Annexure : Scale and items
Constructs Scale items description Sources
PERSONALIZED 1. AI-based learning systems provide study Pan Tuo, Bicakci,
LEARNING materials suited to my individual learning Ziegler&Zhang
needs. (2025)
2. The learning platform recommends
content based on my strengths and
weaknesses.
3. Personalized feedback from AI tools
helps me understand difficult topics better.
4. The AI system adjusts the pace of
learning according to my academic
performance.
5. Personalized learning features increase
my interest in course content.
6. AI-based personalization helps me focus
on areas where I need improvement.
7. I feel more confident in my learning
when content is tailored to my preferences.
8. Personalized AI tools make classroom
learning more effective for me.
INTELLIGENT 1. Intelligent tutoring systems provide Graesser et al.
TUTORING timely guidance when I make mistakes. (2001)
SYSTEM 2. Feedback from AI tutors helps me correct
my understanding immediately.
3. The AI tutor explains concepts clearly
when I struggle with a topic.
4. Intelligent tutoring systems encourage
me to think rather than memorize answers.
5. The system provides useful hints that
help me solve problems independently.
6. Interaction with AI tutors improves my
problem-solving skills.
7. Intelligent tutoring systems adapt their
feedback based on my learning progress.
8. I find AI-based tutoring support helpful
for completing academic tasks.
AUTOMATED 1. Automated assessments provide quick Li et al.(2020)
ASSESSMENT feedback on my academic performance.
2. AI-based grading systems evaluate my
work fairly and consistently.
3. Instant feedback from automated tests
helps me identify learning gaps.
4. Automated assessments reduce stress
related to traditional examinations.
5. Feedback from AI-based assessments
helps me improve future performance.
6. I trust the accuracy of AI-driven
evaluation systems.
7. Automated quizzes motivate me to
engage regularly with course material.
8. AI-based assessments support continuous
and self-directed learning.
STUDENT 1. I actively participate in learning activities Dixson (2015)
ENGAGEMENT supported by AI tools.
2. I regularly interact with online learning
content generated through AI platforms.
3. AI-based activities help me stay focused
during learning sessions.
4. I put consistent effort into academic tasks
when AI tools are used.
5. I feel involved in my learning process
while using AI-based platforms.
6. AI tools increase my interest in academic
activities.
7. I regularly review feedback provided by
AI learning systems.
8. I feel motivated to engage deeply with
AI-supported learning tasks.
CRITICAL 1. AI-based learning tools encourage me to Nair, Hellsten &
THINKING analyze problems from multiple Stamler (2017)
perspectives.
2. I critically evaluate information provided
by AI systems before accepting it.
3. Using AI tools helps me assess the
quality of academic information.
4. I apply logical reasoning when solving
problems with AI support.
5. AI-based activities promote reflective
thinking about my learning.
6. I can justify my answers when using AI-
based learning systems.
7. AI tools help me connect ideas across
different academic topics.
8. I feel confident in making independent
judgments after using AI tools.
ACADEMIC 1. I am satisfied with my overall academic Pham & Taylor
PERFORMANCE performance this semester. (1999)
2. My grades accurately reflect my
academic abilities.
3. I consistently perform well in my
coursework.
4. I achieve the academic goals I set for
myself.
5. My academic performance has improved
over time.
6. I perform better in subjects where AI-
based tools are used.
7. I am confident about maintaining good
academic performance.
8. My semester results meet my academic
expectations.