beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  494

Øv`k Aa¨vq
mgZjxq †f±i

cvV m¤úwK©Z MyiæZ¡c~Y© welqvw`

 AB GKwU †f±i n‡j G‡K AB ev AB Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 †Kv‡bv †f±‡ii ˆ`N©¨ GKK n‡j Zv‡K GKK †f±i ejv nq| a GKwU GKK †f±i n‡j G‡K aAvKv‡i †jLv
nq|
 †Kv‡bv †f±‡ii ˆ`N©¨ k~b¨ n‡j Zv‡K k~b¨ †f±i ejv nq| G‡K 0 Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 `ywU †f±‡ii w`K GKB Ges Zv‡`i aviK †iLv GKB †iLv ev mgvšÍivj †iLv n‡j Zv‡`i m`„k †f±i e‡j|
 mgRvZxq `ywU †f±i hw` GKB w`‡K wµqv bv K‡i Z‡e Zv‡`i‡K wem`„k †f±i e‡j|
 hw` `yBwU †f±‡ii w`K GKB, ˆ`N©¨ mgvb Ges Zv‡`i aviK †iLv GKB nq ev mgvšÍivj nq Zvn‡j
Zv‡`i‡K mgvb †f±i e‡j|
 u†h‡Kv‡bv †f±i n‡j hw` Aci GKwU †f±i v wbY©q Kiv hvq hv‡Z v =  u nq Zvn‡j v ev  u †K u†f±‡ii
wecixZ †f±i e‡j|
 uGes v`yBwU †f±i n‡j G‡`i †hvMdj ev jwä‡K u + v Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 †Kv‡bv mvgvšÍwi‡Ki `yBwU mwbœwnZ evû Øviv `yBwU †f±i u I vGi gvb I w`K m~wPZ n‡j, H
mvgvšÍwi‡Ki †h KY© uI v†f±i؇qi m~PK †iLvi †Q`we›`yMvgx Zv Øviv u+ v†f±‡ii gvb I w`K
m~wPZ nq| GwU †f±i †hv‡Mi mvgvšÍwiK wewa|
 `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †f±‡ii †hvMdj‡K Zv‡`i jwä e‡j|
 `ywU †f±i mgvšÍivj n‡j Zv‡`i †hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î mvgvšÍwiK wewa cÖ‡hvR¨ bq wKš‘ wÎfyR wewa me
†ÿ‡ÎB cÖ‡hvR¨|
 †h‡Kv‡bv `ywU †f±i uGes vGi Rb¨ u + v = v + u GwU †f±i †hv‡Mi wewbgq wewa|
 †h‡Kv‡bv wZbwU †f±i u, vI w Gi Rb¨ (u + v) + w= u+ (v+ w) GwU †f±i †hvR‡bi ms‡hvM wewa|
 †h‡Kv‡bv wZbwU †f±i u, vI wGi Rb¨ u + v = u + wn‡j v = w n‡e| GwU †f±i †hv‡Mi eR©b wewa|
 m, n `ywU †¯‹jvi Ges u, v`ywU †f±i n‡j,
 (m + n) v = mv + nv (eÈb m~Î)
 m (u + v) = mu + mv(eÈb m~Î)
 Ae¯’vb †f±i msµvšÍ KwZcq cÖwZÁv :
(i) `yBwU we›`y A, B Gi Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g a, bn‡j AB= b a nq|
(ii) A,B,C Gi Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g a, b, c n‡j A, B, C mg‡iLv n‡e hw` I †Kej hw` AC = k. ABnq|
(iii) A, B, C we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g a, b, cn‡j, C we›`y hw` AB †iLvsk‡K m : n Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³
K‡i Z‡e
C = n‡e| hw` ewnwe©f³ nq, Z‡e C = n‡e|

Abykxjbxi cÖkœ I mgvavb

1. AB  DC n‡jÑ 2. `ywU †f±i mgvšÍivj n‡jÑ
i. ( = m.(, †hLv‡b m GKwU †¯‹jvi ivwk i. G‡`i †hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î mvgvšÍwiK wewa
ii. ( = ( iii. ( = ( cÖ‡hvR¨
Ic‡ii evK¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †KvbwU mwVK? ii. G‡`i †hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î wÎfyR wewa cÖ‡hvR¨
i L ii iii. G‡`i ˆ`N©¨ me©`v mgvb
Mi I ii N i, ii I iii Ic‡ii evK¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †KvbwU mwVK?
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  495
Ki  ii M i I ii N i, ii I iii =(+(
e¨vL¨v : (i) `yBwU †f±i mgvšÍivj n‡j G‡`i †hv‡Mi [mvgvšÍwi‡Ki wecixZ evû e‡j ( = (]
†ÿ‡Î mvgvšÍwi‡Ki wewa cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| =(+((
myZivs GwU mwVK bq| = 2(  (
(ii) `yBwU †f±i mgvšÍivj n‡j G‡`i †hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î  ( = 2(  ( ..............(ii)
mvgvšÍwiK wewa cÖ‡hvR¨ bv n‡jI wÎfzR ev, ( + ( = 2(
wewa cÖ‡hvR¨| myZivs GwU mwVK|  ( + ( = 2( (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
(iii) `yBwU †f±i mgvšÍivj n‡j G‡`i ˆ`N©¨
[mvgvšÍwi‡Ki wecixZ evû e‡j, ( = (]
mgvb n‡ZI cv‡i Avevi bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
myZivs GwU mwVK bq| Avevi, ( ( = 2(  (  ( [(ii) bs Gi Dfq cv‡k (()
3. AB = CD Ges AB  CD n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU †hvM K‡i]
mwVK? = 2(  2(
= 2((  ()
 (=(
L ( = m.( †hLv‡b m > 1 bs n‡Z cvB]
= 2( ..............[(i)

M (+(<0  (  ( = 2( (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)

N ( + m.( = 0 †hLv‡b m > 1 cÖkœ \ 7 \ †`LvI †h, (K)  (_ + _) =  _  _

e¨vL¨v : (( I (( `yBwU †f±i Ges AB = CD I AB || CD n‡j (L) _ + _ = _ n‡j, _ = _  _
Aek¨B (( = ((.
mgvavb :
†hgb : GKwU mvgvšÍwi‡Ki wecixZ evû AD I BC
`yBwU †f±‡ii Rb¨ (( = ((. (K) GLv‡b,  (_ + _)
KviY mvgvšÍwi‡Ki wecixZ evû¸‡jvi ˆ`N©¨ = (  1) (_ + _)
mgvb I Giv ci¯úi mgvšÍivj| = (  1) (a) + (  1) (_)
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi =  _  _ [†¯‹jvi
I †f±i ¸Yb Abymv‡i]
`vI :  (_ + _) = _  _ (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)

AB †iLvs‡ki Dci †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y C Ges (L) †`Iqv Av‡Q,

_+_=_
†Kv‡bv †f±i g~jwe›`yi mv‡c‡ÿ A, B I C
we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g _, _ I _| ev, _ + _ + (  _) = _ + (  _)
4. C we›`ywU AB †iLvsk‡K 2 : 3 Abycv‡Z [Dfqc‡ÿ (  b) †hvM K‡i]
AšÍwe©f³ Ki‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU ev, _ + (1  1) _ = _  b
mwVK? ev, _ + 0 = _  _
K _= L_=  _ = _  b (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
 _= N _= cÖkœ \ 8 \ (K) †`LvI †h, _ + a = 2a
5. †f±i g~jwe›`ywU O n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mgvavb : evgcÿ = _ + _
mwVK? = 1_ + 1_ [msL¨v ¸wYZ‡Ki
K (=__ L(+(=( wbqgvbyhvqx]
 (=__ N (=__ = (1 + 1) _ [msL¨v ¸wYZ‡Ki
cÖkœ \ 6 \ ABCD mvgvšÍwi‡Ki KY©Øq (I wbqgvbyhvqx]
( n‡j ( I ( †f±iØq‡K ( I ( †f±i؇qi gva¨‡g = 2a = Wvbcÿ
cÖKvk Ki Ges †`LvI †h, ( + ( = 2( Ges (  ( = 2(  _ + _ = 2_ (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
mgvavb : (L) †`LvI †h, (m  n) a = m_  n_
mgvavb : evgcÿ = (m  n)_
= {m + (  n)}a
= m_ + (  n)_ [msL¨v ¸wYZ‡Ki
wbqgvbyhvqx]
†`Iqv Av‡Q, ABCD mvgvšÍwi‡Ki `ywU KY© ( I = m_ + (  n_) [ (  n)_ =  n_]
= m_  n_ = Wvbcÿ
(| (I ( †f±i `ywU‡K ( I ( †f±i؇qi gva¨‡g cÖKvk
 (m  n)_ = m_  n_ (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †`Lv‡Z n‡e †h, ( + ( = 2(Ges (  ( = 2(
cÖgvY : †f±i †hv‡Mi wÎfyR wewa Abyhvqx, (M) †`LvI †h, m(_  _) = m_  m_
(+(=( mgvavb : evgcÿ = m (_  _)
ev, ( = (  ( ..............(i) = m{_ + ( _)}

Avevi, ( = ( + ( = m_ + m (  _) [msL¨v ¸wYZ‡Ki eÈb

m~Î]
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  496
= m_  m_ [ m(  _) =  mb] A, B, C, D we›`y¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g, a,
= Wvbcÿ b, c, d.
 m(_  _) = m_  m_ (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)  ( = _  _ Ges ( = _  _
g‡b Kwi, ABCD GKwU mvgvšÍwiK|
cÖkœ \ 9 \ (K) _, _ cÖ‡Z¨‡K Ak~b¨ †f±i n‡j
Zvn‡j, AB I DC ci¯úi mgvb I mgvšÍivj n‡e|
†`LvI †h, a = m_ n‡Z cv‡i †KejgvÎ hw` a, b Gi
 (=(
mgvšÍivj nq|
__=__
mgvavb : †h‡Kv‡bv Ak~b¨ †f±i _ I _ wecixZµ‡g g‡b Kwi, _  _ = _  _
we‡ePbv Kwi| (=(
g‡b Kwi, _, _ mgvšÍivj †f±i| Zvn‡j _, _ Gi aviK myZivs AB I CD †iLv `ywU ci¯úi mgvb I
Awfbœ ev mgvšÍivj Ges _, _ Gi w`K Awfbœ ev mgvšÍivj
wecixZ| A_©vr ABCD GKwU mvgvšÍwiK|
awi, m =  ABCD GKwU mvgvšÍwiK n‡e hw` Ges
GLv‡b, m > 0, d‡j _, _ Gi aviK Awfbœ Ges Zv‡`i †Kej hw`
w`KI Awfbœ _  _ = _  _ nq|
Z`ycwi, |m_| = m|_| = .|_| = |a| d‡j _  _ = _  _ (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
GLb _ I _ Gi w`K Awfbœ n‡j, _ = m_
cÖkœ \ 11 \ †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki †h,
Ges _, _ Gi w`K wecixZ n‡j, _ = m_ †Kbbv,
wÎfy‡Ri GK evûi ga¨we›`y †_‡K Aw¼Z
(i) |m_| = |_|, |m_| = |m_| = |_|
(ii) m_ ev, m_ Gi aviK _ Gi avi‡Ki mv‡_ Awfbœ
Aci evûi mgvšÍivj †iLv Z…Zxq evûi
n‡j Zv _ Gi avi‡Ki mv‡_ Awfbœ ev mgvšÍivj ga¨we›`yMvgx|
(iii) _, _ Gi w`KI Awfbœ n‡j _, m_ Gi w`K I
mgvavb : †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e
Awfbœ| Aciw`‡K _, _ Gi w`K wecixZ n‡j, _, m_ †h, wÎfz‡Ri GK evûi ga¨we›`y †_‡K Aw¼Z Aci
Gi w`KI Awfbœ| myZivs _ = m_ (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) evûi mgvšÍivj †iLv Z…Zxq evûi ga¨
(L) _, _ Ak~b¨ AmgvšÍivj †f±i Ges m_ + n_ = we›`yMvgx|
0 n‡j, †`LvI †h, m = n = 0
mgvavb : †h‡nZz m_ + n_ = 0
myZivs n_ = m_
d‡j m_, n_ Df‡q k~b¨ †f±i A_ev n_, m_ Gi wecixZ
n‡Z cv‡i bv| cÖgvY : g‡b Kwi, ABC wÎfz‡Ri E, AB -Gi
myZivs m_ = 0 Ges n_ = 0 ga¨we›`y Ges EF BC
a, _ Ak~b¨ e‡j m = 0 cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, F, AC Gi ga¨we›`y|
Ges n = 0 F, AC-Gi ga¨we›`y bv n‡j g‡b Kwi, G, AC-Gi
 m = n = 0 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) ga¨we›`y
cÖkœ \ 10 \ A, B, C, D we›`y¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb Zvn‡j †f±i we‡qv‡Mi wÎfyRwewa Abyhvqx
†f±i h_vµ‡g _, _, _, _ n‡j †`LvI †h, ABCD cvB,
mvgvšÍwiK n‡e hw` Ges †KejgvÎ hw` _  _ ((=(
= _  _ nq|  2((  () = 2(

mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q, A, B, C, D we›`y¸‡jvi ev, 2(  2( = 2(

Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g, a, b, c, d wKš‘ ( = 2(Ges ( = 2(
 (  ( = 2(
†`Lv‡Z n‡e †h, ABCD mvgvšÍwiK n‡e hw` Ges
Avevi, †f±i we‡qv‡Mi wÎfyRwewa
†Kej hw`
Abyhvqx cvB,
b  a = c  d nq|
((=(
 ( = 2(
wKš‘ BC  EF
 EG I EF Awfbœ †iLv| A_©vr G I F Awfbœ
we›`y|
A_©vr F, AC Gi ga¨we›`y (cÖgvwYZ)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  497
cÖkœ \ 12 \ cÖgvY Ki †h, †Kv‡bv myZivs ( = (_ + _)  (_ + _)
PZzfy©‡Ri KY©Øq ci¯úi‡K mgwØLwÊZ = (_ + _  _  _)
= (_  _ + _  _)
Ki‡j Zv GKwU mvgvšÍwiK nq|
wKš‘ ( = _  _
mgvavb : g‡b Kwi, ABCD PZzfy©‡Ri AC I BD
(=__
KY©Øq ci¯úi‡K O we›`y‡Z mgwØLwÊZ K‡i‡Q|
Ges ( = (( + ()
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, ABCD GKwU mvgvšÍwiK|
GLb ( I ( mgvšÍivj e‡j (( + () †f±iwUI ( I ( Gi
mgvšÍivj|
Ges |(| = (|(| + |(|)
 EF = (AB + DC)
myZivs (†f±i (I (†f±‡ii mgvšÍivj
cÖgvY : g‡b Kwi, †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó Ges EF = (AB + DC) (cÖgvwYZ)
g~jwe›`yi †cÖwÿ‡Z A, B, C Ges D we›`y¸‡jvi cÖkœ \ 14 \ †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki †h,
Ae¯’vb †f±i _, _, _ Ges _| UªvwcwRqv‡gi KY©Ø‡qi ga¨we›`yi
AC-Gi ga¨we›`y O nIqvq, O we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i ms‡hvRK mij‡iLv mgvšÍivj evû؇qi
= (_ + _)| Avevi DB Gi ga¨we›`y O nIqvq O we›`yi mgvšÍivj Ges Zv‡`i we‡qvMd‡ji A‡a©K|
Ae¯’vb †f±i = (_ + _)| mgvavb : g‡b Kwi, ABCD UªvwcwRqv‡gi AB I
DfqB GKB O we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i e‡j| DC mgvšÍivj evû (AB > DC) Ges AC I BD K‡Y©i
ev, (_ + _) = (_ + _) ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g E I F| cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, EF
ev, _ + _ = _ + _ †iLv AB I DC Gi mgvšÍivj Ges EF = (AB  DC)|
ev, (_ + _)  (_ + _) = (_ + _)  (_ + _)
[Dfqcÿ †_‡K _ + _ we‡qvM K‡i]
ev, (_  a) + (_  _) = (_  _) + (_  _)
ev, _  _ = _  _
wKš‘ ( = _  _ Ges ( = _  _
myZivs ( = ( cÖgvY : g‡b Kwi, †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó
 AB  DC Ges AB = DC
g~jwe›`yi †cÖwÿ‡Z A, B, C Ges D we›`yi
 ABCD GKwU mvgvšÍwiK (cÖgvwYZ)
Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g _, _, _ I _
Zvn‡j ( = _  _ Ges ( = _  _
cÖkœ \ 13 \ †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki †h,
GLb, E we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i = (_ + _)
UªvwcwRqv‡gi AmgvšÍivj evû؇qi
F we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i = (_ + _)
ga¨we›`yi ms‡hvRK mij‡iLv mgvšÍivj
myZivs ( = (_ + _)  (_ + _)
evû؇qi mgvšÍivj I Zv‡`i †hvMd‡ji = (_ + _  _  _) = (_  _ + _  _)
A‡a©K| wKš‘ ( = _  _, ( = _  _
mgvavb : g‡b Kwi, ABCD UªvwcwRqv‡gi ( = (( + () = ((  ()
AmgvšÍivj evûØq AD I BC Gi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g GLb (I ( mgvšÍivj wKš‘ wecixZgyLx|
E I F| E, F †hvM Kwi| myZivs (  ( †f±i I (I ( Gi mgvšÍivj
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, EF evû AB I CD Gi mgvšÍivj Ges |(| = |(  (|
Ges EF = (AB + DC) ev, EF =
 EF = (AB  DC)
myZivs EF, AB I DC Gi mgvšÍivj Ges EF = (AB 
DC)
(cÖgvwYZ)

cÖkœ \ 15 \
cÖgvY : g‡b Kwi, †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó g~j
we›`yi †cÖwÿ‡Z A, B, C I D we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i
h_vµ‡g _, _, _ I _|
Zvn‡j E we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i = (_ + _)
F we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i = (_ + _)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  498
ABC Gi AB I AC evûi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g D I E. ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g M I N| cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h,
K. (( + () †K (†f±‡ii gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki| MN  DE  BC Ges MN = (BC  DE)
L. †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki †h, BC DE Ges DE
= BC
M. BCED UªvwcwRqv‡gi KY©Ø‡qi ga¨we›`y
h_vµ‡g M I N n‡j †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki
†h, MN  DE  BC Ges MN = (BC  DE)
cÖgvY : g‡b Kwi, †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó
mgvavb : g~jwe›`yi mv‡c‡ÿ B, C, E I D we›`yi
K. Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g _, _, _ I _
Zvn‡j ( = _  _ Ges ( = _  _
 M we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i = (_ + _)
Ges N we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i = (_ + _)
myZivs, MN = (c + d)  (b + e)
= (c + d  b  e) = (c  b + d  c)
ABC Gi AB I AC evûi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g D I wKš‘, ( = _  _ Ges ( = _  _)
E,  ( = (( + () = ((  ()
wPÎ Abyhvqx ADE G ( + ( = ( GLb ( I ( mgvšÍivj wKš‘ wecixZgyLx|
[†f±i †hv‡Mi wÎfzR wewa] myZivs ( ( †f±i ( I ( Gi mgvšÍivj|
ev, ( + ( = ( [E, AC Gi ga¨we›`y] Ges |(| = |(  (|
ev, ( = 2 (( + () ev, ( =
L. g‡b Kwi, ABC wÎfy‡Ri AB I AC evû؇qi  MN = (( ()

ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g D I E Ges D, E †hvM Kwi| myZivs, MN, DE I BC Gi mgvšÍivj|

cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e, DE  BC Ges DE = BC A_©vr, MN DE BC Ges MN = (BC  DE)
(cÖgvwYZ)

cÖkœ \ 16 \ ABC Gi BC, CA I AB evûi

ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g D, E I F.

cÖgvY : †f±‡ii we‡qvM wÎfyRwewa

Abymv‡i,
(  ( = ( .................(i)
Ges (  ( = (
wKš‘ ( = 2(, ( = 2( K. (†f±i‡K ( I (†f±‡ii gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki|
[ D I E we›`y h_vµ‡g AB I AC Gi ga¨we›`y] L. cÖgvY Ki †h, (+ (+ ( = 0
 (  ( = ( †_‡K cvB, M. †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki †h, F we›`y w`‡q
2(  2( = ( Aw¼Z BC Gi mgvšÍivj †iLv Aek¨B E
ev, 2((  () = ( we›`yMvgx n‡e|
 2( = ( [i n‡Z] mgvavb :
Avevi |(| = |(| K. (+(=( [wPÎvbyhvqx]
 DE = BC
ev, ( = ( (= ( (
myZivs (I (†f±i؇qi aviK †iLv GKB ev
ev, ( = ((  ()  ( [ ( + ( = ()
mgvšÍivj|
ev, ( = (  ( (
wKš‘ GLv‡b aviK †iLv GK bq
ev, (  ( =  ( (
myZivs ( I ( †f±i؇qi aviK †iLvØq A_©vr
ev, ( =  ( (
DE Ges BC mgvšÍivj Ges DE = BC
 ( =  (  ( [Dfqcÿ‡K Øviv ¸Y K‡i]
(cÖgvwYZ)
L.
M. g‡b Kwi, BCDE UªvwcwRqv‡gi BC I DE
mgvšÍivj evû (BC > DE) Ges BE I CD K‡Y©i
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  499
= (  ( + 2( 2(
= _ = Wvbcÿ
myZivs ( + ( + ( = _ (cÖgvwYZ)
M.

ABE G †f±i‡hv‡Mi wÎfyR m~Î n‡Z cvB,

(+(=(
ev, ( + ( = ( [( = (]
ev, ( = 2 (( + () ...............(i)
Ges ( + ( = (
g‡b Kwi, ABC wÎfy‡R F, AB Gi ga¨we›`y
 ( = (  (= 2(( + ()  (
= ( + 2(.....................(ii)
Ges EF  BC| cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e, E, AC Gi
Avevi, ABD G †f±i †hv‡Mi wÎfyRwewa ga¨we›`y|
Abymv‡i, cÖgvY : E, AC Gi ga¨we›`y bv n‡j g‡b
(+(=( Kwi, G, AC Gi ga¨we›`y| Zvn‡j †f±i
Ges ( + ( = ( [ ( = (] we‡qv‡Mi wÎfyRwewa Abyhvqx cvB,
ev, ( = ( + (( + 2() [(ii) bs n‡Z] ((=(
=(+(+(  2((  () = 2(
=(+( ev, 2(  2( = 2(
 G
ACF †f±i †hv‡Mi wÎfyRwewa wKš‘ ( = 2( . ( = 2(
Abymv‡i,  (  ( = 2(
(+(=( Avevi, †f±i we‡qv‡Mi wÎfyRwewa
 ( + ( = ( [( = (] Abyhvqx
(=(( ((=(
= (  2((+ () [(i) bs n‡Z]  ( = 2(
= (  2( 2( =  ( 2( wKš‘, BC  FE
GLb, evgcÿ = ( + (+ ( AZGe, EG I FE Awfbœ †iLv| ZvB G I E
= + (+ Awfbœ we›`y|
= ( + ( + ( ( 2(
A_©vr E, AC Gi ga¨we›`y (cÖgvwYZ)
¸iæZ¡c~Y© enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

1. †h‡Kv‡bv †f±i u, v, w Gi Rb¨ (u + v) + w = = u + (v + w) 7. ( GKwU

n‡j, GUv †f±i †hv‡Mi- i. we›`y †f±i ii. Gi ˆ`N©¨ k~b¨
K wewbgq wewa  ms‡hvM wewa M iii. GwU Aw`K ivwk
mvgvšÍwiK wewa N wÎfzR wewa wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
2.  †f±‡ii †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó w`K Ges K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii  i, ii I iii
aviK‡iLv †bB| 8. k~b¨ †f±‡ii
K GKK  k~b¨ M mgvb N Ae¯’vb i. w`K wbY©q Kiv hvq ii. ciggvb k~b¨
3. A Ges C we›`y `yBwUi Ae¯’vb †f±i iii. aviK †iLv †bB
h_vµ‡g a Ges b n‡j, ( = †KvbwU? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 ab L ab M a+b N a+b K i L ii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii
4. ( †h‡Kv‡bv †f±i n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 9 I 10 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI
mwVK? :
K (= ( L ( = |(|  |(| = |(| N ( =  |(| AB †iLvs‡ki Dci †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y C Ges †Kv‡bv
5. P(m + n) = KZ? †f±i g~jwe›`yi mv‡c‡ÿ A, B I C we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i
K Pm n  Pm + Pn M P( + P( N P|m| + P|n|
h_vµ‡g a, b I c|
6. ABCD AvqZ‡ÿ‡Îi- 9. C we›`ywU AB †iLvsk‡K 5 : 3 Abycv‡Z
i. (=( ii. ( = ( iii. ( = (
ewnwe©f³ Ki‡j †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K c=  c= M c= N c=
K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  500
10. †f±i g~jwe›`ywU O n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU K uv  vu M u+v N 2n + v

mwVK? 12. AEFBPZzf©yR †f±i †hv‡Mi †Kvb wewa

K (=ab L ( + ( = AC ( = b  a N OC = c  b †g‡b P‡j?
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 11 I 12 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi K wÎfzRwewa L i¤^mwewa 
`vI : mvgvšÍwiK wewa N eM©wewa
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 13 I 14 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
`vI :
†h‡Kv‡bv †f±i g~jwe›`y O Gi mv‡c‡ÿ A I B we›`yi
Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g a I b. AB †iLvsk C we›`y‡Z 3 : 2
Abycv‡Z ewnwe©f³ n‡q‡Q|
13. C we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i †KvbwU?
 3b  2a L 2a  3b M 3b + 2a N 5a

11. †f±i we‡qv‡Mi wÎfzR wewa Abyhvqx (=? 14. (= †KvbwU

 3(b  a) L 3(a  b) M 3b  a N a  3b

26. †Kv‡bv †iLvs‡ki `yB cÖvšÍwe›`y wPwýZ

121 : †¯‹jvi ivwk I †f±i ivwk
Ki‡j Zv‡K Kx †iLvsk e‡j? (mnR)
 mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi K Aw`K L wbw`©K  w`K wb‡`©kK N
wecixZ
15. ivwk KZ cÖKvi? (mnR)
27. †hme ivwki gvb I w`K DfqB Av‡Q Zv‡K
2 L3 M4 N6
†Kvb ivwk e‡j? (mnR)
16. †¯‹jvi ivwk cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbÑ(mnR)
K †gŠwjK L †hŠwMK  †f±i N †¯‹jvi
 ïay gvb L ïay w`K
28. AB †iLvs‡ki ˆ`N©¨ A I B we›`y؇qi `~i‡Z¡i
M gvb A_ev w`K N gvb I w`K DfqB
cwigv‡Yi mgvb n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU Øviv
17. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †f±i ivwk?
cÖKvk Kiv nq? (ga¨g)
(mnR)
K | BA|  |AB| M |AB| N |A| + |B|
K fi L AvqZb M ZvcgvÎv  ej
29. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †¯‹jvi ivwk? (mnR)
18. †h ivwki ïay gvb Av‡Q w`K †bB †m ivwk‡K
K miY L †eM M Z¡iY  `ªæwZ
Kx e‡j? (mnR)
30. 2 UvKv, 3cm, 5 BZ¨vw` †Kvb RvZxq ivwk?
K †f±i ivwk  †¯‹jvi ivwkM †gŠwjK
(mnR)
ivwk N †hŠwMK ivwk
GKK
K L †hŠwMK  †¯‹jvi N †gŠwjK
19. †h ivwki gvb I w`K DfqB Av‡Q Zv‡K Kx
31. †Kv‡bv †f±‡ii ˆ`N©¨ GKK n‡j, Zv‡K Kx
e‡j? (mnR)
†f±i e‡j? (mnR)
K †¯‹jvi ivwk L †gŠwjK ivwk  †f±i
 GKK L mgvšÍivj M wecixZ N k~b¨
ivwk N †hŠwMK ivwk
32. †f±i ivwki Aci bvg Kx?
20. †h †f±‡ii †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó w`K I aviK †iLv
(mnR)
†bB Zv‡K Kx e‡j? (mnR)
K Aw`K L wbw`©K M †¯‹jvi  mw`K
K GKK †f±i  k~b¨ †f±i M AvqZb †f±i
N Ae¯’vb †f±i  enyc`x mgvwßm~PK
21. †Kv‡bv †iLvs‡ki GK cÖvšÍ‡K Kx e‡j?(mnR) enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
 Avw`we›`y L AšÍwe›`y M
33. †f±i ivwkÑ
cÖvšÍwe›`y N wb‡`k©K
i. Gi Aci bvg mw`K ivwk
22. w`K wbf©iZv Abymv‡i ivwk‡K Kqfv‡M fvM ii. Gi gvb I w`K Av‡Q
Kiv hvq? (mnR) iii. Gi D`vniYÑ †eM, ej
K5 L4 M3 2
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
23. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Aw`K ivwk? (mnR)
(mnR) K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
AvqZb L ej
 M IRb N miY 34. †¯‹jvi ivwkiÑ
24. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †¯‹jvi ivwk? i. gvb Av‡Q wKš‘ w`K bvB
(mnR) ii. †KejgvÎ gvb Av‡Q
miY
K L Z¡iY M IRb  ˆ`N©¨ iii. †KejgvÎ w`K Av‡Q
25. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †f±i ivwk? (mnR) wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K AvqZb L ˆ`N©¨  miY N mgq (KwVb)
i I ii Li I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  501
eR©b  ms‡hvM M eÈb wewbgq
122 : †f±i ivwki R¨vwgwZK K N
wewa
cÖwZiƒc 46. †Kvb wewa Abymv‡i (u + v) = (u + w) n‡j (v + w)
nq? (mnR)
 mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
K wewbgq L eÈb  eR©b N ms‡hvM
35. †Kv‡bv †f±i †h Amxg mij‡iLv Ask we‡kl, 47. u = vGes v = w n‡jÑ (ga¨g)
Zv‡K H †f±‡ii Kx ejv nq? K u>w L u w  u=w N u< w
(mnR)
 enyc`x mgvwßm~PK
Kmij‡iLv L mgvšÍivj †iLv M eµ‡iLv
enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
aviK †iLv
36. AB = m. CDGes m > 0 n‡j AB m¤ú‡K© 48. u, v †f±‡ii Rb¨ u + v = v + ucÖKvk K‡i Ñ
I CD
†KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) i. †hvRb wewa
K ABI CDmgvb L ABI CDwecixZ ii. we‡qvRb wewa
M ABI CD wecixZgyLx  ABI CDmggyLx iii. ¸Yb wewa
37. uI vGi aviK †iLv Awfbœ ev mgvšÍivj n‡j uI wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
v †K Kx †f±i ejv nq? (ga¨g)  i L ii M i I ii N ii I iii
K mgvb  mgvšÍivj M Amgvb N m`„k 49. u, v w-Gi Rb¨ (u + v) + w = u + (v + w) cÖKvk K‡i Ñ
38. |u| GKwU k~b¨ †f±i n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU i. †hvRb wewa
mZ¨? (mnR) ii. we‡qvRb wewa
 |u| = 0 L |u| = 2 M o. u= 1 N|u| = 1 iii. mn‡hvRb wewa
39. hw` `ywU †f±‡ii ˆ`N©¨ mgvb, aviK †iLv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
GKB ev mgvšÍivj Ges w`K GKB nq Zv‡K K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
Kx e‡j? (ga¨g) 50. GKwU †f±i u, Aci GKwU †f±i vGi mgvb
 mgvb †f±i L m`„k †f±i M wecixZ n‡j-
†f±i N GKK †f±i i. u Gi ˆ`N©¨ mgvb v Gi ˆ`N©¨
40. †f±i ivwk cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Kx cÖ‡qvRb?(mnR) ii. uvGi mgvšÍivj
K ïay gvb L ïay w`K iii. uGi w`K vGi w`‡Ki mv‡_ GKB
M gvb A_ev w`K  gvb I w`K DfqB wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
K i L i I ii M i I iii  i, ii I iii
 Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb
cÖ‡kœvËi 124 : †f±‡ii †hvM I we‡qvM
AB GKwU w`K †iLvsk|
 mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
Ic‡ii Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 41  43 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
`vI : 51.
41. †iLvs‡ki B †K Kx e‡j?
(mnR)
AšÍtwe›`y
 L cÖvšÍtwe›`y M
ga¨we›`y N cv`we›`y
42. †iLvs‡ki Avw`we›`y †KvbwU?
wP‡Î AB Gi gvb I w`K m~wPZ nq †Kvb
(mnR)
K A LB A N B
†f±i Øviv? (ga¨g)
43. †iLvskwUi gvb KZ? (ga¨g) K u Lv M u  v  u+v
K A+B L AB M AB  | AB | 52. CB = u  v Ges AC = v n‡j, AB = KZ?

123 : †f±‡ii mgZv; wecixZ †f±i

 mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
44. †f±i †hv‡Mi †Kvb wewa Abymv‡i u + v = v +
(ga¨g)
unq? (mnR)
u Lv M uv N u+v
 wewbgq L ms‡hvM M eR©b N
53.
eÈb wewa
45. †Kvb wewa Abymv‡i (u + v) + w = u+ (v + w) nq?
(mnR)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  502
iii. EC = AC
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(KwVb)
K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii  i, ii I iii
64.
wZbwU Ak~b¨ †f±i n‡j wb‡Pi
AB, AC, CB i. DE  BC
†KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) ii. DE = BC
K AB + AC = CB  AB  AC = CB iii. DE = DA + AE
M AB  BC = AC N AC  CB = AB
54.
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (KwVb)
 i I ii L i I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
65. †h‡Kv‡bv †f±i a, b, c-Gi Rb¨Ñ
wP‡Î RP + PQ = KZ? (mnR) i. a + b + c = (a + b) + c
K PR L PQ  RQ N RQ ii. a + b + c = a + c + b
55. (mnR) iii. (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(ga¨g)
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
66. k~b¨ †f±‡ii -
wÎfzR ABC Gi Rb¨ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mZ¨? i. ciggvb k~b¨
K AB + BC = CA L AC + CA = BC ii. w`K Awb‡Y©q
M AB + BC + CA = 1  AB + BC + CA = 0
iii. ˆ`N©¨ k~b¨
56.
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR)
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
67. †f±i †hv‡Mi eR©b wewa Abymv‡i
†h‡Kv‡bv r, s, tGi g‡a¨Ñ
ABCD mvgvšÍwi‡Ki AC †f±i †KvbwU?(mnR) i. r + s = r+ t n‡j s = t
K u Lv M uv  u+v ii. s + t = r+ t n‡j s = r
57. mgZj¯’ †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó O we›`y mv‡c‡ÿ iii. r + s = t + sn‡j r = s
H mgZ‡ji †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y P Gi Ae¯’vb †f±i wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
†KvbwU? (ga¨g) (mnR)
 OP L PO M P N O
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
58.  ABC-Gi AB evûi ga¨we›`y D n‡j CD Gi gvb
KZ? (ga¨g)  Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb
K AB AC  AB AC M AB AC N AB CB cÖ‡kœvËi
59. k~b¨ †f±i ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 68 I 69 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(mnR)
`vI :
 †h †f±i ivwki gvb k~b¨L †h †f±i ivwki gvb
ABC wÎfz‡Ri AB I AC evûi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g D I E
GK GKK
n‡j,
M †h ivwki gvb Amxg N †h ivwki gvb 2
68. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (KwVb)
60. `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †f±‡ii †hvMdj‡K Kx ejv K DE= AD + AE  DE = BC
nq? (mnR) M DE = BD + CE N AB + AC= BC
K AvqZb L IRb  jwä N Z¡iY 69. |DE| = 6 †m. wg. n‡j |BC| Gi gvb KZ †m. wg.?
61. †f±i‡K †¯‹jvi Øviv ¸Y Ki‡j ¸Ydj nqÑ(ga¨g) (ga¨g)
K k~b¨  †f±i M aªeK N duvKv K 6 †m. wg. L 9 †m. wg.  12 †m. wg.
62. BAw`K wb‡`©kK †iLvs‡ki gvb KZ?(mnR) N 15 †m. wg.
 BA L BA M AB N AB + BA

 enyc`x mgvwßm~PK

125 : †f±‡ii †hv‡Mi
enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi wewamg~n
63. ABC wÎfz‡Ri AB evûi ga¨we›`y D w`‡q BC Gi  mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
mgvšÍivj †iLv A-†K E we›`y‡Z †Q` Ki‡jÑ
70. u, v I w wZbwU †f±i n‡j †f±i †hv‡Mi wewbgq
i. AE = EC ii. AE = AC
wewa †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  503
 u + (v + w) = (u + v) + w L (u + v) + w = u + (v + w) 81.
n‡j (n  m)v †f±‡ii w`K I v †f±‡ii g‡a¨ m¤úK©
m>n
M (u + v) (v + w) N (u + v + w) = (u + v + w)
n‡eÑ (ga¨g)
71. u =  v I v = w n‡j †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
K mgvšÍivj L mgvb M mggyLx  wecixZ
K u+v=w L u+v=0  u+w=0 N v+w=0
82. †f±i ivwki eY©bvqÑ (mnR)
72. u I v †f±iØq mgvšÍivj bv n‡j G‡`i mv‡_
K cwigvY D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq
wb‡Pi †Kvb †f±iwU Aek¨B wÎfzR Drcbœ
L w`K D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq
Ki‡e? (mnR)
 cwigvY I w`K DfqB D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq
K uv Lvu M uv  u+v
N Z¡iY D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq
73. |A| = KZ? (mnR)
1 L0 M N 2
74. ABGes AC`y‡Uv †f±i n‡jÑ (ga¨g)
127 : †f±‡ii mvsL¨¸wYZK msµvšÍ
K AC CB = AB L AB AC = BC eÈm~Î
 AB AC = CB N AB CB = AC
 mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
 enyc`x mgvwßm~PK
83. m I n abvZ¥K n‡j (m + n) u †f±iwUi gvb
enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
†KvbwU? (ga¨g)
75. u=v n‡jÑ  |m+n||u| L|m+n|u
i. u Gi ˆ`N©¨ v Gi ˆ`‡N©¨i mgvb M | mn | u N mn | u |
ii. u Gi w`K v Gi w`‡Ki mv‡_ GKgyLx 84. AB = 1 GKK n‡j Zv‡K Kx †f±i ejv nq? (mnR)
iii. u I v mgvšÍivj †f±i GKK
 L jwä M k~b¨ N Ak~b¨
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 85. †h †f±‡ii gvb 1 GKK Zv‡K Kx e‡j? (mnR)
(KwVb) K k~b¨ L jwä  GKK N Ak~b¨
I ii
K i L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii 86. m = 0 n‡j mu = wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
76. m I n `yBwU †¯‹jvi Ges a I b `yBwU †f±i K u 0 M0 N mu

n‡jÑ
i. (m  n) b = mb  nb
128 : Ae¯’vb †f±i
ii. | a + b | = a + b
 mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
iii. m(a  b) = ma  mb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 87.
(KwVb)
K i I ii i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
77. mu + nu n‡j-
i. m(u u)
wP‡Î AB Gi Ae¯’vb †f±i †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
ii. u (m + n)  DB  DA L DB + DA M DA  DC N DA + DC
iii. (m + n)u + u
88. wZbwU †f±i wKiƒc n‡j wÎfzR Drcbœ Kiv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR)
m¤¢e? (mnR)
K i  ii M iii N ii I iii
K mggyLx L Awfbœ  mgvšÍivj N AmgvšÍivj
78. mu + mv m(u- v) mZ¨ n‡e hw`
89.
i. m-Gi mKj gv‡bi Rb¨ mZ¨ nq
ii. v-Gi mKj gv‡bi Rb¨ mZ¨ nq
OB = A Ges BC = OB n‡j OC †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
iii. u-Gi mKj gv‡bi Rb¨ mZ¨ nq
K P L P  2P N 4P
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR)
90.
i L ii M iii N ii I iii

126 : †f±‡ii msL¨v ¸wYZK ev †¯‹jvi

¸wYZK
 mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi wP‡Î PR + RS = KZ? (ga¨g)
K PQ L PR  PS N QS
79. I n DfqB FYvZ¥K n‡j (m + n) v I v †f±‡ii
m
91.
w`‡Ki m¤úK© Kx? (ga¨g)
K mgvšÍivj  wecixZ
M mgvšÍivj I GKB w`K N GKB w`K
80. m GKwU †¯‹jvi ivwk Ges a GKwU Ak~b¨
†f±i n‡j ( m)a = KZ? (ga¨g) wP‡Î CA = KZ? (ga¨g)
  ma L ma M (a)( m) N ( m) ( a)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  504
K DC  DA L  DC  DA M  DC + DA  DC + DA  Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb
92. cÖ‡kœvËi
wb‡Pi wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K 98  100 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
`vI:

PQRS UªvwcwRqv‡g PR I SQ K‡Y©i ga¨we›`y O I P

n‡j, OP = KZ? (ga¨g)
 (SR  PQ) L (SR + PQ) M (SR  OP) N (OP  PQ)
ABCD mvgvšÍwi‡Ki AC I BD KY©Øq ci¯úi O
93.
we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
98. AC + BD Gi mgvb †KvbwU?
(KwVb)
wP‡Î A, B, C we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g a, b, c n‡j K BC  2BC M AB N 2AB

C Gi Ae¯’vb †f±i n‡e (ga¨g) 99. AC  BD Gi mgvb †f±i †KvbwU? (ga¨g)

K  M N K BC L 2BC M AB  2AB

94. 100. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

(mnR)
 AO = OC L BO = OD M AO + OC N AO + OD
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 101 - 103 bs cÖ‡kœi
DËi `vI :
O we›`yi mv‡c‡ÿ A I B we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g aI
wPÎvbymv‡i †KvbwU mwVK?
b.
(ga¨g)
101. AD Gi mgvb †KvbwU ?
 (a + b) + (c + d) = a + (b + c) + d
(mnR)
L (a + b) + (c + d) = (a + d) + (b + c)
 b a L b+ a M (b a) N |b + a|
M (a + b) + (c + d) = (a + d) + c + d
N a+b=c+d 102.D we›`ywU AB-†K m : n Abycv‡Z ewnwe©f³
Ki‡j D we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
 enyc`x mgvwßm~PK  L M N
enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 103. C we›`ywU AB-Gi ga¨we›`y n‡j C we›`yi
95. a †h‡Kv‡bv Ak~b¨ †f±i Ges m †h‡Kv‡bv Ae¯’vb †f±i †KvbwU? (mnR)
Ka+b Lab  (a + b) N (a b)
ev¯Íe msL¨v m ＞ o n‡jÑ
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 104-106 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
i. ma Gi w`K a Gi w`‡Ki wecixZ
ii. m a  o `vI :
Gi w`K a Gi w`‡Ki mv‡_ GKgyLx
iii. m a A, B, C Gi Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g a, b , c.

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 104. AB = KZ?

(ga¨g) (mnR)
K (a b) L (a + b) M a b  b a
K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii
105. A, B, C mg‡iL n‡e hw`
96. BC = QR n‡j BC I QR GiÑ
Ges †Kej hw` (mnR)
i. aviK †iLv GKB ev mgvšÍivj
 AC = k. AB L AB = k. AC M AB = AC N BC = k. AB
ii. ˆ`N©¨ mgvb I w`K GKB
106. C we›`ywU AB †iLvs‡ki
iii. ˆ`N©¨ Amgvb I w`K wecixZ
ga¨we›`y n‡jÑ (mnR)
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?  C = (a + b) L C = (b a)
(mnR) M C = (a b) N C = b+ a
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii wb‡Pi wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K 107-109bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
97. u †Kv‡bv †f±i Ges m †h‡Kv‡bv ev¯Íe `vI :
msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î a = mu, u Gi mgvšÍivj n‡j-
i. m > o
ii. m = o
iii. m < o
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(mnR)
wP‡Î OA = a, OB = b, OA = AP = BQ = 3 OB Ges N, PQGi
K i Li I ii M i I iii  i, ii I iii
ga¨we›`y|
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  505
107. AB = KZ? Kb L 3b M 4b 2 b
(mnR) 109. PN = KZ?
a+b L a- b M  a- b Na+b (ga¨g)
108. AN= KZ? K a 2b L a+ 2b   a + 2b N  a 2b
(mnR)
110. hw` `ywU Ak~b¨ †f±i M N
mgvb nq Z‡e wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 122. u = (v = ( n‡j, u  v = KZ?
K ( L( M( (
K †f±iØq AmgvšÍivj  †f±iØq mgvšÍivj
M †f±iØq k~b¨ N †f±iØq j¤^
123. g~jwe›`y O Gi mv‡c‡ÿ
P Ges Q Gi Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g
111. ( Kx ai‡bi †f±i?
9a  4b I  3a  b n‡j, ( Gi gvb KZ?
 we›`y †f±i L GKK †f±i
K 6a  5b L 12a  3b  12a + 3b N 12a  3b
M ¯^vaxb †f±i N mxgve×
124.
†f±i
112. ( = b n‡j, (+ (= †KvbwU?
K 2b Lb 0 N 2b
113. GKwU †f±i a Gi AwaK eivei GKK †f±i
†KvbwU?
K ^
 a
M
ABC wÎfz‡Ri †ÿ‡Î Ñ
N
i. ( (= (
114. †f±‡ii g~jwe›`y O n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU ii. (+ (= (
mwVK? iii. (+ (=(
K (( wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
Lab  i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M ((+ ((= ((  ((= b  a 125. ABC Gi ( I ( Gi
115. a + b = 0 n‡j a I b †f±iØq wKiƒc?
Kj¤^ L mgvb
M mgvšÍivj I w`K GKB  mgvšÍivj I w`K
wecixZgyLx
ga¨we›`yØq h_vµ‡g D I E n‡jÑ
116.
i. DE || BC
ii. DE = BC
iii. (= (+ (
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
126. PQ w`K wb‡`©kK
( Gi Ae¯’vb †f±i †KvbwU? †iLvsk -
K (+ (  ( ( M ( ( N (+ (
i. GKwU †f±i ivwk
117. (+ (= KZ?
ii. Gi ˆ`N©¨ | (|
K 2( L 2( 0 N1
iii. Gi w`K P we›`y †_‡K Q Gi w`‡K
118. 5 †m. wg. avi wewkó Nb‡Ki m¤ú~Y©
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
c„‡ôi †ÿÎdj KZ eM© †m. wg.?
K i L ii M i I ii  i, ii I iii
K 25 L 30 M 125  150
119.A, B I
we›`y·qi Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g a, b I
C
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 127 I 128 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
c. we›`y‡Z AB †iLv 5 : 2 Abycv‡Z
C
`vI :
ewn©wef³ n‡j C Gi Ae¯’vb †f±i †KvbwU? †Kv‡bv †f±i g~jwe›`yi mv‡c‡ÿ A I B we›`yi Ae¯’vb
K L †f±i h_vµ‡g a I b C we›`ywU AB †K 2 : 1 Abycv‡Z
M  AšÍwe©f³ K‡i|
120. a  5b †f±iwUi mgvšÍivj 127. wb‡Pi †KvbwU (?
†KvbwU?  ba L ab M (a  b) N (a + b)
K a + 5b L 5a  b M b  5a  2a  10b 128. C we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i †KvbwU?
K (a + b) L (2a  b)  (a  b) N (a + 2b)
121. C we›`y AB †iLvsk‡K 3 : 5 Abycv‡Z wef³
Ki‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡gœv³ Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 129 I 130bs cÖ‡kœi
K  DËi `vI :
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  506
131.O we›`yi †cÖwÿ‡Z A we›`yi Ae¯’v&b †f±i
†KvbwU?
K OA L AO ( N(
132. (= KZ?
K (+( L(+( (( N ( (
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 133 I 134 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
wP‡Î ABCD PZzfz©‡Ri ga¨we›`y S, P, Q, R Ges AB = a,
`vI :
BC = b,
CD = c, DA= d|
129. RS Gi Ae¯’vb †f±i wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
K  M N
130. PQRS PZzfz©RwU Kx?
AvqZ‡ÿÎ L i¤^m
K  mvgvšÍwiK N
[Link] †K (I (Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki‡j Kx nq?
eM©‡ÿÎ K (+ (  ( ( M (+ ( N ( (
wb‡gœv³ Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 131 I 132bs cÖ‡kœi 134. ( (= KZ?
DËi `vI : 2( L2( M2( N2(

 enyc`x mgvwßm~PK 138. b a = c  d n‡j ABCD Kx?

enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi (mnR)
K eM©‡ÿÎ L wÎfzR  mvgvšÍwiK N
135. u I v `yBwU mgvb
i¤^m
†f±‡ii †ÿ‡ÎÑ
[Link] I BD KY©Øq ci¯úi‡K mgwØLwÊZ Ki‡j
i. |u|= | v|
ABCD Kx? (mnR)
ii. u-Gi
aviK v-Gi avi‡Ki Awfbœ A_ev mgvšÍivj
iii. u-Gi
w`K v-Gi w`‡Ki m‡½ GKgyLx  mvgvšÍwiK L e„Ë M i¤^m
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) N †iLv

K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii wb‡Pi wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K 140-142bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

136. OA = a, BO = bn‡jÑ `vI :
i. AB = b a ii. AB = a b
iii. AB =  (b a)
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
i L ii M i I iii N ii I iii

 Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb

cÖ‡kœvËi wP‡Î OA = aI OB = bn‡j
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 137- 139bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 140. O we›`yi †cÖwÿ‡Z A

`vI : we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i †KvbwU? (mnR)

K OA  OA M AO N AB
ABCD PZzf©z‡Ri A, B, C, D we›`y¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb †f±i
h_vµ‡g a, b, c, d. 141. (= KZ?
(ga¨g)
137. ABCD mvgvšÍwiK n‡j
K ab  b a M a- b Na+b
†KvbwU mwVK? (mnR)
142. aI b†Kvb ai‡bi †f±i?
K a+b=c+d  ba=cd
(mnR)
Ma+c=b+d Nba=c+d
K k~b¨  GKK M wecixZ N j¤^^

¸iæZ¡c~Y© m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I mgvavb

cÖkœ-1 î
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  507
 DE || QR Ges DE = QR (cÖgvwYZ)
M.

PQR-Gi PQ I PR evûi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g D I E.

K. †K  †f±‡ii gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki| 2
L. †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki †h, DE || QR
g‡b Kwi, DERQ UªvwcwRqv‡gi DE || QR Ges
Ges DE = QR. 4
QE I DR KY©Ø‡qi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g F I G| F I
M. DERQ UªvwcwRqv‡gi KY©Ø‡qi
G †hvM Kwi|
ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g F I G n‡j, †f±‡ii
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, FG || DE || QR Ges FG = (QR –
mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki †h, DE).
FG || DE || QR Ges FG = (QR  DE). 4 cÖgvY : g‡b Kwi, †Kv‡bv †f±i ga¨we›`yi
îí 1bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí mv‡c‡ÿ D, E, Q I R Gi Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g d, e,
K. qIr
 = e – d
 = r – q
 Fwe›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i = (e + q) [ F, QE Gi
ga¨we›`y]
Ges G we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i = (r + d) [ G, DR Gi
ga¨we›`y]
PDE–G  +  =  [wÎfzRwewa]   = (r + d) – (e + q) = (r + d – e – q)
= [†h‡nZz, E, PR Gi ga¨we›`y] = {(r  q) – (e  d)}   = ( – )
  +  = (Ans.) DE || QR nIqvq ( – ) †f±iwU  I  †f±‡ii
L. g‡b Kwi, PQR wÎfz‡Ri PQ I PR evûi ga¨we›`y mgvšÍivj n‡e| Zvn‡j  †f±iwU  I 
h_vµ‡g D I E| †f±i؇qi mgvšÍivj n‡e|
D, E †hvM Kiv n‡jv †`Lv‡Z n‡e †h, DE | | QR Ges Avevi,  = ( – )
DE = QR   = |( – )| = |( – (()
 FG = (QR – DE)
A_©vr FG || DE || QR Ges FG = (QR – DE)
(cÖgvwYZ)
cÖkœ-2 î

cÖgvY : D I E h_vµ‡g PQ I PR Gi ga¨we›`y|

  =  = Ges  =  =
PQR–G wÎfzRwewa Abymv‡i cvB,
 +  =  PQR, Gi PQ Ges PR Gi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g S Ges T.
  =  –  ............. (i) K.  +  †K  Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvk
Ges PDE G wÎfzRwewa Abymv‡i cvB,  + Ki| 2
 = 
L. †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki †h, ST ||
  =  – 
QR Ges ST = QR. 4
=  – [  = Ges  = ]
M. SQRT Gi KY©Ø‡qi ga¨we›`y
= ( ) =  [ (i) n‡Z]
  = h_vµ‡g M I N n‡j †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨
 DE = QR Ges  I  Gi aviK †iLv GKB A_ev cÖgvY Ki †h, MN || ST || QR Ges MN =
mgvšÍivj| (QR  ST). 4
wKš‘ DE Ges QR wfbœ wfbœ †iLv nIqvq DE îí 2bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
|| QR n‡e|
K.
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  508
= ((  () = ( [(  ( = (]
(= (
A_©vr, PE || BC wKš‘ PQ || BC (DÏxcK
Abymv‡i)
Zvn‡j ( I ( †iLvØq Df‡q P we›`y w`‡q hvq
Ges ( Gi mgvšÍivj|
PST G wÎfzR wewa cÖ‡qvM K‡i cvB, AZGe, ( I ( Aek¨B mgvcvwZZ n‡e,
 +  =  ................. (i) ZvB E I Q GKB we›`y n‡e|
Avevi, PR evûi ga¨we›`y T A_©vr Q, AC Gi ga¨we›`y (cÖgvwYZ)
  =  .............. (ii) M.
(i) I (ii) n‡Z cvB,
 +  = 
L. m„Rbkxj 1(L)bs mgvav‡bi Abyiƒc|
M. m„Rbkxj 1(M)bs mgvav‡bi Abyiƒc|
cÖkœ-3 î
PBCQ UªvwcwRqv‡g R I S h_vµ‡g PB I QS Gi
ga¨we›`y|
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e (( = (( + ()
cÖgvY : g‡b Kwi, †Kv‡bv †f±i g~jwe›`yi
mv‡c‡ÿ P, B, C I Q we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i
wP‡Î, ABC G AB evûi ga¨we›`y w`‡q
h_vµ‡g p, b, c I q.
Aw¼Z PQ †iLvsk BC Gi mgvšÍivj|
 ( = c  b Ges ( = q  p
K. APQ wÎfz‡Ri †ÿ‡Î †f±i we‡qv‡Mi
 R we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i =
wÎfzRwewa eY©bv Ki| 2
S we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i =
L. †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki †h, Q,  (( = (c  q)  (b + p) = (c  b) + (q  p)
AC Gi ga¨we›`y| 4 = ( + ( = (( + ()
M. PBCQ UªvwcwRqv‡gi PB I QC evûi  (( = (( + () (cÖgvwYZ)
ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g R I S n‡j cÖgvY cÖkœ-4 
Ki †h, (( = | 4
îí 3bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
K.

PQR Gi PQ I PR evûi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g M I N.

K. (( + () †K ( †f±‡ii gva¨‡g cÖKvk
Ki| 2
APQ-G ( I ( Gi Avw`we›`y GKB Ges ( Ges L. †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki †h, MN
( Gi AšÍwe›`y h_vµ‡g P I Q| P I Q †hvM Ki‡j ⅡQR Ges MN = QR| 4
†f±i we‡qv‡Mi wÎfzRwewa Abymv‡i, M. QRNM UªvwcwRqv‡gi KY©Ø‡qi
((=(
ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g D I E n‡j,
L. †`Iqv Av‡Q, ABC wÎfz‡Ri AB evûi ga¨we›`y
†f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki †h,
w`‡q Aw¼Z BC Gi mgvšÍivj PQ, AC †K Q
DE ⅡMN Ⅱ QR Ges DE = (QR  MN)| 4
we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
 4bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e Q, AC Gi ga¨we›`y|
K.
cÖgvY : Q hw` ( Gi ga¨we›`y bv nq, Z‡e awi, E,
( Gi ga¨we›`y|
Zvn‡j ( = ( [ P, ( Gi ga¨we›`y]
 ( = ( + ( =  ( + ( [( =  (]
=(( = (  ( [ E, ( Gi ga¨we›`y n‡j]
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  509
myZivs, ( + ( = (.
L. m„Rbkxj 1(L)bs mgvav‡bi Abyiƒc|
M. g‡b Kwi, O we›`yi mv‡c‡ÿ A I B we›`yi
Ae¯’vb †f±i a I b.
AB †iLvsk C we›`y‡Z m : n Abycv‡Z
ewnwe©f³ n‡j †`Lv‡Z n‡e, C we›`yi
PQR Gi PQ I PR evûi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g M I N Ae¯’vb †f±i c =
 PMN-G (+ (= ( cÖgvY : AB †iLvsk C we›`y‡Z m : n Abycv‡Z
ev, (+ (= ( ewnwe©f³ n‡q‡Q|
L. m„Rbkxj 1(L)bs mgvav‡bi Abyiƒc|  =
M. ev, =
ev, = [ we‡qvRb K‡i]

ev, =
g‡b Kwi, QRNM UªvwcwRqv‡gi QR I MN
ev, =
mgvšÍivj evû Ges MR I QN K‡Y©i ga¨we›`y
ev, BC = AB
D I E| cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, DE Ⅱ MN Ⅱ QR Ges
ev, ( = ( [( I ( Gi w`K GKB ]
DE = (QR  MN)
awi, g~jwe›`yi mv‡c‡ÿ R, Q, N, M we›`yi ev, c  b = (b  a) [†f±i we‡qv‡Mi wÎfzR wewa
Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g b, c, e I d Abymv‡i]
 (= b  c Ges (= e  d
ev, c = + b
GLb D we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i = (b + e) ev, c =
Ges E we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i = (c + d) ev, c =
 (= (b + e)  (c + d) = (b + e  c  d)  c = ev, (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
= (b  c + e  d) = ((+ () = (( () cÖkœ-6 
(I( mgvšÍivj wKš‘ wecixZgyLx
 | (| = (| (|  | ( |)
ev, DE = (QR  MN) (cÖgvwYZ)
 DE, MN I QR mgvšÍivj|
A_©vr DE Ⅱ MN Ⅱ QR (cÖgvwYZ)
cÖkœ-5  K. †f±i wÎfzR wewa Kx? wPÎmn
e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
L. cÖgvY Ki †h, ABCD PZzfz©‡Ri ( I
( KY©Øq ci¯úi‡K mgwØLwÊZ
Ki‡j Zv GKwU mvgvšÍwiK n‡e|
(†f±i wewa cÖ‡hvR¨)| 4
ABC Gi AB I AC evûi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g D I E. M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ PZzfz©‡Ri (, (, (
K. †K (Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki| 2 Ges ( Gi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g P, Q, R,
L. †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki †h, DE || BC S n‡j, cÖgvY Ki †h, PQRS GKwU
Ges DE = BC 4 mvgvšÍwiK| 4
M. A I B Gi Ae¯’vb †f±i A I B Ges AB  6bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
†iLvsk c we›`y‡Z m : n Abycv‡Z
K. †Kvb wÎfz‡Ri GKB µ‡g M„nxZ `yBwU evû
ewntwef³ n‡j, C Gi Ae¯’vb †f±i c
Øviv `yB †f±i u I v Gi gvb I w`K m~wPZ
n‡j †`LvI †h, c = 4
n‡j, wÎfz‡Ri Z…Zxq evûwU wecixZµ‡g u +
 5bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
v †f±‡ii gvb I w`K m~wPZ K‡i|
K. ADE G
(+(=( [ wÎfzR wewa ]
=( [†h‡nZz E, AC Gi ga¨we›`y|]
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  510
g‡b Kwi ( = u, ( = v †hLv‡b u GLv‡b ¯úóZt ( I ( Gi aviK †iLvØq m¤ú~Y©
Gi cÖvšÍwe›`y v Gi Avw` wfbœ| A_©vr AD = BC Ges AD Ⅱ BC.
we›`y| Zvn‡j u Gi Avw`  ABCD GKwU mvgvšÍwiK| (cÖgvwYZ)
we›`y Ges v Gi M. †`Iqv Av‡Q, ABCD PZzfz©‡Ri evû¸‡jvi
cÖvšÍwe›`yi ms‡hvRK ( ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g P, Q, R I S| cÖgvY Ki‡Z
Øviv u + v Gi gvb I w`K n‡e †h, PQRS GKwU mvgvšÍwiK|
m~wPZ
nq| u I v mgvšÍivj bv n‡j, u, v Ges u + v †f±iÎq
GKwU wÎfzR Drcbœ K‡i e‡j DcwiD³ †hvRb
c×wZ‡Z wÎfzR wewa e‡j| cÖgvY : g‡b Kwi ( = a, ( = b, ( = c Ges ( = d
L. GLv‡b ABCD PZzfz©R ( I ( KY©Øq ci¯ú‡K O wPÎ n‡Z, ( =
we›`y‡Z mgwØLwÊZ K‡i‡Q| cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e [ ( = ( + ( = ( + ( ]
†h, ABCD GKwU mvgvšÍwiK| = (a + b)
cÖgvY : Abyiƒcfv‡e, ( = (b + c)
( = (c + d) Ges ( = (d + a)
Avevi, ( = (a + b) [( = ( + ( ]
Ges ( = (c + d) [†f±i †hv‡Mi wÎfzR wewa
Abymv‡i ]
 (a + b) + (c + d) = ( + ( = (  ( = 0
(=( [ O, AC Gi ga¨we›`y] [  ( =  (]
Ges ( = ( [ O, BD Gi
ga¨we›`y] A_©vr (a + b) =  (c + d)
GLb ( = ( + ( [wÎfzR wewa] ev, (a + b) =  (c + d)
=(+( [( = (, ( = (]  (=(
=(  (=(
|(|=|(|  PQ Ges SR mgvb I mgvšÍivj|
GLb | ( | = | ( | n‡j ( I ( Gi aviK †iLv GKB ev Abyiƒcfv‡e, QR Ges PS mgvb I mgvšÍivj|
mgvšÍivj n‡e|  PQRS-GKwU mvgvšÍwiK| (cÖgvwYZ)

Ökœ-7  †Zvgvi evwo n‡Z ¯‹zj †mvRv †gvU mgq = 20 wgwbU

`wÿ‡Y Aew¯’Z| evwo n‡Z ¯‹z‡j †nu‡U Avevi, GK N›Uv = 60 wgwbU
†h‡Z 1 NÈv Ges QzwUi ci mvB‡K‡j evwo wgwb‡U AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ = 3 [Link].
20
wd‡i Avm‡Z 20 wgwbU mgq jv‡M| Ó 60 Ó
Ó = [Link].
K. evwo n‡Z ¯‹z‡ji `~iZ¡ I 3 = 9 [Link].
wK‡jvwgUvi n‡j ¯‹z‡j †nu‡U  ¯‹zj †_‡K evwo †divi mgq Avgvi
†h‡Z †Zvgvi MwZ‡eM KZ? 2 MwZ‡eM,
L. ¯‹zj †_‡K mvB‡K‡j evwo wd‡i v = 9 wK. wg./N›Uv| (Ans.)
Avm‡Z †Zvgvi MwZ‡eM wbY©q GLb mvB‡K‡ji MwZ‡eM = 9 wK. wg./ N›Uv
Ki| mvB‡K‡ji MwZ‡eM nuvUvi = 3  3 [Link]./ N›Uv
MwZ‡e‡Mi KZ¸Y? 4 = 3  nuvUvi MwZ‡eM
M. ev‡mi MwZ‡eM 36 [Link]./ N›Uv [ ÔKÕ n‡Z]
n‡j evwo n‡Z ¯‹z‡j †h‡Z †Zvgvi myZivs mvB‡K‡ji MwZ‡eM nuvUvi †e‡Mi
KZ mgq jvM‡e? wZb gva¨‡g wZb¸Y| (Ans.)
†Zvgvi Mo MwZ‡eM KZ? 4 M. ÔKÕ n‡Z †gvU `~iZ¡ = 3 [Link].
 7bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  Mvwoi MwZ‡eM = 36 [Link].
K. evwoi Ae¯’vb‡K H Øviv Ges ¯‹z‡ji ev‡m 45 wK. wg. hvq 1 N›Uvq
Ae¯’vb‡K S Øviv wPwýZ Ki‡j,  1 Ó Ó Ó Ó
Avgvi MwZ‡eM u = = [Link]./ N›Uv `wÿY  3 Ó Ó Ó Ó
w`‡K = 3 [Link]./ N›Uv `wÿY w`‡K| (Ans.) ev, NÈvq ev wgwb‡U [ 1 N›Uv = 60
L. †gvU `~iZ¡ = 3 [Link]. wgwbU]
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  511
ev 5 wgwb‡U| m, n Df‡q FYvZ¥K n‡j m + n) u Gi ˆ`N©¨ n‡e
 evwo n‡Z ev‡m ¯‹z‡j †h‡Z Avgvi 5 wgwbU |m + n| |u| Ges w`K n‡e u Gi w`‡Ki wecixZ
mgq jvM‡e| (Ans.) w`K, ZLb mu + nu †f±iwUi ˆ`N©¨ n‡e |m| |u|
†nu‡U †h‡Z mgq jv‡M 1 NÈv ev 60 + |n| |u| = (|m| + |n|) |u|
wgwbU [  mu, nu †f±iØq GKB w`‡K]

mvB‡K‡j †h‡Z mgq jv‡M 20 wgwbU| Ges w`K n‡e u Gi wecixZ w`K| wKš‘ m < 0
wZb gva¨‡g †h‡Z †gvU mgq jv‡M = ( 60 + Ges n < 0 nIqvq |m| + |n| = |m + n| †m‡nZz
20 + 5) wgwbU| G‡ÿ‡Î (m + n)u = mu + nu cvIqv †Mj|

= 85 wgwbU me©‡kl m Ges n Gi g‡a¨ m > 0, n < 0 n‡j

wZb gva¨‡g AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ = (3 + 3 + 3) ev (m + n) u Gi ˆ`N©¨ n‡e | m + n |u| Ges w`K n‡e

9 [Link]. (i) u Gi w`‡Ki mv‡_ GKgyLx hLb |m| > |n|

 wZb gva¨‡g Mo MwZ‡eM = = (ii) u Gi wecixZ w`K hLb |m| < |n|
= [Link]./ NÈv ZLb mu + nu †f±iwUI ˆ`N©¨ I w`‡K (m + n) u
= 635 [Link]./ N›Uv Gi mv‡_ GKgyLx n‡e| (cÖgvwYZ)
(cÖvq) (Ans.) M.
cÖkœ-8  m I n `ywU †¯‹jvi Ges u GKwU †f±i| (m + n) u = mu
+ nu
K. m I n Gi wewfbœ mvswL¨K
gv‡bi m~ÎwU hvPvB Ki| 2
L. †f±‡ii msL¨v ¸wYZK msµvšÍ m~Î
n‡Z GwU cÖgvY Ki| 4
M. Aci Av‡iKwU †f±i u n‡j m(u + v) g‡b Kwi, (= u, (= v
= mu + mv myÎwU cÖgvY Ki| 4 Zvn‡j ( = (+ (= u + v
 8bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  OA †K C ch©šÍ ewa©Z Kwi †hb OC = m OA
nq| C we›`y w`‡q Aw¼Z AB Gi mgvšÍivj
K. (m + n)u = mu + nu
CD †iLv OB Gi ewa©Zvsk‡K D we›`y‡Z
m = 1 Ges n = 2 n‡j, evgcÿ = (1 + 2) u
= 3u
†Q` K‡i| †h‡nZz OAB Ges OCD wÎfzRØq
Wvbcÿ = 1u + 2u = u + 2u = 3u m`„k,
 evgcÿ = Wvbcÿ †m‡nZz = = = m
 (= m(= mv
Avevi, m = 2 Ges n = 3 n‡j, evgcÿ = (2 + 3)u
= 5u
wPÎ -1 G m abvZ¥K wPÎ -2 G m FYvZ¥K
Wvbcÿ = 2u + 3u = 5u OC = m. OA, CD = m. AB, OD = m. OB
 evgcÿ = Wvbcÿ
GLb, (+ (= (ev, m(() + m( () = m(()
 mu + m v = m(u + v) (cÖgvwYZ)
AZGe, m I n Gi wewfbœ cÖKvi mvswL¨K
gvb wb‡q u †f±‡ii Rb¨ (m + n)u = mu + nu cÖkœ-9  O †K g~jwe›`y a‡i wewfbœ
m~ÎwU hvPvB Kiv n‡jv| Ae¯’v‡b A, B, C, D I E cuvPwU we›`y wbB|
L. cÖgvY : m ev n k~b¨ n‡j m~ÎwU Aek¨B K. wPÎ Gu‡K O we›`yi mv‡c‡ÿ we›`y¸‡jvi
Lv‡U| Ae¯’vb wPwýZ Ki| 2
g‡b Kwi, m, n Df‡q abvZ¥K Ges (= mu L. †`LvI †h, (†f±i (, (, ( †f±i·qi
 | (| = m | u|
†hvMd‡ji mgvb| 4
AB †K C ch©šÍ
M. cÖgvY Ki †h, (= (+ (+ (+ (+ ( 4
ewa©Z Kwi †hb,
| (| = n | u| nq|
 9bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
 (= mu K. g‡b Kwi, OABCDE
lof‚‡Ri g~jwe›`y O
Ges | (| = | (| + | (| = m|u| + n|u| = (m + n) |u|
g~jwe›`y O Gi
 ( = (m + n) u
wKš‘ ( = ( + ( mv‡c‡ÿ A, B, C, D, E
 mu + nu = (m + n)u GB cuvPwU
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  512
wewfbœ we›`yi (†`Lv‡bv
Ae¯’vb †f±i n‡jv)
h_vµ‡g (= a, (= b, (= c, (= M. (= (+ (+ (+ (+ (
d Ges (= e = (+ (+ ( [ÔLÕ n‡Z ]
L. ÔKÕ n‡Z, = a, (= b Ges (= c GLb, OCD- G
GLb, OAB-G ( + (= ( [†f±i †hv‡Mi wÎfzR wewa]
( + (= ( [†f±i †hv‡Mi wÎfzR wewa] (= ( (= d  c [ÔKÕ n‡Z]
ev, (= ( (= b  a Avevi, OAD- G
Avevi, OBC - G (+ (= ( [†f±i †hv‡Mi wÎfzR wewa]
( + (= ( [[†f±i †hv‡Mi wÎfzR wewa] ev, (= ( (= c  d [ÔKÕ n‡Z]
ev, (= ( (= c  b myZivs (+ (+ (= c + d  c + e  d
myZivs (+ (+ (= a + b  a + c  b =e=(
=c=( ev, (= (+ (+ (
A_©vr (= (+ (+ (  (= (+ (+ (+ ( (cÖgvwYZ)
 ( †f±i (+ (I ( †f±i·qi †hvMd‡ji mgvb|

cÖkœ- PQ = (a + b) =  (c + d) =  RS = SR
10  Ges SR mgvb I mgvšÍivj|
 PQ
Abyiƒcfv‡e, QR Ges PS mgvb I mgvšÍivj|
 PQRS GKwU mvgvšÍwiK| (cÖgvwYZ)
M. g‡b Kwi, PQRS mvgvšÍwi‡Ki PR I SQ KY©Øq
wP‡Î ABCD PZzf©y‡Ri AB, BC, CD I DA evûi ga¨we›`y
ci¯úi‡K O we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i‡Q|
h_vµ‡g P, Q, R I S.
g‡b Kwi, PO = p, QO = q I OR = r I OS = s
K. †`LvI †h, (( || AC 2 cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, | p | = | r |, | s | = | q |
L. †f±i c×wZ‡Z cÖgvY Ki, PQRS cÖgvY : PO + OR = PR Ges SO + OQ = SQ
GKwU mvgvšÍwiK| 4 Avgiv Rvwb, mvgvšÍwi‡Ki wecixZ evûØq ci¯úi
M. †f±i c×wZ‡Z cÖgvY Ki, (( I mgvb I mgvšÍivj|
(( ci¯úi‡K mgwØLwÊZ K‡i| 4  PS = QR
 10bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  A_©vr, PO + OS = QO + OR
K. ABC wÎfz‡Ri AB I BC evûi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g ev, p + s = q + r
ev, p  r = q  s [Dfqc‡ÿ  s  r †hvM K‡i]
P I Q.
GLv‡b, p I r Gi aviK PR
Avgiv Rvwb, wÎfz‡Ri †h‡Kv‡bv `yB evûi
 p  r Gi aviK PR.
ga¨we›`y؇qi ms‡hvRK †iLvsk H wÎfz‡Ri
q I r Gi aviK QS,
Z…Zxq evûi mgvšÍivj I Zvi A‡a©K|
 q  s Gi aviK QS.
 (( || AC (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
p  r I q  s `yBwU mgvb Ak~b¨ †f±i n‡j G‡`i
L. g‡b Kwi, ABCD
aviK †iLv GKB A_ev mgvšÍivj n‡e| wKš‘ PR
PZzf©y‡Ri AB, BC, BD, DA
I QS `yBwU ci¯úi‡”Q`x AmgvšÍivj mij‡iLv|
evû¸‡jvi ga¨we›`y P, Q, R,
myZivs p  r I q  s †f±iØq Ak~b¨ n‡Z cv‡i
S| P I Q, Q I R, R I S Ges S I P
bv weavq G‡`i gvb k~b¨ n‡e|
†hvM Kwi|
 p  r = 0 ev p = r Ges q  s = 0 ev, q = s
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, PQRS GKwU
 | p | = | r | Ges | q | = | s |
mvgvšÍwiK|
cÖgvY : AB = a, BC = b, CD = c, DA = d A_©vr mvgvšÍwi‡Ki KY©Øq ci¯úi‡K
Zvn‡j, PQ = PB + BQ = AB + BC = (a + b) mgwØLwÊZ K‡i| (cÖgvwYZ)
Abyiƒcfv‡e, QR = (b + c), RS = (c + d) cÖkœ-11  ABC wÎfy‡R BC, CA I AB evûi
Ges SP = (d + a) ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g D, E I F
wKš‘ (a + b) + (c + d) = AC + CA = AC  AC = 0 K. AB†K BE I CFGi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki|2
A_©vr a + b = (c + d) L. AC, BC I AD-†K ABI BEGi gva¨‡g
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  513
cÖKvk Ki| 4 K. (AB + BC + CD + DA) Gi gvb KZ? 2
M. cÖgvY Ki †h, AD + BE + CF = 0 4 L. †`LvI †h, ADCD GKwU mvgvšÍwiK
 11bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  n‡e hw` I †Kej hw` ba = c d nq| 4
M. AB †iLvsk E we›`y‡Z AšÍwe©f³
K.
n‡j †`LvI †h, E we›`yi Ae¯’vb
†f±i n‡e| 4
 12bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
K.

 BOF n‡Z cvB,

BO + OF = BF
ev, BE + CF = AB
 AB = (BE + CF)
L. ÔKÕ Gi wPÎvbymv‡i  BAE n‡Z cvB, ABC n‡Z cvB,
AB + BC = AC.............. (i)
AB + BE = AE
ACD n‡Z cvB,
ev, AC = AB + BE
CD + DA = CA ................ (ii)
 AC = 2(AB + BE) (Ans.)
(i) I (ii) †hvM K‡i cvB,
 BCE †_‡K cvB,
AB + BC + CD + DA = AC + CA
BC + CE = BE
= AC  AC
ev, BC = BE CE
=0
= BE + AC
 (AB + BC + CD + DA) Gi gvb 0 (Ans.)
= BE + .2 (AB + BE)
 BC = AB + 2BE (Ans.) L. A I B we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i aI b
 AOB n‡Z cvB, AB = b a............................(i)
AO = AB + BO Avevi, C I D-Gi Ae¯’vb †f±i c I d
ev, AD = AB + BE  DC=c d.......................(ii)
 AD = AB + BE (Ans.) wKš‘ cÖ`Ë Z_¨vbymv‡i, b a = c d
M. ÔKÕ Gi wPÎvbymv‡i,  AB = DC
g‡b Kwi, ABC wÎfz‡Ri ga¨gvÎq O we›`y‡Z ABI DCmgvb nIqvq G‡`i aviK †iLv ci¯úi
†Q` K‡i| mgvšÍivj ev GKB n‡e|
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, AD + BE + CF = 0 wKš‘ ABI DCGi aviK †iLv GKB n‡Z cv‡i
cÖgvY : bv|
 ABD n‡Z cvB,  ABI DCGi aviK †iLv mgvšÍivj|
AD = AB + BD ............. (i)  AB DC
ACD †_‡K cvB, Avevi, AB = DC
AD = AC + CD ............... (ii) GKBfv‡e †`Lv‡bv hvq †h, AD= BCI ADBC
(i) + (ii) K‡i, AD + AD = AB + BD+ AC + CD  ABCD GKwU mvgvšÍwiK| (†`Lv‡bv
ev, 2AD = AB + AC + BD BD n‡jv)
ev, AD = (AB + AC) ............ (iii) M.
GKBfv‡e †`Lv‡bv hvq †h,
BE = (BA + BC) .................. (iv)
Ges CF = (CA + CB) ............ (v)
(iii), (iv) I (v) †hvM K‡i cvB,
 AD + BE + CF= ( AB + AC + BA + BC + CA + CB)
= (AB + AC AB + BC AC BC)
=0
=0 g‡b Kwi, AB †iLvsk E we›`y‡Z m : n
 AD + BE + CF = 0 (cÖgvwYZ)
Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³ n‡q‡Q|
cÖkœ-12  A, B, C, D we›`y¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb †f±i cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, E we›`y‡Z Ae¯’vb
h_vµ‡g a, b, c, d †f±i =
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  514
cÖgvY : AB †iLvsk E we›`y‡Z m : n  AC BD = 2AB (cÖgvwYZ)
Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³ n‡q‡Q| cÖkœ-14  ABC wÎfy‡Ri BC, CA, I AB evû·qi
 =
ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g D, E I F.
ev, =
K. BC †K BE I CF †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨
ev, =
cÖKvk Ki| 2
ev, = = 1 +
L. cÖgvY Ki †h, AD,BEI CFga¨gvÎq
=1+ =
 = mgwe›`y I †Q`we›`y‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K
 AE = AB ga¨gv 2 : 1 Abycv‡Z wef³ nq| 4
AE = c a I AB = b a M. EFBC UªvwcwRqv‡gi BE I CF
 c  a = (b a) evû؇qi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g P I Q
= ( b a) + a n‡j cÖgvY Ki †h, EF PQ BC I
= b+a PQ = (BC  EF) 4
= b+a  14bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
=
K.
 c= (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)

cÖkœ-13  ABCD mvgvšÍwi‡Ki AC I BD

`yBwU KY©|
K. AB †K ADI BDGi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki|2
L. cÖgvY Ki †h, AC + BD = 2BC 4
M. cÖgvY Ki †h, AC BD = 2AB 4
 13bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  BOC n‡Z cvB,
BO + OC = BC
K.  BC = (BECF) Ans.
L. awi A, B, C we›`y¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g a,
bI c
GLb, BC Gi ga¨we›`y D
 D Gi Ae¯’vb †f±i = (b + c)
†h we›`ywU AD-†K 2 : 1 Abycv‡Z wef³ K‡i
ABD †_‡K,
Zvi Ae¯’vb †f±i =
AB = AD + DB
 AB = AD BD (Ans.)
= (a + b + c)
L. cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, AC + BD = 2BC GKBfv‡e †`Lv‡bv hvq †h, we›`ywU BE I
ADC †_‡K, CF-†K 2 : 1 Abycv‡Z wef³ K‡i Zvi Ae¯’vb
AC = AD + DC.............. (i) †f±i = (b + c + a)
BDC †_‡K, A_©vr †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, AD,BEI CF-†K †h
BD = BC + CD.............. (ii) we›`y¸‡jv 2 : 1 Abycv‡Z wef³ K‡i Zv‡`i
(i) + (ii) K‡i cvB, Ae¯’vb †f±i GKB A_©vr Zviv GKB
AC + BD = AD + DC + BC + (( we›`y|
= AD + DC  DC + BC
 AD, BE I CF ga¨gvÎq mgwe›`y Ges
= AD + BC= BC + BC=
†Q`we›`y‡Z cÖ‡Z¨‡K 2 : 1 Abycv‡Z wef³
 AC + BD = (cÖgvwYZ)
nq| (cÖgvwYZ)
M. cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, AC  BD= 2AB
M.
ADC †_‡K,
AC= AD+ DC............................. (i)
BCD †_‡K,
BD = BC + ((............................ (ii)
(i)  (ii) K‡i cvB,
AC  BD = AD + DC BC ((
= BC + DC BC + DC
= 2DC= 2AB
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  515
†`Iqv Av‡Q, EFBC UªvwcwRqv‡gi BE I CF  SR = AC Ges SR AC (cÖgvwYZ)
evû؇qi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g P I Q| P,Q †hvM M. wPÎ ÔKÕ †_‡K
Kiv n‡jv| cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, PQRS GKwU
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, EF PQ BC I PQ = mvgvšÍwiK|
(BCEF) AD I DC Gi ga¨we›`y S I R
cÖgvY : g‡b Kwi, †h‡Kv‡bv †f±i  AS = SD = AD
g~jwe›`yi mv‡c‡ÿ B, C, E I F †f±i¸‡jvi Ges DR = RC = DC
Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g b,c, eI f GLb, SR = SD + DR
 CB = bc, FE = ef = AD + DC= (AD + DC) = AC
P we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i = (b + e)  SR = AC Gi aviK †iLv GKB ev mgvšÍivj
Q we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i = (c + f) wKš‘ ¯úóZB SR I AC Gi aviK †iLv GK bq|
 PQ = (c + f) (b + e)  SR AC
= {(c b)ef)} GKBfv‡e †`Lv‡bv hvq †h,
 PQ = (BC  FE) PQ AC
ev, PQ= ( BCï êFEï) = (BCFE) A_©vr SR PQ
wKš‘ PQ = (BCEF) nIqvq PQ †f±iwU - (BCEF) Abyiƒcfv‡e cvB, PS QR
†f±‡ii mgvšÍivj n‡e| Avevi BCI EF†f±iØq  PQRS GKwU mvgvšÍwiK| (cÖgvwYZ)
ci¯úi mgvšÍivj nIqvq (BCFE) †f±iwUI BC
cÖkœ-16  c, a I b 3wU Ak~b¨ AmgvšÍivj
I FEGi mgvšÍivj n‡e|
†f±i Ges m I n `ywU †¯‹jvi ¸wYZK|
cÖkœ-15  ABCD PZfz©‡Ri AB, BC, CD I AD K. †`LvI †h, a + a + b + b = 2 (a + b) 2
evûi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g P, Q, R I S. L. a + b = c n‡j †`LvI †h, a = c b 4
K. AR †K DA I DC Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki| M. ma + nb = 0 n‡j cÖgvY Ki †h, m = n
2 =0 4
L. cÖgvY Ki †h, SR AC Ges SR = AC4  16bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
M. cÖgvY Ki †h, PQRS GKwU
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, aI b`ywU †f±i|
mvgvšÍwiK| 4
GLb, a + a + b + b= 1. a + 1. a + 1. b + 1. b
 15bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  = a (1 + 1) + b(1 + 1)
K. = 2a + 2b= 2(a + b)
 a + a + b + b = 2(a + b) (†`Lv‡bv
n‡jv)
L. a+b=c
ev, (a+ b) + ( b) = c + ( b
ev, a + b + ( b) = c b
 ADR †_‡K cvB, ev, a + {b + ( b)} = c b
AR = AD + DR = AD+ DC ev, a + (b b) = c b
 AR = AD + DC (Ans.) ev, a + 0 = c b
L. ÔKÕ wPÎ †_‡K, ev, a = c b
A , C †hvM Kiv n‡jv|  a = c b (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, SR  AC Ges SR = AC M. ma + nb = 0
AD I CD Gi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g S I R. ev, ma + nb nb = 0  nb
 AS = SD = AD
ev, ma = nb
ev, DR = RC = DC
a I bmgvšÍivj n‡j ma, bn Gi wecixZ †f±i n‡Z
ev, SR = SD + DR
cv‡i bv|
= AD + DC= (AD + DC)
 SR = AC  ma = 0 I nb = 0
 SR= ACGes Gi aviK †iLv GKB ev wKš‘ aI bAk~b¨ †f±i
mgvšÍivj| wKš‘ GLv‡b SR I AC Gi aviK †iLv  m=0I n = 0
GK n‡Z cv‡i bv|  m = n = 0 (cÖgvwYZ)
 SR  AC
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  516
cÖkœ-17  c, aI bwZbwU Ak~b¨ †f±i ivwk = mana
Ges m, n †¯‹jvi ¸wYZK|  (mn) a = ma na (cÖgvwYZ)
K. †`LvI †h a + a = 2a 2 L. g‡b Kwi, a = mb
L. cÖgvY Ki †h, (m  n) a = ma naGes Zvn‡j a, b Gi mgvšÍivj †`Lv‡bvB h‡_ó n‡e|
m (a  b) = ma+ m(  b) 4 a = mbnIqvq a, bGi †¯‹jvi ¸wYZK|

M. †`LvI †h, a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c4  a I bGi w`K GKB hw` m  0 nq Ges

 17bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  wecixZgyLx n‡e hw` m  0 nq| GLb m ¹ 0
KviY m = 0 n‡j a = 0 n‡e hv Am¤¢e GLb, aI
K. a + a = 1a + 1a= a(1 + 1) = 2 a
b Gi w`K hw` GKB nq Zvn‡j Zviv m`„k
 a + a = 2a (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
mgvšÍivj Avi hw` wecixZ nq Zvn‡j Zviv
L. (m  n) a= {m + ( n) } a= ma + ( n) a
wem`„k mgvšÍivj n‡e| myZivs Dfq †ÿ‡Î
= ma  na
a b(cÖgvwYZ)
(m  n) a = ma na
M. †`Iqv Av‡Q, ma + nb = 0
Avevi , m (ab) = m {a + (b)}
ev, ma + nbnb = 0nb
= ma + m (b)
ev, ma =  nb
m (ab) = m a + m (b) (cÖgvwYZ)
hw` m ¹ 0 I n ¹ 0 nq Zvn‡j aI b
M. g‡b Kwi,
(i) wecixZgyLx n‡e hw` m I n Gi wPý GKB
OABC PZzfz©‡R OA
nq,
=a
AB = bGes BC = c
(ii) mggyLx n‡e hw` m I n Gi wPý wecixZ
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, nq|
a + (b + c) = (a + b) +
Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB aI b mgvšÍivj n‡e hv Am¤¢e
c
†Kbbv †`Iqv Av‡Q aI bci¯úi AmgvšÍivj|
cÖgvY :  m ¹ 0 I n ¹ 0 n‡Z cv‡i bv|
 AOB n‡Z cvB,  m = n = 0 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
OA + AB= OB cÖkœ-19  ABCD PZzf©z‡Ri KY©Øq AC I
+b
 OB = a BD.
 OBC n‡Z cvB, K. AB + BC + CD + DA = KZ? 2
OB + BC = OC L. hw` ACI BD KY©Øq ci¯úi O
ev, (a + b) + c = OC we›`y‡Z mgwØLwÊZ nq Z‡e
 OC= (a + b) + c.............. (i) cÖgvY Ki †h, ABCD GKwU
 ABC †_‡K, mvgvšÍwiK| 4
AB + BC = AC M. AB I AC †f±iØq‡K AD I BD Gi mvnv‡h¨
 AC = b + c
cÖKvk Ki| 4
 OAC n‡Z cvB,
OA + AC = OC
 19bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
 a + (b + c) = OC........ (ii) K.
(i) I (ii) †_‡K cvB,
a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)

cÖkœ-18  m, n †¯‹jvi Ges a, b †f±i|

K. cÖgvY Ki †h, (m  n) a = ma na 2
L. a  0 I b  0 n‡j cÖgvY Ki †h,  ABC †_‡K cvB,
AB + BC = AC...................... (i)
amb n‡Z cv‡i †KejgvÎ hw` aI
 CDA †_‡K cvB,
bmgvšÍivj nq| 4
CD + DA = CA........ (ii)
M. a 0 I b 0 ; a I bAmgvšÍivj Ges ma +
(i) + (ii) †_‡K cvB,
nb = 0 n‡j †`LvI †h, m = n = 0. 4 AB + BC + (( + DA = AC + CA = AC AC = 0 (Ans.)
 18bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  L.
K. (mn) a = {m + (n)} a
= ma + (n) a
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  517
wKš‘ GLv‡b aviK †iLv GK bq|
 AB DCI AB = DC
Abyiƒcfv‡e, AD  BC I AD = BC.
 ABCD GKwU mvgvšÍwiK (cÖgvwYZ)
M. ÔLÕ Gi wPÎ †_‡K, ABCD GKwU
†`Iqv Av‡Q,
mvgvšÍwiK|
AO = OCGes OB = DO
ABD n‡Z cvB,
 AO = OC................(i)
DA + AB = DB
OB = DO .................. (ii)
ev, AB =  DA BD
(i) + (ii) †_‡K AO + OB = OC + DO
 AB= AD BD(Ans.)
 AB = DC
Ges  ACD †_‡K ,
myZivs AB I DC Gi aviK †iLv GKB ev AC = AD + DC= AD + AB = AD + AD BD
mgvšÍivj|  AC = 2AD BD (Ans.)
cÖkœ-20 î ABC Gi AB I AC evûi ga¨we›`y (=cb Ges DE = e  d
h_vµ‡g D I E.  M we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i = (d + b) [ M, DB-Gi
K. (( + () †K ( †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk ga¨we›`y]
Ki| 2 Ges N we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i = (e + c) [ N, EC-Gi
L. †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki †h, ga¨we›`y]
 ( = (e + c)  (d + b)
DE॥BC Ges DE = BC. 4
= ( e + c  d  b) = {(c  b) + (e  d)}
M. BCED UªvwcwRqv‡gi BD I CE evûi  ( = (( + ()
ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g M I N n‡j †f±‡ii wKš‘ ( I ( ci¯úi mgvšÍivj nIqvq ( + ( †f±iwUI
mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki †h, MN॥DE॥BC Zv‡`i mgvšÍivj n‡e|
Ges MN = (DE + BC) 4  MN॥BC॥DE Ges MN = (BC + DE) (cÖgvwYZ)
îí 20bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí cÖkœ-21 î
K. ADE-G
( + ( = ( [wÎfzR wewa]
= ( [†h‡nZz E, AC Gi ga¨we›`y|]
P, Q, we›`y¸‡jv
R, S ABCD PZzfy©‡Ri
evûmg~‡ni ga¨we›`y|
K. ( †f±i‡K ( I ( †f±‡ii gva¨‡g cÖKvk
Ki| 2
L. †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki †h, PQRS
myZivs, ( + ( = (
GKwU mvgvšÍwiK| 4
L. m„Rbkxj 1(L) bs mgvav‡bi Abyiƒc|
M. †f±i c×wZ‡Z cÖgvY Ki †h, PQ Ⅱ
M.
AC Ges PQ = AC. 4
îí 21bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
K.

DBCE UªvwcwRqv‡g M I N h_vµ‡g BD I CE-Gi

ga¨we›`y|
†f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, MN॥
wPÎ n‡Z,
DE॥ BC Ges MN = (BC + DE)
(=(+(
cÖgvY : g‡b Kwi, †Kv‡bv †f±i g~jwe›`yi ev, ( = ( + (
mv‡c‡ÿ D, B, C I E we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i  ( = (( + ()
h_vµ‡g d, b, c I e.
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  518
L. †`Iqv Av‡Q, ABCD PZzf©y‡Ri evû¸‡jvi M. PBDS UªvwcwRqvg-G PB I SD Gi
ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g P, Q, R I S Zxh©K evûi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g M
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, PQRS GKwU I N n‡j †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki
mvgvšÍwiK| †h, MN | | BD | | PS Ges MN = (BD + PS).4
cÖgvY : g‡b Kwi, ( = a , ( = b, ( = c Ges DA = d îí 22bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
ÔKÕ n‡Z cvB, ( = (( + () = (a + b)
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, A, B, C I D we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i a,
Abyiƒcfv‡e, ( = (b + c) Ges ( = (c + d)
b, c I d Ges R we›`y CD evûi ga¨we›`y|
Avevi, ( = ( + ( = a + b
myZivs R we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i = (Ans.)
Ges ( = ( + ( = c + d
L. Abykxjbx 12-Gi D`vniY 5 †`L|
[†f±i †hv‡Mi wÎfzR wewa Abyhvqx]
M.
 (a + b) + (c + d) = ( + (
= (  ( [( =  (]
=0
A_©vr (a + b) =  (c + d)
(a + b) =  (c + d)
(=(
(=(
 PQ Ges SR mgvb I mgvšÍivj|
g‡b Kwi, PBDS UªvwcwRqv‡gi BD || PS Ges
Abyiƒcfv‡e, QR I PS mgvb I mgvšÍivj|
PB I SD evûi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g M I N|
 PQRS GKwU mvgvšÍwiK|(cÖgvwYZ)
M, N †hvM Kwi| cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, MN | | BD
M. g‡b Kwi, ABC Gi AB I BC evûi ga¨we›`y || PS Ges MN = (BD + PS)
h_vµ‡g cÖgvY : †`Iqv Av‡Q, A, B, C I D we›`yi
P I Q ; P,Q †hvM Kwi|
Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g a, b, c Ges d| P I S
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, PQ ॥ AC Ges PQ = AC. h_vµ‡g AB I AD evûi ga¨we›`y|
cÖgvY : †f±i we‡qv‡Mi wÎfzRwewa g‡b Kwi, PBDS UªvwcwRqv‡gi BD | | PS Ges
Abymv‡i, PB I SD evûi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g M I N|
(  ( = ( ..................(i)
M, N †hvM Kwi| cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, MN | | BD
Ges (  ( = ( ..........(ii)
| | PS Ges MN = (BD + PS)
wKš‘ ( = 2(, ( = 2(
cÖgvY : †`Iqv Av‡Q, A, B, C I D we›`yi
GLb (ii) bs mgxKiY n‡Z cvB,
Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g a, b, c Ges d| P I S h_µ‡g
(2(=2(
AB I AD evûi ga¨we›`y|
ev, (=2(+2(
 P we›`y Ae¯’vb †f±i p = (a + b)
ev, ( = 2(( + ()
S Ó Ó Ó s = (a + d)
ev, (=2(
ev, (=(
Avevi, M I N h_vµ‡g PB I DS evûi ga¨we›`y|
(= (  M we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i m = (p + b)
Avevi, (  = (  ev, PQ = AC (cÖgvwYZ) = + +

Avevi, ( I ( †f±‡ii aviK †iLv GKB ev N we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i n = (s + d) =

 (( = n  m
mgvšÍivj| wKš‘ GLv‡b aviK †iLv GK bq| =
myZivs ( I ( †f±i؇qi aviK †iLvØq A_©vr = (d  b) + (d  b) = (( + ((()
PQ ॥ AC (cÖgvwYZ) = (( + (2(() [wÎfz‡Ri
†h‡Kv‡bv
cÖkœ-22 î ABCD PZzfz©‡Ri AB, BC, CD Ges
`yB evûi ga¨we›`yi ms‡hvRK
DA evûi ga¨ we›`y h_vµ‡g P, Q, R Ges S| A,
mij‡iLv Z…Zxq evûi A‡a©K]
B, C Ges D we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g a, b, c
= (( + ((= ((( + (()
Ges d.
BD || PS nIqvq (( + (( †f±iwUI (( I (( †f±‡ii
K. R we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i wbY©q Ki|2
mgvšÍivj n‡e|
L. †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki †h,
Zvn‡j (( †f±iwUI (( I (( †f±‡ii mgvšÍivj n‡e KviYÑ
PQRS GKwU mvgvšÍwiK| 4 (( = ((( + (()
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  519
 |((| = |(( + ((| = (|(( + ((|) (cÖgvwYZ)
 MN = (BD + PS) cÖkœ-24   ABC I D, E h_vµ‡g AB I AC Gi ga¨we›`y| P, Q
A_©vr MN || BD || PS Ges MN = (BD + PS) h_vµ‡g BE I CD Gi ga¨we›`y| †Kvb †f±i g~jwe›`yi mv‡c‡ÿ A, B,
C we›`y¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g a, b, c
(cÖgvwYZ)
K. †Kv‡bv we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i ej‡Z
cÖkœ-23  ABCD mvgvšÍwi‡Ki KY©Øq AC I BD
Kx †evSvq? 2
K. †f±iØq‡K ABGes AD
AC, BD
L. †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †`LvI †h, PQ || DE
†f±i؇qi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki| 2
Ges PQ = (BC  DE) 4
L. †f±i c×wZ‡Z cÖgvY Ki †h, cÖ`Ë
M. †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki †h, DP
KY©Øq ci¯úi‡K mgwØLwÊZ K‡i|
|| AC Ges DP = AC 4
4
M. cÖgvY Ki †h, †Kv‡bv PZzfz©‡Ri  24bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
KY©Øq ci¯úi‡K mgwØLwÊZ Ki‡j K. mgZj¯’ †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó we›`y O Gi
Zv GKwU mvgvšÍwiK| 4 mv‡c‡ÿ H mgZ‡ji †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y P Gi
 23bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  Ae¯’vb OP†K O we›`yi mv‡c‡ÿ P we›`yi
Ae¯’vb †f±i ejv nq Ges O we›`y‡K †f±i
K.
g~jwe›`y ejv nq|

wPÎ n‡Z cvB,

AC= AB+ BC= AB+ AD [ AD= BC] L. †`Iqv Av‡Q, ABC-G D I E h_vµ‡g AB I AC
Ges AB+ BD= AD Gi ga¨we›`y|
 BD= AD AB  DE || BC Gi DE = BC
L. Abykxjbx 12 Gi D`vniY-4 †`L|  BCED GKwU UªvwcwRqvg|
M. g‡b Kwi, ABCD PZzfy©‡Ri AC I BD KY©Øq
ci¯úi‡K O we›`y‡Z mgwØLwÊZ K‡i‡Q|
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, ABCD GKwU
mvgvšÍwiK|

Avevi, BE I CD Gi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g P I Q

P, Q †hvM Kwi| cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e PQ || DE

cÖgvY : DO= OB [  O, BD Gi Ges PQ = (BC  DE)

ga¨we›`y] cÖgvY : g‡b Kwi †Kvb †f±i g~jwe›`yi
Ges OC= AO [  O, AC Gi ga¨we›`y] mv‡c‡ÿ D I E we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g
GLb, AB= AO+ OB [wÎfzR wewa] dI e
= OC+ DO [  AO= OC, OB= DO] BC= c  b
= DO+ OC DE= e  d
 AB= DC[wÎfzR wewa DC= DO+ OC]
P we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i = (b + e) [  P, BE Gi
 AB = DC Ges ABI DC Gi aviK †iLvØq GKB
ga¨we›`y]
ev mgvšÍivj n‡e| GLv‡b ¯úóZ : ABI DCGi
Ges Q we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i = (b + d) [ Q, CD Gi
aviK †iLvØq m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| A_©vr AB ||
DC ga¨we›`y]
 ABCD GKwU mvgvšÍwiK|  PQ= (c + d)  (b + e)
[ mvgvšÍwi‡Ki wecixZ evûØq mgvb I = (c + d  b  e) = {( c  b)  (e  d)}
mgvšÍivj] = ( BC DE)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  520
nIqvq BC DE †f±iwU I BCI DE †f±‡ii
DE || BC OB = b
mgvšÍivj n‡e, Zvn‡j PQ †f±iwU I BCI DE Zvn‡j OA+ AB= OB
Gi mgvšÍivj n‡e| ev, a + AB= b
 PQ || DE  AB= b  a (†`Lv‡bv
Avevi,  PQ=  BC DE n‡jv)
ev PQ = = (BC  DE)
L. †`Iqv Av‡Q, A, B, C, D we›`y¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb
 PQ || DEGes PQ = (BC  DE) (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) †f±i h_vµ‡g a, b, c, d
M. †`Lv‡Z n‡e †h, ABCD mvgvšÍwiK n‡e hw` I
†Kej hw` b  a = c  d nq|

wP‡Î, ABC wÎfz‡R D I E h_vµ‡g AB I AC Gi

ga¨we›`y| P, BE Gi ga¨we›`y| A, B, C I D we›`y¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g a,
†h‡Kv‡bv †f±i g~jwe›`yi mv‡c‡ÿ A, B I C b, c Id
Gi Ae¯’vb †f±i a, b I c  AB = b  a Ges DE= c  d
 AB= b  a
Ges AC= c  a g‡b Kwi, ABCD GKwU mvgvšÍwiK|
 D we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i = (a + b) Zvn‡j AB I DC ci¯úi mgvb I mgvšÍivj n‡e|
E we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i = (a + c)  AB= DC
Ges P we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i = ba=cd
 DP=  (a + b)  AB= DC
= b + (a + c)  a  b
= (c  a) = AC myZivs AB I DC †iLv `ywU ci¯úi mgvb I
myZivs | DP|= | AC| mgvšÍivj A_©vr
 DP = AC Ges DPI ACGi aviK‡iLv GKB ev ABCD GKwU mvgvšÍwiK|
mgvšÍivj|  ABCD GKwU mvgvšÍwiK n‡e hw` I †Kej
 DP || AC Ges DP = (cÖgvwYZ) hw`
cÖkœ-25  A, B, C I D we›`y¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb †f±i ba=cd nq| (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
h_vµ‡g a, b, c I d|
M. g‡b Kwi, †Kv‡bv g~jwe›`y O Gi mv‡c‡ÿ A
K. †`LvI †h, AB= b  a 2 I B Gi Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g a I b| AB †iLvsk C
L. †`LvI †h, ABCD mvgvšÍwiK n‡e we›`y‡Z m : n Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³ n‡j
hw` I †Kej hw` b  a = c  d nq| 4 †`Lv‡Z n‡e †h, C we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i
M. AB †iLvsk C we›`y‡Z m : n Abycv‡Z c=
AšÍwe©f³ n‡j, †`LvI †h, C we›`yi
Ae¯’vb †f±i c = 4
 25bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
K. g‡b Kwi, †Kv‡bv mgZ‡j O we›`y mv‡c‡ÿ
A we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i OA = a Ges B we›`yi
Ae¯’vb †f±i,

cÖgvY : =
[  AB†iLvsk C we›`y‡Z m : n Abycv‡Z
AšÍwe©f³ n‡q‡Q|]
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  521
ev, =  AB Ges DC mgvb I mgvšÍivj| Abyiƒcfv‡e
ev, = [e¨¯ÍKiY K‡i] BC Ges AD mgvb I mgvšÍivj|
ev, [†hvRb K‡i] ABCD GKwU mvgvšÍwiK| (cÖgvwYZ)
ev, M.
ev,
ev, =
ev, = [e¨¯ÍKiY K‡i]
ev, | AC| = | AB|
ev, AC= AB [  AC= Ges ABGi w`K GKB]
ev, c  a = (b  a) [ AC= c  a Ges AB= b  a] g‡b Kwi, ABCD mvgvšÍwi‡Ki ACI

ev, c = (b  a) + a BDKY©Øq ci¯úi‡K O we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|

ev, c = g‡b Kwi, OA = a, OB= b

 c = (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) OC= c Ges OD= d

cÖkœ-26  P, Q, R, S GKwU PZzfz©‡Ri cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, |a| = | c|, |b|= |d|
PviwU kxl©we›`y| PZzfz©‡Ri evû¸‡jvi cÖgvY : AO+ OD= AD Ges BO+ OC= BC
ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g A, B, C I D| ÔLÕ n‡Z cvB, AD= BC
K. AB Gi Ae¯’vb †f±i PQ I QR Gi A_©vr AO+ OD= BO+ OC
gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki| 2
ev, a + d = b + c
L. †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki †h,
ev, a + d  c  d = b + c  c  d
ABCD GKwU mvgvšÍwiK| 4
M. †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki †h, [Dfq c‡ÿ c  d †hvM K‡i]
ABCD Gi KY©Øq ci¯úi‡K ac=bd
mgwØLwÊZ K‡i| 4 GLv‡b, a I c Gi aviK AC
 26bs cª‡kœi mgvavb   a  c Gi aviK AC
K. wPÎ n‡Z, Avevi, b I d Gi aviK BD
AB= AQ + QB b  d Gi aviK BD
ev, AB= PQ+ QR I b  d `yBwU mgvb K‡i Ak~b¨ †f±i
a  c

 AB= Zv‡`i aviK‡iLv GKB A_ev mgvšÍivj n‡e|

L. †`Iqv Av‡Q, PQRS PZzfz©‡Ri evû¸‡jvi wKš‘ AC I BD `yBwU ci¯úi‡”Q`x
ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g A, B, C I D cÖgvY Ki‡Z AmgvšÍivj mij‡iLv|
n‡e †h, ABCD GKwU mvgvšÍwiK| myZivs a  c I b  d †f±i Ak~b¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv
weavq G‡`i gvb k~b¨ n‡e|
cÖgvY : g‡b Kwi, PQ = a, QR = b, RS= c Ges
SP= d  ac=0
ÔKÕ n‡Z cvB, AB = ( PQ + QR) = (a + b) ev, a = c
Abyiƒcfv‡e BC= (b + c) Ges CD= (c + d) Ges b  d = 0
b=d
Ges DA= (d + a)
 |a| = |c| Ges |b| = |d|
Avevi, PR= PQ+ QR= a + b
 ABCD Gi KY©Øq ci¯úi‡K mgwØLwÊZ
Ges RP= RS+ SP= (c + d) [†f±i †hv‡Mi wÎfzR
K‡i| (cÖgvwYZ)
wewa Abyhvqx]
cÖkœ-27  ABCD GKwU mvgvšÍwiK hvi
 (a + b) + (c + d) = PR+ RP
KY©Øq AC I BD|
= PR PR [  RP=  PR]
K. AC, BD †f±iØq‡K ABI AD†f±i؇qi
A_©vr (a + b) = (c + d)
gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki| 2
ev, (a + b) = (c + d) L. †f±i c×wZ‡Z cÖgvY Ki †h, cÖ`Ë
 AB=  CD KY©Øq ci¯úi‡K mgwØLwÊZ K‡i|
 AB= DC
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  522
4 (i) I (ii) †_‡K cvB,
M. AB I CD evûi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g P I PC = QA
Q n‡j cÖgvY Ki †h, APCQ GKwU †f±iØq mgvb| A_©vr Zv‡`i aviK †iLv
mvgvšÍwiK| 4 GKB A_ev mgvšÍivj wKš‘ GLv‡b aviK †iLv
 27bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  GK bq|
 †f±i؇qi aviK †iLv PC || QA
K. Avevi, P, AB Gi ga¨we›`y e‡j, AP = AB
AP = a ............(iii)
Ges Q, CD Gi ga¨we›`y e‡j, CQ= CD
ev, CQ= c
 CQ= a
myZivs AP I CQ †f±i؇qi mgvb I
ABCD GKwU mvgvšÍwiK hvi KY©Øq AC I mgvšÍivj|
BD hv‡`i †Q` we›`y O|  APCQ GKwU mvgvšÍwiK (cÖgvwYZ)
ABD-G †f±‡ii wÎfzR wewa Abyhvqx, cÖkœ-28 

AB+ BD= AD
 BD= AD AB...........(i)

ABC-G †f±‡ii wÎfzR wewa Abyhvqx,

AB+ BC= AC

ev, AC= AB+ AD................(ii) Dc‡ii wP‡Î ABC wÎfz‡Ri AB I AC evûi

 (i) I (ii) bs mgxKi‡Y AC, BD †f±iØq‡K ACI ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g D I E Ges BCFD GKwU
BD †f±i؇qi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv n‡jv| mvgvšÍwiK|
L. Abykxjbx 12 Gi D`vniY 4 †`L| K. ( AD+ DE) †K AC †f±‡ii gva¨‡g
cÖKvk Ki| 2
M. L. †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki †h, DE
|| BC Ges DE = BC 4
M. BCFD mvgvšÍwi‡Ki KY©Øq BFI
CD n‡j, BC I BF †f±iØq‡K BD I CD
†f±‡ii gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki Ges
†`LvI †h, BF+ CD= 2CF Ges BF CD=
ABCD mvgvšÍwi‡Ki AB I CD evûi ga¨we›`y 2 BC 4
h_vµ‡g
 28bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
PI Q| P, Q †hvM Kwi| K. ADE-G
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, APCQ GKwU AD+ DE= AE [wÎfzR wewa]
mvgvšÍwiK| = AC [ †h‡nZz E , AC Gi
cÖgvY : g‡b Kwi, AB = a, BC= b, CD= c Ges ga¨we›`y]
DA= d myZivs AD+ DE= AC
PBC-G †f±i †hv‡Mi wÎfzRwewa Abyhvqx, L. Abykxjbx 12 Gi D`vniY-3 †`L|
PC= PB+ BC
= AB+ BC [  P, AB Gi ga¨we›`y]
 PC= a + b ................ (i)
ADQ - G †f±i †hv‡Mi wÎfzR wewa
Abyhvqx,
QA = QD + DA
= CD+ DA [ Q, CD Gi ga¨we›`y]
= c +d
= a + b ............. (ii)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  523
M. GLv‡b BF I CD, BCED mvgvšÍwi‡Ki KY©Øq| Avevi, (ii) bs †_‡K cvB,
BF= 2 BD CD
ev, BF+ CD= 2 BD  CD+ CD[Dfq c‡ÿ CD†hvM
K‡i]
ev, BF+ CD= 2 BD
 BF+ CD= 2 CF......... (iii) [BCFD mvgvšÍwiK e‡j
BD= CF]

BCI †f±iØq‡K BDI CD †f±‡ii gva¨‡g

BF Avevi, BF  CD = 2 BD CD CD [(iii) bs e¨envi
cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e, K‡i]
BCD -G BD= BC+ CD[wÎfzR wewa] ev, BF  CD= 2 BD 2 CD= 2( BD CD)
 BC= BD CD................. (i) ev, BF CD= 2( BD+ CD) [ CD=  DC]
Avevi, BDF -G BF= BD+ DF
ev, BF CD= 2 BC
 BF = BD+ BC
mvgvšÍwiK e‡j BC= DF]
[ BCFD  BF CD= 2 BC...................... (iv)

= BD+ BD CD [(i) bs n‡Z] mgxKiY (iii) I (iv) n‡Z cvB,

 BF= 2 BD CD........... (ii) BF+ CD= 2 CFGes BF CD= 2 BC (†`Lv‡bv
AZGe, (i) I (ii) bs mgxKiY BC, BF †f±iØq‡K n‡jv)
BDI CD †f±i؇qi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv n‡jv|

m„Rbkxj cÖkœe¨vsK DËimn

cÖkœ-29  aGKwU Ak~b¨ †f±i I m GKwU

†¯‹jvi ivwk|
K. †`LvI †h,  (a) = a 2
L. cÖgvY Ki †h, (  m) (a) = m ( a) =  ma 4
M. †`LvI †h, GKwU GKK †f±i| 4
cÖkœ-30  ABCD GKwU mvgvšÍwiK| Gi
KY© h_vµ‡g AC I BD.
ABC wÎfz‡Ri BC, CA, AB evû؇qi ga¨we›`y
K. †`LvI †h AC + BD = BC + AD 2
L. ACI BD †K ABI ADGi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki| 4 h_vµ‡g D, E, F|
M. AB I CD evûi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g P I Q n‡j K. wbw`©ó g~jwe›`yi †cÖwÿ‡Z B I C Gi
cÖgvY Ki †h, APCQ GKwU mvgvšÍwiK| 4 Ae¯’vb †f±i b I c n‡j D we›`yi Ae¯’vb
†f±i wbY©q Ki| 2
cÖkœ-31  m, n `ywU †¯‹jvi Ges u, vI
L. BC †f±i‡K BE= CE †f±‡ii gva¨‡g cÖKvk
wwZbwU †f±i|
Ki| 4
K u + v = u + w n‡j cÖgvY Ki †h v = w 2
M. cÖgvY Ki †h, AD+ BE + CF= 0 4
L. (m + n) u = mu + n u 4
DËi : K. ; L. BC=
M. m (u + v) = mu + mv 4
cÖkœ-34 î
cÖkœ-32  ABC wÎfz‡R BC, CA, I AB evû·qi
ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g D, E I F.
K. BCI CA†f±i¸‡jv‡K BEI CF †f±‡ii gva¨‡g
cÖKvk Ki|
2
L. BC, AD, BEI CF †f±i¸‡jv‡K ABI ACGi gva¨‡g
cÖKvk Ki| 4
M. cÖgvY Ki †h, EF = BC I EF BC 4 ABC Gi AB I AC evûi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g D I
E.
cÖkœ-33  K. (( + () †K ( Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki| 2
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  524
L. †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki †h, DE | | BC cÖkœ-35  aI b `yBwU †f±i Ges m †¯‹jvi
Ges DE = BC. 4 ¸wYZK |
M. A I B Gi Ae¯’vb †f±i, a I b Ges AB †iLvsk C K. †`LvI †h  (a + b) =  a b 2
we›`y‡Z m : n Abycv‡Z ewntwef³ n‡j C L. cÖgvY Ki †h, a = mbn‡Z cv‡i hw` I †Kej
Gi Ae¯’vb †f±i c n‡j, †`LvI †h, c = 4 hw` a, bGi mgvšÍivj nq| 4
M. †`LvI †h, m Gi mKj gv‡bi Rb¨ ma + mb = m
(a + b) m~ÎwU mZ¨| 4
Aa¨vq mgwš^Z m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I mgvavb

cÖkœ-36 î ABC wÎfz‡Ri D”PZv h = 35 cm,

kxl©we›`y A †_‡K f‚wg BC Gi Dci ga¨gv AD
= 4 †[Link]. Ges B = 60|
K. mswÿß weeiYmn wÎfzRwU A¼b
Ki| 2
L. cÖgvY Ki †h, AB + AC = 2AD + 2BD .4
2 2 2 2 A¼b : BC evûi Dci (K) (wPÎ-1) Ges BC
M. †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki †h, AB evûi ewa©Zvs‡ki (wPÎ-2) (L) AE j¤^ A¼b
I AC Gi ga¨we›`yi ms‡hvRK Kwi|
†iLvsk BC Gi mgvšÍivj Ges cÖgvY : ABD Gi ADB ¯’~j‡KvY Ges BD
ˆ`‡N©¨ Zvi A‡a©K| 4 †iLvi ewa©Zvs‡ki Dci AD †iLvi j¤^ Awf‡ÿc
DE [Dfq wP‡Î]
îí 36bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
 ¯’~j‡Kv‡Yi †ÿ‡Î, wc_v‡Mviv‡mi
K.
Dccv‡`¨i we¯Í„wZ Abymv‡i, Avgiv cvB,
AB2 = AD2 + BD2 +[Link] ......... (i)
Avevi, ACD Gi ADC m~²‡KvY Ges DC
†iLvi Dci (wPÎ-1) Ges DC †iLvi
ewa©Zvs‡ki wPÎ-2 Dci AD †iLvi j¤^
Awf‡ÿc DE.
 m~²‡Kv‡Yi †ÿ‡Î, wc_v‡Mviv‡mi
Dccv‡`¨i we¯Í„wZ Abymv‡i cvB,
AC2 = AD2 + CD2 [Link] ................. (ii)
A¼‡bi weeiY : avc-1 : †h‡Kv‡bv BM Gi GLb, mgxKiY (i) I (ii) †hvM K‡i cvB,
B we›`y‡Z B = 60 Gi mgvb K‡i PBM A¼b AB2 + AC2 = 2AD2 + BD2 + CD2 +[Link] [Link]
Kwi| = 2AD2 + BD2 + BD2 + [Link] [Link]
avc-2: BM †iLvi Ici B we›`y‡Z j¤^ BN A¼b [BD = CD]
= 2AD2 + 2BD2 = 2(AD2 + BD2)
Kwi|
(cÖgvwYZ)
avc-3 : BN †iLv n‡Z D”PZv h = 35 cm Gi
M.
mgvb K‡i BO Ask †K‡U †bB|
avc-4 : O we›`y‡Z BM Gi mgvšÍivj OR
A¼b Kwi hv BP †K A we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
avc-5 : A we›`y‡K †K›`ª K‡i ga¨gv AD = d Gi
mgvb e¨vmva© wb‡q GKwU e„ËPvc
AuvwK hv BM †K DI D we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
g‡b Kwi, ABC wÎfz‡Ri AB I AC evû؇qi
avc-6 : DM n‡Z BDGi mgvb K‡i DC Ges DM
ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g D I E. D, E †hvM Kwi|
n‡Z BD Gi mgvb K‡i DC Ask †K‡U †bB|
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h DE || BC Ges DE = BC.
avc-7 : A, C Ges A,C †hvM Kwi|
†f±i we‡qv‡Mi wÎfzRwewa Abymv‡i,
Zvn‡j, ABC Ges ABC-B wb‡Y©q wÎfzR|
  (( = DE ..................(i)
L.
Ges   AB = BC ..............(ii)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  525
wKš‘ = 2 ,  = 2 M.
[D I E h_vµ‡g AB I AC evûi ga¨we›`y]
(ii) bs †_‡K cvB
2  2 = 
A_©vr 2(  ) =  we‡kl wbe©Pb : g‡b Kwi, ABCD
ev, 2 =  [(i) n‡Z] PZzf©y‡Ri AB I CD Gi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g P I
  =  Q| P, Q †hvM Kwi|
Avevi,  =   cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, PQ || AD || BC Ges PQ = (AD
ev,  =  + BC)
myZivs  I  †f±i؇qi aviK †iLv GKB ev g‡b Kwi †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó g~j we›`yi
mgvšÍivj, wKš‘ GLv‡b aviK †iLv GK bq| †cÖwÿ‡Z A, B, C I D we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i
myZivs  I  †f±i؇qi aviK †iLvØq h_vµ‡g a, b, c I d.
A_©vr DE Ges BC mgvšÍivj Ges ˆ`‡N©¨ Zvn‡j P we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i = (a + b)
Zvi A‡a©K| (cÖgvwYZ) Q Ó Ó Ó = (c + d)

cÖkœ-37 î ABCD PZzf©y‡Ri A(6,  4), B(2, 2), C( myZivs  = (c + d)  (a + b)

= (c + d  a  b) = {(a  b) + (d  a)}
Ges D ( 6  4) kxl©mg~n Nwoi KuvUvi
2, 2)
wKš‘  = d  a
wecixZ w`‡K AvewZ©Z|  = c  b
K. AC K‡Y©i ˆ`N©¨ wbY©q Ki| 2 Ges PQ = (+ )
L. ABCD PZzf©yR‡ÿ‡Îi †ÿÎd‡ji mgvb GLb AD I BC mgvšÍivj e‡j ( + ) †f±iwUI
†ÿÎdjwewkó eM©‡ÿ‡Îi cwimxgv Zv‡`i A_©vr BC I AD Gi mgvšÍivj n‡e|
wbY©q Ki| 4 myZivs  †f±iwUI BC I AD Gi mgvšÍivj
M. P I Q h_vµ‡g AB I CD Gi ga¨we›`y n‡e|
n‡j, †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki Ges |  | = |  + |
†h, PQ || AD || BC Ges PQ = (AD + BC). 4 ev, PQ = ( |  | + | | )
îí 37bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí  PQ = (AD + BC)
myZivs PQ || AD || BC Ges PQ = (AD + BC)
K. AC K‡Y©i ˆ`N©¨ = GKK
(cÖgvwYZ)
= GKK
cÖkœ-38 î A
= GKK
= GKK
= 10 GKK (Ans.)
L. GLv‡b, A(6,  4), B(2, 2), C( 2, 2) Ges D( 6,  4)
kxl©mg~n Nwoi KvUvi wecixZ w`‡K
AvewZ©Z|
 PZzf©yR‡ÿÎ ABCD Gi †ÿÎdj PMN mgwØevû wÎfz‡R PM = PN Ges PA 
= eM© GKK MN.

= {6  2 + 2  2 + (2)  (4) + (6)  (4)  (4)  2  2  K. APM Gi †ÿ‡Î  †f±i‡K  Ges

(2)  2  (6)  (4)  6} eM© GKK  †f±i؇qi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki| 2
= {12 + 4 + 8 + 24 + 8 + 4 + 12 + 24) eM© GKK L. B, MN †iLvi Ici †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y
=  96 eM© GKK = 48 eM© GKK n‡j, †`LvI †h, PM2  PB2 = [Link]. 4
†h‡nZz ABCD PZzf©y‡Ri †ÿÎdj eM©‡ÿ‡Îi M. PMN wÎfz‡Ri cwie¨vmva© R n‡j,
†ÿÎd‡ji mgvb| cÖgvY Ki †h,
 eM©‡ÿ‡Îi †ÿÎdj, a = 48 eM© GKK
2 PM2 = [Link]. 4
 eM©‡ÿ‡Îi GK evûi ˆ`N©¨, a = GKK îí 38bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
= 4 GKK
K.
 eM©‡ÿ‡Îi cwimxgv = 4  a = 4  4 GKK
= 16 GKK (Ans.)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  526
ev, [Link] = [Link]
ev, [Link] = [Link] [ PM = PN I PQ = 2R]
 PM2 = [Link] (cÖgvwYZ)
cÖkœ-39 î ABC Gi BC, AC I AB evû·qi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g D,
E I F Ges kxl©we›`y·qi ¯’vbv¼ A(2, 3), B(5, 6), C( 1, 4).

APM G †f±i †hv‡Mi wÎfzRwewa Abymv‡i K.  †f±i‡K  I  †f±‡ii gva¨‡g

cvB,  +  =    =    (Ans.) cÖKvk Ki| 2
L. L. †f±‡ii mvnvh¨ cÖgvY Ki †h, EF | |
BC Ges EF = BC. 4
M. ABC Gi evû·qi ˆ`N©¨ wbY©q
K‡i Gi †ÿÎdj wbY©q Ki| 4
îí 39bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
†`Iqv Av‡Q, PMN G PM = PN K. g‡b Kwi, ABC G AD, BE I CF ga¨gv wZbwU
f‚wg MN Gi Dci B †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y| ci¯úi P we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i‡Q|
†`Lv‡Z n‡e †h, PM2  PB2 = [Link]. †f±i †hv‡Mi wÎfzRwewa Abyhvqx ABE
A¼b : P, B †hvM Kwi| †_‡K,
cÖgvY : PBA mg‡KvYx wÎfz‡R  +  = 
PB2 = PA2 + AB2 ....................(i) ev,  =  – 
[wc_v‡Mviv‡mi m~Îvbymv‡i] =    [ E,  Gi ga¨we›`y ]
Avevi, PMA mg‡KvYx wÎfz‡R = –  = – 
PM2 = PA2 + MA2 ..................(ii) =  –  – 
mgxKiY (ii) †_‡K (i) we‡qvM K‡i cvB, ev,  –  = –  – 
PM  PB = PA + MA  PA  AB
2 2 2 2 2 2
ev,  = –  – 
= MA2  AB2 ev,  =
= (MA + AB) (MA  AB)
  = –  –  (Ans.)
= (AN  AB). MB = MB. BN [ MA = AN]
L.
 PM2  PB2 = MB. BN. (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
M.

cÖgvY : E I F h_vµ‡g  I  Gi
ga¨we›`y|
†`Iqv Av‡Q PMN mgwØevû wÎfz‡R PM = PN I   =  =  Ges  =  = 
PA  MN Ges wÎfz‡Ri cwie¨vmva© R.   = 2 Ges  = 2
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, PM2 = [Link]. wÎfzRwewa Abymv‡i,
A¼b : O, PMN Gi cwi‡K›`ª| O, P †hvM K‡i Q  –  = Ges  –  = 
ch©šÍ ewa©Z Kwi hv cwiwa‡K Q we›`y‡Z ev, 2 – 2 = 
†Q` K‡i| Zvn‡j OP + OQ = 2R ev PQ = 2R. Q, N ev, 2 = 
†hvM Kwi| ev, 2 = 
cÖgvY : PMA Ges PNQ G   = 
PAM = PNQ Df‡q GK mg‡KvY Avevi, || = || ev, EF = BC|
AMP = PQN [GKB R¨v PN Gi Dci Aew¯’Z] myZivs EF I BC †f±i؇qi aviK †iLv GKB ev
Ges Aewkó MPA = Aewkó QPN mgvšÍivj| wKš‘ GLv‡b aviK †iLv GK bq|
 PMA I PNQ m`„k‡KvYx I m`„k myZivs EF I BC †f±i †iLvØq A_©vr EF I BC
Zvn‡j, = mgvšÍivj|
[ m`„k‡KvYx wÎfzR؇qi Abyiƒc evû¸‡jvi  EF | | BC Ges EF = BC (cÖgvwYZ)
AbycvZ mgvb]
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  527
M. A, B I C we›`y·qi ¯’vbv¼ h_vµ‡g A, B I C  x 2y + 6 = 0 (Ans.)
we›`y·qi ¯’vbv¼ A(2, 3), B(5, 6) Ges C(– 1, 4) C Gi fzR Ges A Gi f‚R GKB

AB evûi ˆ`N©¨ =  C Gi f‚R = 6

= C Gi †KvwU Ges B Gi †KvwU GKB
=  C Gi †KvwU = 4
= = 3 GKK  C Gi ¯’vbv¼ (6, 4)
BC evûi ˆ`N©¨ =  AC Gi `~iZ¡ =
= = = = =2
=2GKK BC Gi `~iZ¡ = = = 4
AC evûi ˆ`N©¨ = =  ABC Gi †ÿÎdj =  AC  BC eM© GKK
= = GKK =  2  4 eM© GKK
Aa©cwimxgv s = = 6.8647 GKK = 4 eM© GKK (Ans.)
 ABC Gi †ÿÎdj = eM© GKK M.
=
= = 5.9997 eM©
GKK
= 6 eM© GKK (cÖvq) (Ans.)

cÖkœ-40 î

P we›`ywU EC Ges FB Gi ga¨we›`y| B, E, F

Ges C Gi Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g b, e, f Ges c|
Ae¯’vb †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e
†h, BEFC GKwU mvgvšÍwiK|
( eivei P we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i =
Ges ( eivei P we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i =
†h‡nZz, P we›`ywU ( Ges (Gi ga¨we›`y
AZGe,
ev, c + e = b + f
EC I FB Gi ga¨we›`y P Ges B, E, F, C Gi Ae¯’vb †f±i ev, b  e = c  f
h_vµ‡g b, e, f, c|
ev, (= ( [( = (  ( = b  e Ges (= (  ( = c  b ]
K. AB Gi ga¨eZ©x `~iZ¡ wbY©q
Avevi, |(| = |(|
Ki| 2
`yBwU †f±i mgvb n‡e hw` Zv‡`i aviK
L. AB †iLvi mgxKiY I ABC Gi †ÿÎdj
†iLv GKB A_ev mgvšÍivj nq| wKš‘, G‡ÿ‡Î
wbY©q Ki| 4
( Ges ( Gi aviK †iLv GKB bq| AZGe, Zviv
M. Ae¯’vb †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki
mgvšÍivj A_©vr EB || FC
†h, BEFC GKwU mvgvšÍwiK| 4
 BEFC GKwU mvgvšÍwiK| (cÖgvwYZ)
îí 40bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
cÖkœ-41 î
K. AB Gi `~iZ¡ = GKK
= GKK
= GKK
= GKK
= 2GKK (Ans.)
O†K›`ª wewkó e„‡Ëi e¨vm PR = 10 †m. wg.
L. AB †iLvi mgxKiY,
Ges PQRS PZzfz©‡Ri mwbœwnZ evû¸‡jvi
ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g A, B, C I D.
ev,
K. e„ËwUi †¶Îdj wbY©q Ki| 2
ev, y  6 =
L. cÖgvY Ki †h, PQ. PS= [Link] 4
ev, 2y  12 = x  6
M. †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †`LvI †h, ABCD
ev, x  6  2y + 12 = 0
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  528
GKwU mvgvšÍwiK| 4 cÖkœ-42 î (2, 3) we›`yMvgx GKwU †iLvi
îí 41bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí Xvj 3 Ges †iLvwU x A¶ I y A¶‡K h_vµ‡g P I Q
we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| Aci GKwU †iLv R(4, 3) Ges
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q,
S(3, 0) we›`y w`‡q hvq|
e¨vm, PR = 10 †m. wg.
K. PQ †iLvi mgxKiY wbY©q Ki| 2
e¨vmva©, r = = 5 †m. wg.
L. P, Q, R, S we›`y PviwU †jL KvM‡R
Avgiv Rvwb, e„‡Ëi †ÿÎdj = r2
¯’vcb K‡i †`LvI †h, PQRS GKwU
= 3.1416  52 = 78.54 eM© †m. wg.
(Ans.) mvgvšÍwiK| 4
L. g‡b Kwi, PQS wÎfz‡Ri cwi‡K›`ª O Ges PR M. PQRS Gi mwbœwnZ evû¸‡jvi
cwie„‡Ëi GKwU e¨vm| ga¨we›`yi ms‡hvRK †iLvmg~n
PQS Gi kxl© we›`y P †_‡K wecixZ evû QS Øviv MwVZ PZzfy©RwU Kx ai‡bi
Gi Dci PT j¤^| cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, [Link] = n‡e Zv †f±i c×wZ‡Z wbY©q Ki|4
[Link] îí 42bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
cÖgvY : GKB Pvc PQ Gi Rb¨ PRQ Ges
K. S Xvjwewkó Ges (2, 3) we›`ywewkó †iLvi
PST e„Ëvskw¯’Z †KvY| PR e„‡Ëi e¨vm e‡j
mgxKiY
PQR Aa©e„˯’ †KvY Ges QS evûi Dci PT
y  (3) = 3{x  (2)}
j¤^ nIqvq PTS PTS mg‡KvY| ev, y + 3 = 3(x + 2)
GLb PQR I PTS Gi g‡a¨, ev, y + 3 = 3x + 6
PRQ = PST [GKB e„Ëvskw¯’Z †KvY ev, y = 3x + 6  3
mgvb] ev, y = 3x + 3
PQR = PTS [DfqB GK mg‡KvY]  y = 3x + 3
Aewkó QPR = Aewkó TPS L. ÔKÕ n‡Z cvB,
PQR I PTS mg„k‡KvYx †iLvwUi mgxKiY y = 3x + 3
A_©vr = †`Iqv Av‡Q, †iLvwU x Aÿ y Aÿ‡K h_vµ‡g P I
 [Link] = [Link] (cÖgvwYZ) Q we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
M. †h‡nZz y = 3x + 3 †iLvwU x Aÿ‡K P we›`y‡Z
†Q` K‡i|
myZivs P we›`yi †KvwU ev y ¯’vbv¼
k~b¨|
 0 = 3x + 3
PQRS PZzfz©‡Ri mwbœwnZ evû¸‡jvi ev, 3x =  3
ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g A, B, C, D| ev, x =  1
A, B; B, C; C, D Ges A, D †hvM Kwi| cÖgvY  x=1
Ki‡Z n‡e †h, ABCD PZzfz©RwU GKwU myZivs P we›`y‡Z ¯’vbv¼ (1, 0)
mvgvšÍwiK| Avevi, y = 3x + 3 †iLvwU y Aÿ‡K Q we›`y‡Z
cÖgvY : g‡b Kwi, = p, = r, = s †Q` K‡i|
P, R †hvM Kwi| myZivs Q we›`yi fzR ev x ¯’vbv¼ k~b¨|
Zvn‡j, AB = AQ + OB = (PQ + OR) = (p + q)  y = 3.0 + 3
Abyiƒcfv‡e CD = CS = (RS + SP) = (r + s) ev, y = 0 + 3
wKš‘ (p + q) + (r + s) = PR + RP= PR  PR= 0 y=3
ev, (p + q) + (r + s) = 0 myZivs Q we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ (0,3)
ev, (p + q) = (r + s) Avevi R Ges S we›`y؇qi ¯’vbv¼ h_vµ‡g
ev, (p + q) =  (r + s) (4, 3) Ges (3, 0).
(=( GLb ¯’vbv¼vwqZ †jL KvM‡Ri cÖwZ †QvU
ev, ( = ( cuvP Ni‡K GK GKK a‡i P(1, 0), Q(0, 3), R(4, 3) I
 AB I DC mgvb I mgvšÍivj| S(3, 0) we›`y PviwU †jL Ges KvM‡R ¯’vcb
 ABCD PZzfz©RwU GKwU mvgvšÍwiK| Kwi Ges we›`y¸‡jv ch©vq µ‡g mij‡iLv
(†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  529
Øviv hy³ Kwi| d‡j PQRS PZzfz©RwU cvIqv K. mgvšÍivj evû؇qi ga¨eZ©x
†Mj| `~iZ¡ 8 †[Link]. Ges evû؇q
GKwU AciwU A‡c¶v 8 †[Link].
eo| ABCD Gi †¶Îdj 128 eM©
†[Link]. n‡j CD evûi ˆ`N©¨
wbY©q Ki| 2
L. Aa©e„‡Ëi AB e¨vm Ges AC I BD
`yBwU R¨v ci¯úi P we›`y‡Z †Q`
K‡i| cÖgvY Ki †h, AB2 = [Link] +
[Link] 4
M. g~jwe›`yi mv‡c‡¶ AC evûi A I C
†jLwPÎ †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, PQRS PZzfz©‡Ri we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i a I c| P, AC †K m
`ywU wecixZ evû RS I QR ci¯úi mgvb I : n Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³ K‡i| †`LvI
mgvšÍivj| †h, P we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i 4
†h‡nZz †Kv‡bv PZzfz©‡Ri `ywU wecixZ îí 43bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
evû ci¯úi mgvb I mgvšÍivj|
K. DÏxc‡K ABCD GKwU UªvwcwRqvg| †h‡nZz
myZivs PQRS GKwU mvgvšÍwiK| (†`Lv‡bv
AB I CD mgvšÍivj| GLv‡b, evû؇qi
n‡jv)
ga¨eZ©x `~iZ¡ h = 8 †[Link]. Ges Gi †ÿÎdj
M.
128 eM© †[Link].|
awi, CD evûi ˆ`N©¨ n †[Link].
†h‡nZz, AB > CD
†m‡nZz, AB evûi ˆ`N©¨ (x + 8) †[Link].
 UªvwcwRqv‡gi †ÿÎdj =  h eM© GKK
=  8 eM© GKK
g‡b Kwi, PQRS PZzfz©‡Ri PQ, QR, RS Ges SP = 8(x + 4) eM© †[Link].
evû¸‡jvi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g A, B, C, D| A I B, B kZ©g‡Z, 8(x + 4) = 128
I C, C I D, D I A †hvM Kiv n‡jv| d‡j ABCD ev, x + 4 =
PZzf©yRwU Drcbœ n‡jv| ABCD ev, x + 4 = 16
PZzf©yRwU Kx ai‡bi n‡e Zv †f±i c×wZ‡Z ev, x = 16  4
wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|  x = 12
awi, ( = a, ( = b, ( = c, ( = d AZGe, CD evûi ˆ`N©¨ 12 †[Link].| (Ans.)
Zvn‡j, ( = ( + ( = ( + ( L.
= (( + () = (a + b)
Abyiƒcfv‡e, ( = (b + c), ( = (c + d)
Ges ( = (d + a) †`Iqv Av‡Q, AB e¨v‡mi Ici ABCD GKwU
wKš‘ (a + b) + (c + d) = ( + ( = (  ( = 0 Aa©e„Ë| AC I BD R¨vØq ci¯úi P we›`y‡Z
A_©v, (a + b) =  (c + d) †Q` K‡i‡Q| cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, AB2 = [Link] +
ev, (a + b) =  (c + d) [Link]|
ev, ( =  ( = ( A¼b : A, D; B, C I C, D †hvM Kwi|
 AB I AD mgvb I mgvšÍivj|
cÖgvY : CPD I APB-G
Abyiƒcfv‡e BC I AD mgvb I mgvšÍivj| PDC = PAB [GKB Pvc BC-Gi Ici
myZivs ABCD GKwU mvgvšÍwiK| Aew¯’Z ]
cÖkœ-43 î Ges DPC = APB [wecÖZxc †KvY e‡j|]
wÎfzR `yBwU m`„k‡KvYx|
 wÎfzRØq m`„k|
wP‡Î AB Ⅱ CD =
ev, [Link] = [Link]
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  530
ev, [Link] + AP2 = [Link] + AP2 [Dfqc‡ÿ AP2 †hvM ev, [Link] = AB2  [Link]
K‡i]  AB2 = [Link] + [Link] (cÖgvwYZ)
ev, AP(CP + AP) = [Link] + DP2 + AD2 M. g‡b Kwi, g~j we›`y O Ges A, C `yBwU
[AB e¨vm e‡j ADP = ADB = 90; we›`y| O we›`yi mv‡c‡ÿ A I C we›`yi
 AP2 = AD2  BD2] Ae¯’vb †f±i ( = a I ( = c O, A; O, C †hvM Kwi|
ev, [Link] = DP(BP + DP) + AD 2
[Link] †K m : n Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³ K‡i| O, P
ev, [Link] = [Link] + AB2  BD2 †hvM Kwi|
[ABD = 90 e‡j ABD-G AB2 = AD2 + BD2 cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, P we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i
ev, AD2 = AB2  BD2] cÖgvY : †h‡nZz P, AC †Kv m : n Abycv‡Z
ev, [Link] = AB2  BD(BD  DP) AšÍwe©f³ K‡i †h‡nZz AP t PC = m : n
ev, =
ev, + 1 = + 1
ev, =
ev, =

ev, = [ AC = |(|]
ev, |(| = |(|
Zvn‡j, ( = (
ev, (  ( = (
ev, c  a = (c  ()
ev, c  a = c  (
ev, ( = c + a  c
ev, ( = c + a
ev, ( = c + a
ev, ( =
ev, (m + n) ( = mc + na
(=
A_©vr O we›`yi mv‡c‡ÿ P we›`yi Ae¯’vb
†f±i
(†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)