 3 I 5 Øviv wefvR¨  RxeweÁvb A_ev Mvn©¯’¨ A_©bxwZ
nIqvi m¤¢vebv wbY©q Ki| 4 †bIqvi m¤¢vebv = +
M. †`LvI †h, msL¨vwU †gŠwjK nIqvi
m¤¢vebv Ges 2, 3 A_ev 5 Gi = = = (Ans.)
¸wYZK nIqvi m¤¢vebvi †hvMdj iii. Mvn©¯’¨ A_©bxwZ †bIqvi m¤¢vebv =

1| 4 D”PZi MwYZ †bIqvi m¤¢vebv =

 QvÎxwUi Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb A_ev D”PZi
 10bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
MwYZ †bIqvi m¤¢vebv = + = = (Ans.)
m„Rbkxj 2bs mgvavb †`L| iv. †h‡nZz K…wl weÁvb †KD †bqwb
cÖkœ-11  †Kvb GK ¯‹z‡ji beg †kªwYi QvÎx‡`i  QvÎxwUi K…wl weÁvb †bIqvi m¤¢vebv
20 Rb D”PZi MwYZ, 25 Rb RxeweÁvb Ges 15 0 (Ans.)
Rb Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb 4_© welq wn‡m‡e †e‡Q cÖkœ-12  GKwU Szwo‡Z 8wU jvj, 10wU
wbj| K…wl weÁvb †KDB †bqwb| GKRb mv`v I 7wU Kv‡jv gv‡e©j Av‡Q| ˆ`efv‡e
QvÎx‡K ˆ`efv‡e wbe©vPb Kiv n‡jv|[ iv. †ev. b. GKwU gv‡e©j †bIqv n‡jv|
cÖ. Õ15 ]
K. mgMÖ m¤¢ve¨ djvdj wbY©q Ki|2
K. wbwðZ NUbv Ges Am¤¢e NUbv
L. gv‡e©jwU jvj nIqvi I mv`v bv
ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? 4
L. wbe©vwPZ QvÎxwUi i) D”PZi
M. hw` wewbgq bv a‡i GKwU K‡i
MwYZ †bIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? ii)
cici PviwU gv‡e©j Zz‡j †bqv nq
Rxe bv †bIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? 4
Z‡e me¸‡jv gv‡e©j mv`v nIqvi
M. wbe©vwPZ QvÎxwUi i) D”PZi
m¤¢vebv KZ Ges bxj nIqvi m¤
MwYZ A_ev Rxe, ii) Rxe A_ev
¢vebv KZ? 4
Mvn©¯’¨ A_©bxwZ iii) Mvn©¯’¨
 12bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
A_©bxwZ A_ev D”PZi MwYZ
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  582
K. Szwo‡Z †gvU gv‡e©‡ji msL¨v = (8 + 10 + 7)  GKwU C bv Avmvi m¤¢vebv = 1  = =
= 25wU (Ans.)
ˆ`efv‡e GKwU gv‡e©j wbe©vPb Kiv n‡j L.
25wU gv‡e©‡ji †h †Kv‡bv GKwU Avm‡Z
cv‡i|
 mgMÖ m¤¢ve¨ djvdj = 25 (Ans.)
L. Szwo‡Z †gvU gv‡e©j = 8 + 10 + 7 = 25 wU
awi, gv‡e©jwU jvj nIqvi NUbv A
Szwo‡Z jvj gv‡e©j Av‡Q 8 wU|
 gv‡e©jwU jvj nIqvi AbyK‚j djvdj = 8
 gv‡e©jwU jvj nIqvi m¤¢vebv,
P(A) = (Ans.)
Avevi, awi mv`v bv nIqvi NUbv B Ges mv`v
gv‡e©j Av‡Q 10 wU|
 mv`v bq Ggb msL¨v = 25  10 = 15
 P(B) = = (Ans.)
M. †gvU gv‡e©j Av‡Q = 25 wU
mv`v gv‡e©j Av‡Q = 10 wU
mgMÖ m¤¢ve¨ djvdj = 25
 ci ci PviwU gv‡e©j Zzj‡j me¸‡jv mv`v
nIqvi m¤¢vebv
=    = (Ans.)
†h‡nZz Szwo‡Z †Kvb bxj gv‡e©j †bB,
 bxj nIqvi m¤¢vebv = 0 (Ans.)
cÖkœ-13  GKwU `yB UvKvi gy`ªv Pvievi
wb‡¶c Kiv n‡jv (Gi kvcjvi wcV‡K L Ges
cÖv_wgK wk¶vi wkïi wcV‡K C we‡ePbv Ki)|
K. hw` gy`ªvwU‡K Pviev‡ii cwie‡Z©
`yBevi wb‡¶c Kiv nq Zvn‡j GKwU L
Avmvi m¤¢vebv Ges GKwU C bv
Avmvi m¤¢vebv KZ? 2
L. m¤¢ve¨ NUbvi Probability tree A¼b  bgybv‡ÿÎ, S = {LLLL, LLLC, LLCL, LLCC, LCLL,
Ki Ges bgybv‡¶ÎwU †jL| 4 LCLC, LCCL, LCCC, CLLL, CLLC, CLCL, CLCC, CCLL,
M. †`LvI †h, gy`ªvwU n msL¨K evi CCLC, CCCL, CCCC}
wb‡¶c Ki‡j msMwVZ NUbv 2n †K M. †h‡nZz GKwU gy`ªvq 2wU wcV _v‡K
mg_©b K‡i| 4myZivs gy`ªvwU GKevi wb‡ÿc Ki‡j m¤
 13bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  ¢ve¨ djvdj 2wU|
K. gy`ªvwU‡K `yBevi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡j Avevi, gy`ªvwU 2q evi wb‡ÿc Ki‡j m¤
bgybv‡ÿÎ, ¢ve¨ djvdj 4wU|
S = {LL, LC, CL, CC} Ggbfv‡e,
GLv‡b bgybv we›`y 4wU| gy`ªvwU 1 evi wb‡ÿ‡c m¤¢ve¨ djvdj = 2
GKwU L Avmvi AbyK‚j djvdj = {LC, CL} " 2 " " " " = 4 = 2  2 = 22
A_©vr 2wU " 3 " " " " = 8=222=
3
 GKwU L Avmvi m¤¢vebv = = (Ans.) 2
GKwU C Avmvi AbyK‚j djvdj = {LC, CL} " 4 " " " " = 16 = 2  2  2 
2 = 24
A_©vr 2wU|
............................................................................................................
GKwU C Avmvi m¤¢vebv = = gy`ªvwU n evi wb‡ÿ‡c m¤¢ve¨ djvdj = 2n
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  583
 gy`ªvwU n msL¨K evi wb‡ÿc Ki‡j m¤ P[K·evRvi wegv‡b bq, †m›UgvwU©b
¢ve¨ djvdj 2 †K mg_©b K‡i| (†`Lv‡bv
n
¯úxW †ev‡U bq]
n‡jv) =  = (Ans.)
cÖkœ-14  wbDUb PvKgv GKRb ågYwccvmy M. cÖkœg‡Z †m›UgvwU©‡bi wegv‡b hvIqvi
gvbyl| Gevi kxZKv‡j wZwb †m›UgvwU©b m¤¢vebv 0.
åg‡Y hv‡eb| PÆMÖvg †_‡K Zuvi wegv‡b m¤¢vebvi gva¨‡g Probability tree wbgœiƒc :
K·evRvi hvIqvi m¤¢vebv Ges K·evRvi †_‡K
w¯úW‡ev‡U †m›UgvwU©b hvIqvi m¤¢vebv |
[ P. †ev. b. cÖ. Õ15 ]
K. †`LvI †h, †h‡Kv‡bv NUbvi m¤
¢vebvi gvb 0 †_‡K 1 Gi g‡a¨
mxgve×| 2  wbDUb PvKgv K·evRvi wegv‡b hvIqvi
L. wbDUb PvKgvi K·evRvi wegv‡b Ges †m›UgvwU©‡bI wegv‡b hvIqvi m¤
bv hvIqvi Ges †m›UgvwU©‡b ¢vebv,
w¯úW‡ev‡U bv hvIqvi m¤¢vebv P [K·evRvi wegv‡b, †m›UgvwU©b
KZ? 4 wegv‡b ] =  0 = 0 (Ans.)
M. m¤¢ve¨ NUbvi Probability tree Gu‡K cÖkœ-15  GKwU gy`ªv Pvi evi wb‡ÿc Kiv nj|
K·evRvi wegv‡b hvIqvi Ges [ wm. †ev. b. cÖ. Õ15 ]
†m›UgvwU©‡b wegv‡b hvIqvi K. ˆ`e cixÿv Kx? D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v
m¤¢vebv wbY©q Ki| 4 Ki| 2
 14bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  L. m¤¢ve¨ NUbvi Probability Tree A¼b
K. g‡b Kwi, GKwU ˆ`e cixÿvi mmxg Ki Ges bgybv †ÿÎ †jL| 4
bgybv‡ÿÎ S Ges D³ bgybv‡ÿ‡Îi mv‡_ M. †`LvI †h, DÏxc‡Ki gy`ªvwU n
mswkøó A GKwU NUbv| msL¨Kevi wb‡ÿc Ki‡j msNwUZ
awi, S bgybv‡ÿ‡Îi †gvU bgybv we›`yi NUbv 2n †K mg_©b K‡i| 4
msL¨v = n(S)  15bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
A NUbvi AbyK‚j bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = n(A)
K. m„Rbkxj 5(K) bs mgvavb †`L|
P(A) = ........... (i)
L. m„Rbkxj 5(L) bs mgvavb †`L|
GwU ¯úó †h, A NUbvi Dcv`vb msL¨v 0 †_‡K
M. m„Rbkxj 13(M) bs mgvavb †`L|
n(S) Gi g‡a¨ _vK‡e|
A_©vr, 0  n(A)  n(S) cÖkœ-16  RwqZv XvKv n‡Z †Uª‡b K‡i
ev, [n(S) Øviv fvM K‡i] †dbx hvIqvi m¤¢vebv Ges ev‡m hvIqvi
ev, 0  P(A)  1 [(i) bs mgxKiY _‡K] m¤¢vebv | wZwb †dbx n‡Z PÆMÖv‡g
†Kv‡bv NUbvi m¤¢vebvi gvb 0 †_‡K 1 Gi evm I †Uªb e¨envi Kij| Zuvi ev‡m I †Uª‡b
g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡K| (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) hvIqvi m¤¢vebv h_vµ‡g I |
L. †`Iqv Av‡Q, [ e. †ev. b. cÖ. Õ15 ]
wbDUb PvKgv K·evRvi wegv‡b hvIqvi m¤ K. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Probability tree A¼b
¢vebv Ki| 2
Ges †m›UgvwU©‡b w¯úW‡ev‡U hvIqvi L. Probability tree †Z m¤¢vebv wPwýZ
m¤¢vebv K‡i XvKv †_‡K †dbx †Uª‡b Ges
†h‡nZz m‡e©v”P m¤¢vebv gvb 1| †dbx †_‡K ev‡m PÆMÖvg
 K·evRvi wegv‡b bv hvIqvi m¤¢vebv 1  hvIqvi m¤¢vebv Gi †ewk bq Zv
= wbY©q K‡i †`LvI| 4
 †m›UgvwU©‡b w¯úW‡ev‡U bv hvIqvi M. RwqZv XvKv †_‡K PÆMÖvg
m¤¢vebv 1  = †Uª‡b †Mj| Avevi PÆMÖvg †_‡K
 wbDUb PvKgv K·evRvi wegv‡b bv †dbx ch©šÍ Ò†Uª‡b bqÓ Ges
hvIqvi Ges †m›U gvwU©‡bi w¯úW †ev‡U †dbx †_‡K XvKvq Òev‡m bqÓ
bv hvIqvi m¤¢vebv, wd‡i Avmj| RwqZvi XvKv †_‡K
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  584
PÆMÖv‡g Avmv-hvIqvi †gvU RwqZvi XvKv †_‡K †dbx hvIqvi m¤¢vebv
m¤¢vebv wbY©q Ki| 4 RwqZv †dbx †_‡K PÆMÖvg ev‡m hvIqvi
 16bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  m¤¢vebv
 RwqZv XvKv †_‡K †Uª‡b †dbx Ges †dbx
K. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Probability tree wb‡gœ A¼b
†_‡K ev‡m PÆMÖvg hvIqvi m¤¢vebv = 
Kiv n‡jv :
=
AZGe, RwqZv XvKv †_‡K †Uª‡b †dbx Ges
†dbx †_‡K ev‡m PÆMÖvg hvIqvi m¤
¢vebv = Gi †ewk bq|
M. RwqZv XvKv †_‡K †dbx †Uª‡b K‡i hv‡e
Ges †dbx †_‡KI †m †Uª‡b K‡i PÆMÖvg
hv‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î RwqZvi XvKv †_‡K †dbx
†Uª‡b hvIqvi m¤¢vebv Ges †dbx †_‡K
PÆMÖv‡g †Uª‡b hvIqvi m¤¢vebv
 XvKv †_‡K PÆMÖv‡g †Uª‡b hvIqvi m¤
¢vebv  =
RwqZv Avevi PÆMÖvg †_‡K XvKvq wdi‡e
Ges PÆMÖvg †_‡K cÖ_‡g †Uª‡b bq †dbx
wd‡i G‡m †dbx †_‡K XvKvq ev‡m bq wd‡i
Avmj|
G‡ÿ‡Î RwqZv PÆMÖvg †_‡K †dbx‡Z †Uª‡b
bq wd‡i Avmvi m¤¢vebv Ges †dbx †_‡K
L. XvKvq ev‡m bq wd‡i Avmvi m¤¢vebv
 PÆMÖvg †_‡K XvKvq wd‡i Avmvi m¤
¢vebv  =
Zvn‡j XvKv †_‡K PÆMÖvg hvIqv Avmvi
†gvU m¤¢vebv
= + = = (Ans.)

cÖkœ-17  GKwU wbi‡cÿ Q°v wb‡ÿc Kiv Gi Kg msL¨v Avmvi m¤

(ii) 5
n‡jv| ¢vebv KZ? 4
K. m¤¢ve¨ djvdj¸‡jv wbY©q Ki| 2  17bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
L. (i) 4 Avmvi m¤¢vebv wbY©q Ki|
K. GKwU wbi‡cÿ Q°v wb‡ÿ‡ci m¤¢ve¨
(ii) 4 A_ev 4 Gi †ewk msL¨v Avmvi
djvdj¸‡jv n‡jv :
m¤¢vebv wbY©q Ki| 4
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
M. (i) we‡Rvo msL¨v Avmvi m¤  m¤¢ve¨ †gvU djvdj = 6wU| (Ans.)
¢vebv KZ?
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  585
L. (i) mgMÖ m¤¢ve¨ djvdj n‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, 4 Ó mv`v Ó Ó = 8wU
Avmvi AbyK‚j djvdj msL¨v 1wU Ges †gvU  gv‡e©jwU Kv‡jv A_ev mv`v nIqvi m¤
djvdj = 6wU| ¢vebv
 4 Avmvi m¤¢vebv (Ans.) = gv‡e©jwU Kv‡jv nIqvi m¤¢vebv +
(ii) awi, NUbv A = 4 A_ev 4 Gi †ewk msL¨v gv‡e©jwU mv`v nIqvi m¤¢vebv
Avmvi djvdj : = = = (Ans.)
4, 5, 6 cÖkœ-19  GKwU Rwi‡c †`Lv †Mj †Kv‡bv GK
 NUbv A GiAbyK‚j djvdj msL¨v = 3 wek¦we`¨vj‡q 1g e‡l© 284 Rb QvÎ A_©bxwZ‡Z, 106
Ges †gvU djvdj = 6wU| Rb QvÎ BwZnv‡m, 253 Rb QvÎ mgvRweÁv‡b, 169 Rb
 P(A) = QvÎ Bs‡iwR‡Z fwZ© n‡q‡Q| GKRb Qv·K ˆ`efv‡e
M. (i) awi, NUbv B = we‡Rvo msL¨v Avmvi wbe©vwPZ Kiv n‡jvÑ

djvdj : 1, 3, 5 K. GKRb Qv·K KZ Dcv‡q

 B NUbvi AbyK‚j djvdj msL¨v = 3
wbe©vwPZ Kiv hvq? 2
Ges †gvU djvdj = 6wU| L. wbe©vwPZ QvÎwU
 P(B) = (i) MwY‡Zi nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
awi, NUbv, C = 5 Gi Kg msL¨v Avmvi
(ii) (ii) BwZnv‡mi bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv
djvdj : 1, 2, 3, 4. KZ? 4
 C NUbvi AbyK‚j djvdj msL¨v = 4 M. wbe©vwPZ QvÎwU
Ges †gvU djvdj = 6 (i) mgvRweÁv‡bi nIqvi m¤¢vebv
 P(C) = KZ?
cÖkœ-18  GKwU _‡j‡Z GKB ai‡bi 6wU Kv‡jv, 5wU (ii) mgvRweÁvb A_ev Bs‡iwR
jvj I 8wU mv`v gv‡e©j Av‡Q| _‡j n‡Z GKwU nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? 4
gv‡e©j ˆ`efv‡e wbe©vPb Kiv n‡jv|
 19bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
K. KZ Dcv‡q gv‡e©jwU wbe©vPb
Kiv hvq? 2 K. †gvU QvÎ fwZ© n‡q‡Q = (284 + 106 + 253 + 169)
L. gv‡e©jwU (i) jvj nIqvi m¤¢vebv Rb
KZ? = 812 Rb

(ii) Kv‡jv bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?4  812 Rb QvÎ †_‡K 1 Rb QvÎ ˆ`efv‡e †bqv

M. gv‡e©jwU, hvq †gvU 812 Dcv‡q| (Ans.)

(i) njy` nIqvi m¤¢vebv wbY©q L. (i) MwY‡Z fwZ© n‡q‡Q = 0 Rb QvÎ
Ki|  QvÎwU MwY‡Zi nIqvi m¤¢vebv = (Ans.)
(ii) Kv‡jv A_ev mv`v nIqvi m¤ (ii) BwZnv‡m fwZ© n‡q‡Q = 106 Rb QvÎ
¢vebv †ei Ki| 4  QvÎwU BwZnv‡mi nIqvi m¤¢vebv =
 18bs cª‡kœi mgvavb   QvÎwU BwZnv‡mi bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv =
1–
K. cv‡Î †gvU gv‡e©j Av‡Q = (6 + 5 + 8) wU = =
19wU| = (Ans.)
GLb, 19wU gv‡e©j n‡Z †h †Kv‡bv GKwU M. (i) mgvRweÁv‡b fwZ© n‡q‡Q = 253 Rb QvÎ
gv‡e©j †gvU 19 Dcv‡q †bqv hvq| (Ans.)  QvÎwU mgvRweÁv‡bi nIqvi m¤¢vebv =
L. (i) cv‡Î jvj gv‡e©j Av‡Q =5 wU| (ii) Bs‡iwR‡Z fwZ© n‡q‡Q = 169 Rb QvÎ
 gv‡e©jwU jvj nIqvi m¤¢vebv =  QvÎwU Bs‡iwRi nIqvi m¤¢vebv =
(ii) cv‡Î Kv‡jv gv‡e©j Av‡Q = 6wU| Ges mgvRweÁv‡bi nIqvi m¤¢vebv =
 gv‡e©jwU Kv‡jv nIqvi m¤¢vebv =  QvÎwUi mgvRweÁv‡bi A_ev Bs‡iwRi
 gv‡e©jwU Kv‡jv bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv = 1 nIqvi m¤¢vebv = P
– = (mgvRweÁv‡bi QvÎ) + P (Bs‡iwRi QvÎ)
= (Ans.) = = = (Ans.)
M. (i) cv‡Î njy` gv‡e©j Av‡Q = 0wU, cÖkœ-20  wZbwU gy`ªv GK‡Î wb‡ÿc
 gv‡e©jwU njy` nIqvi m¤¢vebv = Kiv n‡jvÑ
(ii) cv‡Î Kv‡jv gv‡e©j Av‡Q = 6wU
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  586
K. m¤¢ve¨ mKj djvdj Probability tree Gi m¤¢ve¨ djvdj¸‡jv : HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH,
mvnv‡h¨ †jL| 2 THT, TTH, TTT
L. (i) bgybv †ÿÎwU †jL| L. (i) wZbwU gy`ªv wb‡ÿ‡ci bgybv‡ÿÎ, S =
{HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
(ii) gy`ªv wZbwU‡Z GKB djvdj Avmvi
 †gvU bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = 8
m¤¢vebv wbY©q Ki| 4
(ii) awi, NUbv, A = gy`ªv wZbwU‡Z GKB
M. (i) Kgc‡ÿ 2T covi m¤¢vebv KZ?
djvdj
(ii) eo‡Rvi 2T Avmvi m¤¢vebv
= {HHH, TTT}
KZ? 4  A NUbvi AbyK‚j bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = 2
 20bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  Ges †gvU bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = 8
K. wZbwU gy`ªv wb‡ÿ‡ci m¤¢ve¨ mKj djvdj  P(A) =

Probability tree Gi mvnv‡h¨ wb‡gœ †`qv n‡jv :

M. (i) awi, NUbv B = Kgc‡ÿ 2T cov
= {HTT, THT, TTH, TTT}
 NUbv B Gi AbyK‚j bgybvwe›`yi msL¨v =
4
Ges †gvU bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = 8
P(B) =
(ii) awi, NUbv C = eo‡Rvo 2T cov
= {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH}
 NUbv C Gi AbyK‚j bgybvwe›`yi msL¨v =
7
Ges †gvU bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = 8
P(C) =
cÖkœ-21  GKwU d‡ji _‡j‡Z 18wU Avg, †h‡nZz mgMÖ m¤¢ve¨ djvdj = 57
24wU Av‡cj, 15wU Kgjv Av‡Q| _‡j †_‡K  djwU Avg A_ev Av‡cj nIqvi m¤¢vebv
ˆ`efv‡e GKwU dj †bqv n‡jv| =

K. djwU Av‡cj nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?2 = = (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)

L. djwU Avg bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv cÖkœ-22  GKRb †jvK XvKv †_‡K h‡kvi
wbY©q Ki| 4 n‡q Lyjbv hv‡e| D‡jøL¨, XvKv n‡Z h‡kvi
M. †`LvI †h, djwU Avg A_ev Av‡cj †cø‡b hvIqvi m¤¢vebv Ges h‡kvi n‡Z
nIqvi m¤¢vebv 4 Lyjbv ev‡m hvIqvi m¤¢vebv
 21bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  K. XvKv n‡Z h‡kvi †cø‡b bv hvIqvi
K. _‡j‡Z †gvU dj Av‡Q (18 + 24 + 15)wU = 57wU m¤¢vebv KZ? 2
awi, djwU Av‡cj nIqvi NUbv A Ges _‡j‡Z L. m¤¢ve¨ NUbvi Probability tree ˆZwi
Av‡cj Av‡Q 24wU| Ki| 4
myZivs Av‡cj Avmvi AbyK‚j djvdj = 24 M. L Gi Probability tree e¨envi K‡i †`LvI
 djwU Av‡cj nIqvi m¤¢vebv †h, XvKv n‡Z h‡kvi †cø‡b bv
P(A) = = = (Ans.)
hvIqv Ges h‡kvi n‡Z Lyjbv
L. awi, djwU Avg bq Ggb NUbv M ev‡m hvIqvi m¤¢vebv 4
_‡j‡Z Avg Av‡Q 18wU|  22bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
myZivs, Avg bq Ggb d‡ji msL¨v (57 18) = K. GLv‡b XvKv n‡Z h‡kv‡i †cø‡b hvIqvi m¤
39wU ¢vebv =
A_©vr, Avg bq Ggb d‡ji AbyK‚j djvdj = 39  XvKv n‡Z h‡kvi †cø‡b bv hvIqvi m¤¢vebv
 djwU Avg bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv = 1 =
P(M)== = (Ans.) = (Ans.)
M. _‡j‡Z Avg I Av‡cj Av‡Q = (18 + 24)wU = L. wb‡P m¤¢vebvi gva¨‡g Probability tree
42wU †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :
A_©vr Avg A_ev Av‡cj nIqvi AbyK‚j djvdj
= 42wU
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  587
M. beg †kªwY‡Z †gvU fwZ©K…Z wkÿv_©xi
msL¨v = 190 Rb
[ÔKÕ n‡Z cÖvß]
†h‡nZz gvbweK wefv‡M fwZ©K…Z
wkÿv_©x = 60 Rb
 gvbweK wefv‡Mi bq Ggb wkÿv_©xi
msL¨v
= (190  60) Rb
= 130 Rb|
M. XvKv n‡Z h‡kvi †cø‡b bq Ges h‡kvi n‡Z
 wkÿv_©xwU gvbweK wefv‡Mi bq Zvi
Lyjbv ev‡m hvIqvi m¤¢vebv
m¤¢vebv =
P (h‡kvi †cø‡b bq, Lyjbv ev‡m) = 
= (Ans.)
[ÔLÕ n‡Z cÖvß]
=
cÖkœ-24  `yBwU Q°v GK mv‡_ wb‡ÿc
= (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) Kiv n‡jv|
cÖkœ-23  h‡kvi mw¤§jbx gva¨wgK K. GKwU Q°v wb‡ÿ‡c m¤¢ve¨
we`¨vj‡q beg †kªwY‡Z fwZ©K…Z djvdj¸‡jv Kx? Ges djvdjwU
wkÿv_©x‡`i wefvM Abyhvqx wbgœfv‡e we‡Rvo nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? 2
†kªwYK…Z Kiv hvq : L. m¤¢ve¨ NUbvi Probability tree A¼b
†kªwYKiY msL¨v Ki Ges bgybv †ÿÎwU †jL| 4
weÁvb 45 Rb M. `yBwU NUbv GKB djvdj Ges
wefvM `yBwU NUbvi †hvMdj 5 Øviv
gvbweK 60 Rb wefvR¨ nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ei Ki| 4
wefvM  24bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
evwYR¨ 85 Rb K. GKwU Q°v wb‡ÿ‡c m¤¢ve¨ djvdj¸‡jv n‡jv :
wefvM {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(Ans.)
GKRb wkÿv_©x‡K ˆ`efv‡e wbe©vPb Kiv n‡jv :
djvdjwU we‡Rvo nIqvi AbyK‚j NUbv {1, 3, 5}
K. wkÿv_©xwU weÁvb wefv‡Mi
= 3wU
nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? 2
†h‡nZz mgMÖ m¤¢ve¨ djvdj = 6
L. gvbweK A_ev evwYR¨ wefv‡Mi nIqvi
 we‡Rvo nIqvi m¤¢vebv = = (Ans.)
m¤¢ve¨Zv wbY©q Ki| 4
L. `yBwU Q°v GK mv‡_ wb‡ÿc cixÿv‡K `yB
M. wkÿv_©xwU gvbweK wefv‡Mi
avc wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kwi| cÖ_g av‡c
bq Gi m¤¢vebv KZ? 4
Q°v wb‡ÿ‡c 6wU djvdj {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} Avm‡Z
 23bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  cv‡i| wØZxq av‡c Avevi Q°v wb‡ÿ‡c 6wU
K. GLv‡b beg †kªwY‡Z fwZ©K…Z †gvU djvdj {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} Avm‡Z cv‡i|
wkÿv_©xi msL¨v (45 + 60 + 85) = 190 Rb cixÿvi †gvU djvdj‡K Probability tree Gi
weÁvb wefv‡M fwZ©K…Z wkÿv_©xi mvnv‡h¨ wb‡P †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :
msL¨v = 45 Rb
 wkÿv_©xwU weÁvb wefv‡Mi n‡e Zvi
m¤¢vebv =
= (Ans.)
L. gvbweK A_ev evwYR¨ wefv‡Mi fwZ©K…
Z wkÿv_©xi msL¨v
(60 + 85) = 145 Rb
†gvU fwZ©K…Z wkÿv_©xi msL¨v = 190 Rb
[ ÔKÕ †_‡K cÖvß]
 wkÿv_©xwU gvbweK A_ev evwYR¨
wefv‡Mi nIqvi m¤¢vebv = = (Ans.)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  588
†gvU djvdj‡K Probability tree Gi mvnv‡h¨
wb‡gœv³fv‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :

 bgybvwUi †ÿÎ n‡”Q :

{ H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 } (Ans.)
M. ÔLÕ †_‡K cÖvß mgMÖ m¤¢vebvi djvdj =
bgybv †ÿÎ : {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 12
1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), †nW I †Rvo msL¨vi AbyK‚j NUbv { H2, H4, H6
(3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 1), (5,
} AZGe †nW I †Rvo msL¨vi AbyK‚j djvdj =
2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5),
(6, 6)} 3wU
M. `yBwU gy`ªvq GKB djvdj Ges `yBwU †nW I †Rvo msL¨v Avmvi m¤¢vebv = =
NUbvi †hvMdj 5 Øviv wefvR¨ nIqvi AbyK‚j Avevi, †Uj I 3 Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨vi AbyK‚j
NUbv (5, 5) Zvi AbyK‚j djvdj = 1wU NUbv { T3, T6 } = 2wU|
†h‡nZz mgMÖ m¤¢ve¨ djvdj 36wU|  †Uj I 3 Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨vi AbyK‚j djvdj
`yBwU NUbv GKB Ges 5 Øviv wefvR¨ nIqvi =2
m¤¢vebv = (Ans.)  †Uj I 3 Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v Avmvi m¤
cÖkœ-25  GKwU gy`ªv I GKwU Q°v ¢vebv = = (Ans.)
GKevi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv| cÖkœ-26  GKwU e¨v‡M 1wU UvKv I 3wU
K. ˆ`e cixÿv Kx? 2 cqmv, wØZxq e¨v‡M 2wU UvKv I 4wU
L. m¤¢ve¨ NUbvi Probability tree A¼b cqmv Ges Z…Zxq e¨v‡M 3wU UvKv I
Ki Ges bgybv †ÿÎwU †jL| 4 1wU cqmv Av‡Q|

M. bgybv †ÿÎ n‡Z †nW I †Rvo K. bgybv †ÿÎ I bgybv we›`y Kx? 2
msL¨vi m¤¢vebvi gvb wbY©q L. ˆ`efv‡e GKwU e¨vM Ges e¨vM
Ki Ges †Uj I 3 Øviv wefvR¨ †_‡K gy`ªv evQvB Kiv n‡jv|
msL¨v wbY©q Ki? 4 DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ Dcv‡q cÖ_g
 25bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  e¨vM †_‡K UvKv cvIqvi m¤
¢vebv KZ? 4
K. ˆ`e cixÿv : hLb †Kv‡bv cixÿvi m¤¢ve¨
M. e¨vM¸‡jv †_‡K wbi‡cÿfv‡e
mKj djvdj Av‡M †_‡K Rvbv _v‡K wKš‘
GKwU gy`ªv D‡Ëvjb Ki‡j UvKv
cixÿvwU‡Z †Kv‡bv GKUv wbw`©ó †Póvq
nIqvi m¤¢vebv wbY©q Ki| 4
Kx djvdj Avm‡e Zv wbwðZ K‡i ejv hvq
bv, G‡K ˆ`e cixÿv e‡j| †hgb GKwU Q°v  26bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
wb‡ÿc cixÿvi m¤¢ve¨ djvdj {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} K. bgybv †ÿÎ : †Kv‡bv ˆ`e cixÿvi m¤¢ve¨
wKš‘ gy`ªvwU wb‡ÿ‡ci c~‡e© †Kvb mKj djvdj wb‡q MwVZ †mU‡K bgybv †ÿÎ
djvdjwU NU‡e Zv Avgiv wbwðZ K‡i ej‡Z e‡j|
cvwi bv| myZivs Q°v wb‡ÿc cixÿv GKwU bgybv we›`y : bgybv‡ÿ‡Îi cÖwZwU
ˆ`e cixÿv| Dcv`vb‡K djvd‡ji bgybv we›`y e‡j|
L. GKwU gy`ªv I GKwU Q°v wb‡ÿc cixÿv‡K L. †gvU e¨vM Av‡Q 3wU| †mLvb †_‡K GKwU e¨vM
`yB avc wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kwi| cÖ_g wbe©vPb Kivi m¤¢vebv
av‡c gy`ªv wb‡ÿc 2wU djvdj { H A_ev T } GLb cÖ_g e¨vMwU‡Z 1wU UvKv I 3wU
Avm‡Z cv‡i| wØZxq av‡c Q°v wb‡ÿ‡c cqmv †gvU (1 + 3)wU = 4wU gy`ªv Av‡Q,
6wU djvdj { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } Avm‡Z cv‡i| cixÿvi
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  589
ZLb 1wU gy`ªv D‡Ëvjb K‡i UvKv cvIqvi
m¤¢vebv = = (Ans.)
M. cÖ_g e¨vM †_‡K UvKv cvIqvi m¤¢vebv =
[L †_‡K cÖvß]
wØZxq e¨vM †_‡K UvKv cvIqvi m¤¢vebv
=  =
Z…Zxq e¨vM †_‡K UvKv cvIqvi m¤
¢vebv=  =
 wbi‡cÿfv‡e GKwU gy`ªv D‡Ëvjb K‡i
†mwU UvKv nIqvi m¤¢vebv = = = = (Ans.)
cÖkœ-27  GKRb †jvK XvKv n‡Z ivRkvnx
†Uª‡b hvIqvi m¤¢vebv , ev‡m hvIqvi m¤
¢vebv , †cø‡b hvIqvi m¤¢vebv , †jvKwUi
ivRkvnx n‡Z Lyjbvq ev‡m hvIqvi m¤
¢vebv Ges †Uª‡b hvIqvi m¤¢vebv .
K. †jvKwUi ivRkvnx †cø‡b hvIqvi
Ges Lyjbvq ev‡m bv hvIqvi m¤
¢vebv KZ? 2
 †jvKwUi ivRkvnx †Uª‡b Ges Lyjbv
L. †jvKwUi ivRkvnx ev‡m Ges Lyjbvq
ev‡m bv hvIqvi m¤¢vebv =  = (Ans.)
†cø‡b hvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? 4
cÖkœ-28  †Kv‡bv cixÿvq 200 Rb
M. Probability tree e¨envi K‡i †jvKwUi
cixÿv_©xi cÖvß wRwcG wb‡Pi Q‡K †`Iqv
ivRkvnx †Uª‡b Ges Lyjbvq
n‡jv :
ev‡m bv hvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? 4
wRwcG cixÿv_©xi
 27bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  msL¨v
K. kZ©g‡Z, †jvKwUi ivRkvnx †cø‡b hvIqvi 0 15
m¤¢vebv 1 40
Ges ivRkvnx †_‡K Lyjbvq ev‡m hvIqvi m¤ 2 50
3 60
¢vebv |
4 25
ZvB ivRkvnx n‡Z Lyjbvq ev‡m bv hvIqvi 5 10
m¤¢vebv 1  =
ˆ`efv‡e GKRb cixÿv_©x‡K evQvB Kiv n‡jv|
myZivs †jvKwUi XvKv n‡Z ivRkvnx †cø‡b
hvIqvi Ges ivRkvnx n‡Z Lyjbvq ev‡m bv K. mgm¤¢ve¨ NUbv Kv‡K e‡j? 2
hvIqvi m¤¢vebv =  = (Ans.) L. cixÿv_©xi wRwcG 2 †_‡K 4 cvIqvi
L. †`Iqv Av‡Q,†jvKwUi ev‡m hvIqvi m¤¢vebv m¤¢vebv wbY©q Ki| 4
| M. GKRb cixÿv_©xwUi wRwcG
wKš‘ cÖkœg‡Z, †jvKwUi ïay †cø‡b XvKv (i) eo‡Rvi 2
n‡Z ivRkvnx hvIqvi m¤¢vebv | ZvB (ii) 2 ev 4 cvIqvi m¤¢vebv
ivRkvnx n‡Z Lyjbvq †cø‡b hvIqvi m¤¢vebv wbY©q Ki| 4
†bB, A_©vr 0.  28bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
myZivs XvKv n‡Z ivRkvnx ev‡m Ges K. mgm¤¢ve¨ : hw` KZK¸‡jv NUbvi
ivRkvnx n‡Z Lyjbvq †cø‡b hvIqvi m¤ cÖ‡Z¨KwU NUbv NUvi m¤¢vebv mgvb
¢vebv,  0 = 0 nq Z‡e Zv‡`i‡K mgm¤¢ve¨ NUbv e‡j|
A_©vr XvKv n‡Z ivRkvnx ev‡m Ges L. †gvU cixÿv_©xi msL¨v = (15 + 40 + 50 + 60 + 25 +
ivRkvnx n‡Z Lyjbvq †cø‡b hvIqvi m¤ 10) = 200
¢vebv †bB| †gvU bgybv we›`y 200wU
M. Probability tree n‡e wbgœiƒc : wRwcG 2 †_‡K 4 †c‡q‡Q Ggb cixÿv_©xi
msL¨v (50 + 60 + 25) = 135
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  590
 wRwcG 2 †_‡K 4 cvIqvi AbyK‚j djvdj = =
135 = (Ans.)
 wRwcG 2 †_‡K 4 cvIqvi m¤¢vebv = wRwcG 2 ev 4 †c‡q‡Q Ggb cixÿv_©xi
(ii)
= msL¨v (50 + 25) = 75
= (Ans.)  AbyK‚j djvdj = 75
M. (i) wRwcG eo‡Rvi 2 †c‡q‡Q Ggb cixÿv_©xi  wRwcG 2 ev 4 cvIqvi m¤¢vebv =
msL¨v =
= (15 + 40 + 50) = 105 Rb| = (Ans.)
 wRwcG eo‡Rvi 2 cvIqvi m¤¢vebv =
cÖkœ-29 î GKwU `yBwU UvKvi gy`ªv
Pvi evi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv| (Gi kvcjvi wcV‡K
L Ges cÖv_wgK wkÿvi wkï wcV‡K C
we‡ePbv Ki)|
K. hw` gy`ªvwU‡K Pviev‡ii
cwie‡Z© `yevi wb‡ÿc Kiv nq
Z‡e GKwU L Avmvi m¤¢vebv
Ges GKwU C bv Avmvi m¤
¢vebv KZ? 2
Kgc‡ÿ GKwU H cvIqvi AbyK‚j NUbv =
L. m¤¢ve¨ NUbvi Probability tree A¼b
{HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, TTH, THT} = 7wU
Ki Ges bgybv‡ÿÎwU †jL| 4
 P [Kgc‡ÿ 1H] = [ †gvU bgybv we›`y
M. †`LvI †h, gy`ªvwU n msL¨K evi
8wU] (Ans.)
wb‡ÿc Ki‡j msNwUZ NUbv 2n †K
M. ïaygvÎ GKwU T cvIqvi AbyK‚j NUbv = {HHT,
mg_©b K‡i| 4
HTH, THH} = 3wU
îí 29bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí  P [ïaygvÎ 1T] = [ †gvU bgybv we›`y
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 13bs mgvavb †`L| 8wU]
cÖkœ-30 î GKwU gy`ªv wZbevi wb‡¶c  ïaygvÎ 1T cvIqvi m¤¢vebv (Ans.)
Kiv n‡jv| †h‡nZz GKwU gy`ªvq 2wU wcV _v‡K
K. bgybv †¶ÎwU †jL| 2 myZivs gy`ªvwU GKevi wb‡ÿc Ki‡j m¤
L. m¤¢ve¨ NUbvi Probability tree A¼b ¢ve¨ djvdj 2wU|
Ki Ges Kgc‡¶ GKwU †nW cvIqvi Avevi gy`ªvwU 2 evi wb‡ÿc Ki‡j m¤¢ve¨
m¤¢vebv †ei Ki| 4 djvdj 4wU|
M. †Kej GKwU †Uj cvIqvi m¤¢vebv Ggbfv‡e,
wbY©q Ki Ges †`LvI †h, gy`ªvwU 1 evi wb‡ÿ‡c m¤¢ve¨ djvdj = 2
gy`ªvwU n msL¨K evi wb‡¶c Ki‡j " 2 " " " " = 4 = 2  2 = 22
msNwUZ NUbv 2n †K mg_©b " 3 " " " " = 8 = 2  2  2 = 23
K‡i| 4 " 4 " " " " = 16 = 2  2  2  2 = 24
îí 30bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí .............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, GKwU gy`ªv wZbevi wb‡ÿc gy`ªvwU n evi wb‡ÿ‡c m¤¢ve¨ djvdj = 2n
Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b cÖwZ av‡c 2wU djvdj H  gy`ªvwU n msL¨K evi wb‡ÿc Ki‡j m¤
A_ev T Avm‡Z cv‡i| ¢ve¨ djvdj 2n †K mg_©b K‡i| (†`Lv‡bv
Zvn‡j bgybv‡ÿÎwU n‡e : {HHH, HHT, HTH, n‡jv)
HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT} (Ans.)
L. DcwiD³ djvdj †_‡K Avgiv †h Probability tree cvB cÖkœ-31 î 1 wU gy`ªv I 1 wU Q°v GKevi
Zv n‡jv : wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv|
K. wbwðZ NUbv I Am¤¢e NUbv
Kv‡K e‡j? 2
L. m¤¢ve¨ NUbvi Probability tree A¼b
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  591
Ki Ges bgybv †ÿÎwU †jL| 4
M. bgybv †ÿÎ n‡Z †nW I †Rvo I
msL¨vi m¤¢vebvi gvb wbY©q
Ki| †Uj I 3 Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨vi
m¤¢vebv KZ? 4
îí 31bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
K. wbwðZ NUbv : †Kv‡bv cixÿvq †h NUbv
Aek¨B NU‡e Zv‡K wbwðZ NUbv e‡j|
wbwðZ NUbvi †ÿ‡Î m¤¢vebvi gvb 1 nq|
†hgb, AvMvgxKvj m~h© c~e© w`‡K
DV‡e| cwðg w`‡K A¯Í hv‡e Gi m¤¢vebvI
1. iv‡Zi †ejvq m~h© †`Lv|
GwU GKwU wbwðZ NUbv| Gi m¤¢vebv 1.
Am¤¢e NUbv : †Kv‡bv cixÿvq †h NUbv
KL‡bv NU‡e bv A_©vr NU‡Z cv‡i bv G‡K
Am¤¢e NUbv e‡j| Am¤¢e NUbvi m¤
¢vebv me mgq k~b¨ nq|
†hgb, AvMvgxKvj m~h© cwðg w`K †_‡K
DV‡e GKwU NUbv Am¤¢e NUbv| Gi m¤
¢vebv k~b¨|
L. AwZwi³ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 19 (L) Gi mgvavb
†`L|
M. AwZwi³ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 19 (M) Gi
mgvavb †`L|
cÖkœ-32 î Avbgbv I KweZv `yR‡b
`yBwU Q°v GKmv‡_ wb‡ÿc Kij|
K. Avbgbv Q°v wb‡ÿc K‡i m¤¢ve¨ Kx Kx `yBwU Q°v wb‡ÿ‡ci bgybv‡ÿÎ :
djvdj †c‡Z cv‡i? 2 1g Q°vi
L. Q°v wb‡ÿc K‡i KweZvi we‡Rvo msL¨v wcV
cvevi m¤¢vebv KZUzKz? 4 1 2 3 4 5 6
M. Avbgbv I KweZvi Q°v wb‡ÿ‡c m¤ 2q Q°vi
¢ve¨ (Probability tree) A¼b K‡i Gi bgybv wcV
†ÿÎwU †jL| 4 1 1, 1 1, 2 1, 3 1, 4 1, 5 1, 6

îí 32bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí 2 2, 1 2, 2 2, 3 2, 4 2, 5 2, 6

3 3, 1 3, 2 3, 3 3, 4 3, 5 3, 6
K. Avbgbv GKwU Q°v wb‡ÿc Ki‡j †gvU m¤¢ve¨ 6wU
4 4, 1 4, 2 4, 3 4, 4 4, 5 4, 6
djvdj Avm‡Z cv‡i|
5 5, 1 5, 2 5, 3 5, 4 5, 5 5, 6
 m¤¢ve¨ djvdj¸‡jv n‡jv {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (Ans.)
L. KweZv, Zvi wb‡Ri Q°vwU wb‡ÿc Ki‡j 6 6, 1 6, 2 6, 3 6, 4 6, 5 6, 6

†gvU m¤¢ve¨ 6wU djvdj Avm‡Z cv‡i|

cÖkœ-33 î GKwU `yB UvKvi gy`ªv
djvdj¸‡jv n‡jv, {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Pvievi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv| (Gi kvcjvi wcV‡K
 we‡Rvo msL¨v 3wU|
L Ges cÖv_wgK wkÿvi wkïi wcV‡K C
 we‡Rvo msL¨v cvevi m¤¢vebv = (Ans.)
we‡ePbv Ki)|
M. wb‡gœ `yBwU Q°v wb‡ÿc Probability tree Gi gva¨‡g
K. bgybvwe›`ymn bgybv‡ÿÎ
Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv :
eywS‡q †jL| 2
L. hw` gy`ªvwU‡K Pviev‡ii
cwie‡Z© `yBevi wb‡ÿc Kiv nq
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  592
Z‡e Probablilty tree e¨envi K‡i GKwU
C bv Avmvi m¤¢vebv wbY©q
Ki| 4
M. m¤¢ve¨ NUbvi Probability tree A¼b
K‡i bgybv †ÿ‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Kgc‡ÿ
GKwU L cvIqv m¤¢vebv wbY©q
Ki| 4
îí 33bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
K. bgybv‡ÿÎ : †Kv‡bv ˆ`e cixÿvq m¤¢ve¨
mKj djvdj wb‡q MwVZ †mU‡K bgybv‡ÿÎ
e‡j| bgybv‡ÿ‡Îi cÖwZwU Dcv`vb‡K djvd‡j
bgybv we›`y e‡j| †hgb GKwU gy`ªv
wb‡ÿc cixÿvq `yBwU m¤¢ve¨ djvdj cvIqv
hvq †nW Ges †Uj|
L. gy`ªvwU‡K Pviev‡ii cwie‡Z© `yBevi
wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡j Probability tree n‡e wbgœiƒc :

 bgybv‡ÿÎ S = {LL, LC, CL, CC}, bgybvwe›`y

4wU|
GKwU C Avmvi AbyK~j NUbv = {LC, CL}
A_©vr 2wU|
 GKwU C Avmvi m¤¢vebv = =
 GKwU C bv Avmvi m¤¢vebv = 1 
=
= (Ans.)
 bgybv‡ÿÎ, S = {LLLL, LLLC, LLCL, LLCC, LCLL,
M. LCLC, LCCL, LCCC, CLLL, CLLC, CLCL, CLCC, CCLL,
CCLC, CCCL, CCCC}
bgybv‡ÿÎ †_‡K †`Lv hvq, †gvU
bgybvwe›`y 16wU|
Kgc‡ÿ GKwU L Avmvi AbyK‚j NUbv 15wU|
 Kgc‡ÿ GKwU L Avmvi m¤¢vebv = (Ans.)
cÖkœ-34  GKwU d‡ji Szwo‡Z 9wU Kgjv,
12wU Avg Ges 15wU Av‡cj i‡q‡Q| Szwo
n‡Z ˆ`efv‡e GKwU dj †bqv nj|
K. †Kv‡bv NUbvi AbyK~j djvd‡ji
†mU A n‡j †`LvI †h, O  P (A)  1. 2
L. djwU Avg A_ev Kgjv nIqvi m¤
¢vebv wbY©q Ki| 4
M. djwU Av‡cj wKš‘ Avg bv nIqvi
m¤¢vebv wbY©q Ki| 4
 34bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  593
K. m„Rbkxj 14(K) bs mgvavb †`L| L. wZbwU gy`ªv wb‡ÿ‡ci m¤¢ve¨ mKj djvdj
L. djwU Avg nIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv, P(M) = Probability tree Gi mvnv‡h¨ wb‡gœ †`qv n‡jv :
djwU Kgjv nIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv, P(O) =
 P(M) I P(O) ci¯úi wew”Qbœ NUbv|
 djwU Avg A_ev Kgjv nIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv
= P(M) + P(O) = (Ans.)
M. djwU Av‡cj nIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv P(A) =
Av‡cj nIqvi k‡Z© Avg nIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv P = 0
 =0
 Av‡cj nIqvi k‡Z© Avg bv nIqvi m¤
¢ve¨Zv
P = 1  0 = 1 (Ans.)  bgybv‡ÿÎ S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}

cÖkœ-35 î GKwU `yB UvKvi gy`ªv Pvievi wb‡ÿc M. 1g †ÿ‡Î bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = 4
Kiv n‡jv| (G‡ÿ‡Î kvcjvi wcV‡K L Ges cÖv_wgK GLb, †Kej GKwU †Uj I GKwU †n‡Wi
wkÿvi wcV‡K C we‡ePbv Ki)
bgybv‡ÿÎ
K. hw` gy`ªvwU Pvievi wb‡ÿc bv = {HT, TH}
K‡i `yBevi wb‡ÿc Kiv nq Zvn‡j  GKwU †Uj I GKwU †nW cvIqvi m¤¢vebv =
GKwU L Avmvi m¤¢vebv Ges (Ans.)
GKwU C bv Avmvi m¤¢vebv Avevi, 2q †ÿ‡Î bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = 8
KZ? 2 Kgc‡ÿ GKwU †Uj I GKwU †n‡Wi bgybv‡ÿÎ
L. m¤¢ve¨ NUbvi Probability tree AuvK = {HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH}
Ges bgybv †ÿÎwU †jL| 4  AbyK‚j NUbv msL¨v = 6
M. †`LvI †h, gy`ªvwU n msL¨Kevi  Kgc‡ÿ GKwU †Uj I GKwU †nW nIqvi m¤
wb‡ÿc Ki‡j msMwVZ NUbv 2n †K ¢vebv =
mg_©b K‡i| 4 cÖkœ-37 î GKwU wbi‡cÿ Q°v wb‡ÿc Kiv
îí 35bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí n‡jv|
K. m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 13 (K) mgvavb †`L| K. 4 Avmvi m¤¢vebv wbY©q Ki| 2
L. m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 13 (L) mgvavb †`L| L. we‡Rvo msL¨v Avmvi m¤¢vebv
M. m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 13(M) mgvavb †`L| wbY©q Ki| 4
M. 3 Gi Kg Avmvi m¤¢vebv wbY©q
cÖkœ-36  wb‡Pi Z_¨wU co Ges
Ki| 4
cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
îí 37bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
GKwU NUbvq `ywU gy`ªv Ges Aci GKwU
NUbvq wZbwU gy`ªv GK mv‡_ GKevi wb‡ÿc K. mgMÖ m¤¢ve¨ djvdj n‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, 4
Kiv n‡jv| Avmvi AbyK~j djvdj msL¨v 1wU Ges
†gvU djvdj = 6wU|
K. cÖ_g NUbvq bgybv †ÿÎ I bgybv
 4 Avmvi m¤¢vebv = (Ans.)
we›`yi msL¨v wbY©q Ki| 2
L. awi, NUbv B = (we‡Rvo msL¨v Avmvi djvdj
L. wØZxq NUbvi †ÿ‡Î Probability tree
: 1, 3, 5 )
ˆZwi K‡i bgybv †ÿÎwU †jL| 4
 B NUbvi AbyK~j djvdj msL¨v = 3
M. cÖ_g †ÿ‡Î †Kej GKwU †Uj I
Ges †gvU djvdj = 6wU|
GKwU †nW Ges wØZxq †ÿ‡Î
 P(B) =
Kgc‡ÿ GKwU †Uj I GKwU †nW = (Ans.)
cvIqvi m¤¢vebv †ei Ki| 4 M. GKwU wbi‡cÿ Q°v wb‡ÿc‡Yi m¤¢ve¨
 36bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  djvdj¸‡jv n‡jv:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
K. `ywU gy`ªv wb‡ÿ‡ci bgybv‡ÿÎ, S = {HH, HT,
TH, TT} (Ans.) m¤¢ve¨ †gvU djvdj = 6wU
Ges †gvU bgybv we›`yi msL¨v = 4 (Ans.) awi, NUbv A = (3 Gi Kg msL¨v Avmvi
djvdj : 1, 2)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  594
 A NUbvi AbyK~j djvdj = 2 AZtci, Q°vq we‡RvomsL¨v I gy`ªvq H Avmvi
 P(A) = (Ans.) djvdj {1H, 3H, 5H},
cÖkœ-38  GKwU Q°v I `yBwU wbi‡cÿ  djvdj 3wU Ges †gvU djvdj = 12wU
gy`ªv wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jvÑ  Q°vq we‡Rvo msL¨v I gy`ªvi Avmvi
K. `yBwU gy`ªv wb‡ÿ‡ci bgybv m¤¢vebv =
†ÿÎwU ˆZwi K‡i eo‡Rvo 2T Avmvi = (Ans.)

m¤¢vebv wbY©q Ki| 2 cÖkœ-39  GKwU d‡ji _‡j‡Z 18wU Avg,

24wU Av‡cj I 15wU Kgjv Av‡Q| _‡j n‡Z
L. Q°vwU GKevi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡j
†Rvo msL¨v A_ev 3 Øviv wefvR¨ ˆ`efv‡e GKwU dj †bIqv n‡jv|
msL¨v DVvi m¤¢vebv wbY©q K. djwU Av‡cj nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?2
Ki| 4 L. djwU Avg bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv
M. GKwU Q°v I GKwU gy`ªv wb‡ÿc wbY©q Ki| 4
NUbvi Probablility tree ˆZwi K‡i Q°vq M. †`LvI †h, djwU Avg A_ev Av‡cj
we‡Rvo msL¨v I gy`ªvq H Avmvi nIqvi m¤¢vebv 4
m¤¢vebv wbY©q Ki| 4  39bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
 38bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, _‡j‡Z Avg Av‡Q = 18wU
K. `yBwU gy`ªv wb‡ÿ‡ci bgybv †ÿÎ : {HH, HT, Av‡cj Av‡Q = 24wU
TH, TT} Kgjv Av‡Q = 15wU
†gvU djvdj = 4wU| †gvU d‡ji msL¨v (18 + 24 + 15)wU = 57wU
 eo‡Rvo 2T Avmvi m¤¢vebv  ˆ`efv‡e GKwU dj †bIqv n‡j Av‡cj nIqvi
m¤¢vebv
L. GKwU Q°v GKevi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡j
=
†Rvo msL¨v DVvi m¤¢vebv
Avevi, Q°v wb‡ÿ‡c 3 Øviv wefvR¨ DVvi m¤ L. ˆ`efv‡e GKwU dj †bIqv n‡j Zv Avg nIqvi m¤
¢vebv = ¢vebv =
 Q°vwU GKevi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡j †Rvo  Avg bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv = 1 –
msL¨v A_ev  Avg bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv = (Ans.)
3 Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v DVvi m¤¢vebv = =
M. †gvU d‡ji msL¨v = (18 + 24 + 15)wU = 57wU
=
awi, Avg nIqvi m¤¢vebv M Ges Av‡cj
M. wb‡gœ GKwU Q°v I GKwU gy`ªv wb‡ÿc
nIqvi m¤¢vebv A.
NUbvi Probablility tree Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv :
 P(M) = Ges P(A) =
 djwU Avg A_ev Av‡cj nIqvi m¤¢vebv =
P(M) + P(A)
= =
=
(†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)

Aa¨vq mgwš^Z m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I mgvavb

cÖkœ-40  wZbwU gy`ªv GK m‡½ GKevi cv‡i? 2

wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv| L. mgMÖ NUbvi Probability tree A¼b K‡i
K. bgybv‡ÿÎ ej‡Z Kx eyS? m¤ bgybv †ÿÎwU †jL| G‡ÿ‡Î Kgc‡ÿ
¢vebvi m‡e©v”P gvb KZ n‡Z 2wU H cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? 4
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  595
M. †`LvI †h, sin2 + sin2 + cos2 4 M. ÔLÕ n‡Z cvB, Kgc‡ÿ 2wU H cvevi m¤
Gi gvb ÔLÕ bs G cÖvß Kgc‡ÿ 2H ¢ve¨Zv =
cvIqvi m¤¢vebvi gv‡bi ¸YvZ¥K Gi ¸‡YvËK wecixZ ivwk = 2
wecixZ| †`Lv‡Z n‡e †h, sin2 + sin2 + cos2 + cos2
 40bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  evgcÿ = sin2 + sin2 + cos2 + cos2
= + + +
K. bgybv‡ÿÎ : †Kv‡bv ˆ`e cixÿvi m¤¢ve¨ = sin + cos + sin2 + cos2
mKj djvdj wb‡q MwVZ †mU‡K bgybv‡ÿÎ = + + sin2 + cos2
e‡j| = sin2 + cos2 + sin2 + cos2
= +
m¤¢ve¨Zvi m‡e©v”P gvb = 1|
= 1 + 1 [ sin2 + cos2 = 1]
L. wZbwU gy`ªv GK mv‡_ wb‡ÿc Kiv Ges =2
GKB gy`ªv wZbevi wb‡ÿc Kivi m¤¢ve¨ = Wvbcÿ
 sin2 + sin2 + cos2 + cos2 = 2
NUbvmg~n wfbœ n‡jI m¤¢ve¨Zvi djvdj
GKB| ZvB m¤¢ve¨Zv wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
wZbwU gy`ªv GK‡Î wb‡ÿ‡ci djvdj wZbwU
gy`ªv wb‡ÿ‡ci m¤¢ve¨ mKj djvdj
wbY©‡q GKB gy`ªv wZbevi wb‡ÿ‡ci
djvdj e¨envi Kiv hvq| wZbwU gy`ªv
wb‡ÿ‡ci m¤¢ve¨ mKj djvdj Probability Tree Gi
mvnv‡h¨ wb‡P †`qv n‡jv :

m¤¢ve¨ djvdj¸‡jv : HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH,

THT, TTH, TTT
Kgc‡ÿ 2wU H cvevi djvdj = {HHT, THH, HTH, HHH}
 2wU H cvevi AbyK‚j bgybvwe›`yi msL¨v
4
 †gvU bgybvwe›`yi msL¨v = 8
 Kgc‡ÿ 2wU H cvevi m¤¢vebv =

m„Rbkxj cÖkœe¨vsK DËimn

cÖkœ-41  GKwU wbw`©ó GjvKvq M. cÖ`Ë wbw`©ó GjvKvq cÖ_g Av‡jv I †fv‡ii
Rwi‡c †`Lv †Mj 60 Rb cÖ_g Av‡jv, 40 Rb KvMR cwÎKv covi m¤¢vebvi AbycvZ
†fv‡ii KvMR, 42 Rb RbKÉ, 50 Rb hyMvšÍi wbY©q Ki| 4
cwÎKv c‡ob| GKRb‡K ˆ`efv‡e wbe©vPb DËi : K. ; L. ; M. 3 t 2
Kiv n‡jv| wbe©vwPZ e¨w³wU- cÖkœ-42  GKwU _‡j‡Z 4wU Kv‡jv, 5wU
K. hyMvšÍi cwÎKv c‡ob Zvi m¤¢vebv KZ?2 jvj I 6wU bxj ej Av‡Q| _‡j n‡Z GKwU ej
L. hyMvšÍi cwÎKv c‡ob bv Zvi m¤¢vebv KZ? ˆ`efv‡e †bqv n‡jv|
4 K. KZ Dcv‡q ejwU †bqv hvq? 2
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  596
L. wbe©vwPZ ejwU: 4 n‡Z ivRkvnx‡Z †Uª‡b hvIqvi m¤¢vebv
(i) njy` nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? Ges ivRkvnx n‡Z bIMvq ev‡m hvIqvi m¤
(ii) bxj A_ev jvj nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? ¢vebv |
M. wbe©vwPZ ejwU 4 K. e¸ov n‡Z ivRkvnx wkÿv‡ev‡W© †Uª‡b
(i) Kv‡jv nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? bv hvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? 2
(ii) Kv‡jv A_ev jvj nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? L. m¤¢ve¨ NUbvi Probability tree ˆZwi Ki| 4
DËi : K. 15; L. (i) 0, (ii) ; M. (i), (ii) M. Gi Probability tree e¨envi K‡i †`LvI †h, e¸ov
cÖkœ-43  `ywU Q°v GK‡Î wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡Z ivRkvnx †Uª‡b bv hvIqv Ges ivRkvnx
n‡j, n‡Z bIMuvq ev‡m bv hvIqvi m¤¢vebv |
K. bgybv †ÿÎwU †jL| 2 4
L. (i) Dfq Q°vq †gŠwjK msL¨v covi m¤¢vebv DËi : K.
KZ? 4 cÖkœ-47  `yBwU gy`ªv I GKwU Q°v
(ii) Dfq Q°vi gv‡bi ¸Ydj 4 Gi Kg Zvi m¤¢vebv GK‡Î wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv|
KZ? K. bgybv †ÿÎwU †jL I bgybv †ÿ‡Îi †gvU
M. Probability tree Gi mvnv‡h¨ m¤¢ve¨ djvdj¸‡jv msL¨v wbY©q Ki| 2
†`LvI| 4 L. †`LvI †h, Q°vq †Rvo msL¨v cvIqvi m¤
DËi : (K) bgybv we›`y n‡e 36wU; (L) (i) , (ii) ¢vebv `ywU gv_v I we‡Rvo msL¨v Avmvi
cÖkœ-44  †Kv‡bv GKwU jUvwi‡Z 2000 m¤¢vebvi 4 ¸Y| 4
wUwKU wewµ n‡q‡Q| Wª‡Z cÖ‡Z¨KwU M. gy`ªvq wecixZ wcV I Q°vq †Rvo msL¨v
wUwKU Avmvi m¤¢vebv mgvb| [cÖ_g Avmvi m¤¢vebvi mv‡_ GKwU †jR cvIqvi
cyi¯‹vi = GKwU BMW] m¤¢vebv Zzjbv Ki| 4
K. mgm¤¢ve¨ NUbvewj Kx? 2 DËi : K. {HH1, HT1, THI, TT1, HH2, HT2, TH2, TT2, HH3,
L. Rbve nviæb 15 wUwKU wKb‡j Zvi HT3, TH3, TT3, HH4, HT4, TH4, TT4, HH5, HT5, TH5, TT5,
HH6, HT6, TH6, TT6} ; 24
BMW cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? 4
M. Rbve †gvL‡jQ 25wU wUwKU wKb‡j Zvi cÖkœ-48  GKwU gy`ªv 3 evi wb‡ÿc Kiv
Ges Rbve nviæ‡bi BMW bv cvIqvi m¤ n‡j T `yÕwU Q°v wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv|
¢vebv KZ? 4 K. gy`ªvwU wb‡ÿ‡ci bgybv wPÎ AuvK| 2
DËi : L. ; M. L. gy`ªvwU‡Z cici wZbevi †nW cvevi m¤
cÖkœ-45  GKwU cv‡Î 6wU jvj, 3wU mv`v ¢vebv KZ? 4
I 7wU bxj ej Av‡Q| cvÎ n‡Z 1Uv ej ˆ`efv‡e M. Q°v wb‡ÿ‡ci †ÿ‡Î bgybvwPÎ A¼b Ki| cici
†bqv n‡jv| `yÕwU Qq covi m¤¢vebv KZ? 4
K. ejwU jvj nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? 2 DËi : K. {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT};
L. ejwU njy` nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ? 4 L. ; M.
M. ejwU mv`v bq Gi m¤¢vebv wbY©qcÖkœ-49  GKwU gy`ªv wZbevi wb‡ÿc
Ki| 4 Kiv n‡jv|
DËi : K. ; L. 0; M. K. ˆ`e cixÿv Kx? 2
cÖkœ-46  wb‡Pi Z_¨wU co Ges L. Probability tree ˆZwi K‡i bgybv †ÿÎwU †`LvI|4
cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : M. Kgc‡ÿ 2T Ges eo †Rvi 2T Avmvi m¤¢vebv
GKRb wkÿK e¸ov †_‡K ivRkvnx wkÿv wbY©q Ki| 4
DËi : M.
†evW© n‡q bIMvq hv‡e| D‡jøL¨ e¸ov