Physics
Lecture # 23
Chapter 38
Photons and Matter
Waves
(Page 1158)
COMPTON
SCATTERING
COMPTON
SCATTERING
b For ∅ = 120, cos 120 = −0.5
Fractional energy lose
Fractional frequency lose
Fractional wavelength gain
In this problem, we need to find fractional wavelength gain/increase!
photon’s
Atomic Structure
Book Vol. 3; Chapter 39; Page 1201
Elements – different types of atom
➢ Elements are the simplest substances. There are about 100 different elements.
Elements – different types of atom
➢ Elements are the simplest substances. There are about 100 different
elements.
➢ Each element is made up of very tiny particles called atoms, and each
element is made up of just one particular type of atom, which is
different to the atoms in any other element.
Gold is an element made up of
only gold atoms.
Carbon is an element made up
of only carbon atoms.
Atoms – the building blocks
➢ John Dalton had the first ideas about the existence
of atoms over 200 years ago.
➢ However, it is only relatively recently that special
microscopes (called electron microscopes) been
invented that can actually ‘see’ atoms.
➢ This image is highly magnified. What could it be
showing?
➢ The yellow blobs are individual gold atoms, as seen
through an electron microscope.
What particles are atoms made of?
➢ For some time, people thought that atoms were the smallest
particles and could not be broken into anything smaller.
➢ Scientists now know that atoms are actually made from even
smaller particles. There are three types:
proton neutron electron
How are these particles arranged inside the atom?
What is the structure of an atom?
➢ Protons, neutrons and electrons are not evenly distributed in an atom.
➢ The protons and neutrons exist
in a dense core at the centre of
the atom. This is called the
nucleus.
➢ The electrons are spread out
around the edge of the atom.
They orbit the nucleus in
layers called shells.
1amu = 1.6605×10−27 kg
Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment
✓Conducted by Ernest Rutherford (1911)
✓Fired alpha particles (+ve) at thin gold foil
✓Expected: particles pass straight through
Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment
What Was Observed?
✓ Most particles passed straight
✓ Some deflected slightly
✓ VERY FEW bounced back - This was surprising!
Visual Analogy
✓ Sun = nucleus
✓ Planets = electrons
✓ Space between = mostly empty
Limitations of the
Rutherford Atomic