1-1 Powers and Exponents

1. Write the expression (–7) • (–7) • 5 • 5 • 5 • 5 using exponents.

SOLUTION:
(7) • (–7) • 5 • 5 • 5 • 5 Write the expression.
= (–7)2 • 5 • 5 • 5 • 5 The base –7 occurs twice. Write using exponents.
= (–7)2 • 54 The base 5 occurs four times. Write using exponents.

ANSWER:
(–7)2 • 54

2. Write the expression n • n • p • p • r • r • r using exponents.

SOLUTION:
n•n•p•p•r•r•r Write the expression.
= (n)2 • p • p • r • r • r The base n occurs twice. Write using exponents.
= n2 • p2 • r • r • r The base p occurs twice. Write using exponents.
= n2 • p2 • r3 The base r occurs three times. Write using exponents.

ANSWER:
n2 • p2 • r3

3. Evaluate the numerical expression 34 – (–4)2.

SOLUTION:
34 – (–4)2 Write the expression.
= 81 – (–4)2 34 means 3 • 3 • 3 • 3, or 81.
= 81 – 16 (–4)2 means (–4) • (–4), or 16.
= 65 Subtract.

ANSWER:
65

4. Evaluate the numerical expression 6 + 26.

SOLUTION:
6 + 26 Write the expression.
= 6 + 64 26 means 2 • 2 • 2 • 2 • 2 • 2, or 64.
= 70 Add.

ANSWER:
70

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1-1 Powers and Exponents

5. Evaluate x 3 – y2 if x = 2 and y = .

SOLUTION:
x 3 – y2 Write the expression.
= 23 – ( )2 Replace x with 2 and y with .

=8– Evaluate the powers.

= Subtract.

ANSWER:

6. Evaluate (g + h)3 if g = 2 and h = –3.

SOLUTION:
(g + h)3 Write the expression.
= [2 + (–3)]3 Replace g with 2 and h with –3.
= [–1]3 Add.
= –1 Evaluate the power.

ANSWER:
–1

7. Replace __ with >, <, or = to make a true statement: (–3)4 __ (–4)3.

SOLUTION:
Evaluate (–3)4.
(–3)4 = (–3) • (–3) • (–3) • (–3)
= 81
Evaluate (–4)3.
(–4)3 = (–4) • (–4) • (–4)
= –64
Compare 81 and –64. Because 81 is greater than –64, (–3)4 > (–4)3.

ANSWER:
>

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1-1 Powers and Exponents

8. A scientist estimates that, after a certain amount of time, there would be 25 • 33 • 105 bacteria in a Petri dish. How
many bacteria is this?
SOLUTION:
25 • 33 • 105 Write the expression.
= 32 • 27 • 100,000 Evaluate the powers.
= 86,400,000 Multiply.

So, there will be 86,400,000 bacteria in the Petri dish.

ANSWER:
86,400,000 bacteria

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1-1 Powers and Exponents

9. Multiselect Select all of the expressions that evaluate to negative rational numbers.
(–9)4
( )3

35 – 104
(9.8)2 – 102

( )2

SOLUTION:
Evaluate each expression.
(–9)4 = (–9) • (–9) • (–9) • (–9)
= 6,561 This is a positive rational number.

( )3 = ( ) •( ) •( )

= This is a negative rational number.

35 – 104 = 243 – 10,000

= –9,757 This is a negative rational number.

(9.8)2 – 102 = 96.04 – 100

= –3.96 This is a negative rational number.

( )2 = ( ) •( )

= This is a positive rational number.

So, the expressions that evaluate to negative rational numbers are ( )3, 35 – 104, and (9.8)2 – 102.

ANSWER:
( )3, 35 – 104, (9.8)2 – 102

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1-1 Powers and Exponents

10. The table shows the approximate number of species of each type of tree.

How many more species of palm tree are there than maple tree?
SOLUTION:
23 • 3 • 53 Write the expression for the number of species of palm tree.
= 8 • 3 • 125 Evaluate the powers.
= 3,000 Multiply. So, there are 3,000 species of palm tree.

27 Write the expression for the number of species of maple tree.

= 128 Evaluate the power. So, there are 128 species of maple tree.

To find how many more species of palm tree there are than maple tree, subtract.
3,000 – 128 = 2,872
So, there are 2,872 more species of palm tree than maple tree.

ANSWER:
2,872 more species of palm tree

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1-1 Powers and Exponents

11. The table shows the approximate number of lakes in two different states.

How many more lakes does Florida have than Minnesota?

SOLUTION:
Evaluate each expression.
3 • 104 Write the expression for the number of lakes in Florida.
= 3 • 10,000 Evaluate the power.
= 30,000 Multiply. So, there are 30,000 lakes in Florida.

23 • 52 • 109 Write the expression for the number of lakes in Minnesota.

= 8 • 25 • 109 Evaluate the powers.
= 21,800 Multiply. So, there are 21,800 lakes in Minnesota.

To find how many more lakes Florida has than Minnesota, subtract.
30,000 – 21,800 = 8,200
So, Florida has 8,200 more lakes than Minnesota.

ANSWER:
8,200 more lakes

12. Identify Structure Without evaluating, explain why (–8.4)5 is less than 22.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Even though the exponent is greater in (–8.4)5, the base is multiplied five times. Multiplying a
negative number five times results in a negative product. Any negative number is less than 22 or 4.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: Even though the exponent is greater in (–8.4)5, the base is multiplied five times. Multiplying a
negative number five times results in a negative product. Any negative number is less than 22 or 4.

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1-1 Powers and Exponents

13. Find the Error A student evaluated the expression (x 2 – y)3 if x = –4 and y = 7. Find his mistake and correct it.
(x 2 – y)3 = (–42 – 7)3
= (–16 – 7)3
= (–23)3
= –12,167

SOLUTION:
Sample answer: He substituted –4 for x, but should have taken –4 to the second power, not just 4. Placing
parentheses around –4 would have helped him to take the correct value to the second power. The correct value of
the expression is 729.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: He substituted –4 for x, but should have taken –4 to the second power, not just 4. Placing
parentheses around –4 would have helped him to take the correct value to the second power. The correct value of
the expression is 729.

14. Determine if the statement is true or false. Justify your response.

The expressions (–x)y and –xy have the same value.

SOLUTION:
false; Sample answer: The base, x, is used as a factor y times. The expression –xy, means the opposite of xy.

ANSWER:
false; Sample answer: The base, x, is used as a factor y times. The expression –xy, means the opposite of xy.

15. A student finds that ( )2 = ( )4 and concludes, then, that ( )2 = ( )3. Is this reasoning correct? Explain.

SOLUTION:
It is incorrect. Because 42 = 24, the first set of expressions are equal. This is not the case for ( )2 and (

)3 because ( )2 = and ( )3 = .

ANSWER:
It is incorrect. Because 42 = 24, the first set of expressions are equal. This is not the case for ( )2 and ( )3

because ( )2 = and ( )3 = .

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1-2 Multiply and Divide Monomials

1. Simplify the expression 38 • 3.

SOLUTION:
38 • 3 Write the expression.
= 38 • 31 3 = 31
= 38 + 1 Product of Powers Property
= 39 or 19,683 Add the exponents. Simplify.

ANSWER:
39 or 19,683

2. Simplify the expression m5 • m2.

SOLUTION:
m5 • m2 Write the expression.
= m5 + 2 Product of Powers Property
= m7 Simplify.

ANSWER:
m7

3. Simplify the expression 3m3n2 • 8mn3.

SOLUTION:
3m3n2 • 8mn3 Write the expression.
= (3 • m3 • n2) • (8 • m • n3) Definition of coefficient
= (3 • 8)(m3 • m)(n2 • n3) Commutative and Associative Property
= 24(m3 • m)(n2 • n3) Multiply the coefficients.
= 24(m3 + 1)(n2 + 3) Product of Powers Property
= 24m4n5 Simplify.

ANSWER:
24m4n5

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1-2 Multiply and Divide Monomials

4. Simplify the expression 9p4 • (−8p2).

SOLUTION:
9p4 • (−8p2) Write the expression.
= (9 • p4) • (−8 • p2) Definition of coefficient
= (9 • −8)(p4 • p2) Commutative and Associative Property
= −72(p4 • p2) Multiply the coefficients.
= −72p4 + 2 Product of Powers Property
= −72p6 Simplify.

ANSWER:
−72p6

5. Simplify .

SOLUTION:

Write the expression.

= b12 − 5 Quotient of Powers Property

= b7 Subtract the exponents.

ANSWER:
b7

6. Simplify .

SOLUTION:

Write the expression.

= Group by common base.

= 55 – 3 • 63 – 1 • 810 – 9 Quotient of Powers Property

= 52 • 62 • 81 Subtract the exponents.
= 25 • 36 • 8 Evaluate the powers.
= 7,200 Simplify.

ANSWER:
52 • 62 • 81 or 7,200

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1-2 Multiply and Divide Monomials

7. A publisher sells 106 copies of a new science fiction book and 103 copies of a new mystery book. How many
times as many science fiction books were sold than mystery books?

SOLUTION:

Evaluate .

Write the expression.

= 106 − 3 Quotient of Powers Property

= 103 Subtract the exponents.
= 1,000 Simplify.

ANSWER:
103 or 1,000 times as many science fiction books

8. Simplify .

SOLUTION:

Write the expression.

= Associative Property

= Divide the coefficients.

= 5(x 15 – 10) Quotient of Powers Property

= 5x 5 Subtract the exponents.

ANSWER:
5x 5

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1-2 Multiply and Divide Monomials

9. Equation Editor Simplify .

SOLUTION:

Write the expression.

= Group by common base.

= (a4 – 2)(c6 – 1) Quotient of Powers Property

= a2c5 Subtract the exponents.

ANSWER:
a2c5

10. Fouster’s Farms has 53 fruit trees on their land. Myrna’s Farms has five times as many fruit trees as Fouster’s. A
commercial farm has 500 fruit trees. Which farm has the most fruit trees?
SOLUTION:
Sample method:
Evaluate each expression.
53 Write the expression for Fouster’s Farms.
= 125 Simplify. Fouster’s Farms has 125 fruit trees.

53 • 5 Write the expression for Myrna’s Farms.

= 53 • 51 5 = 51
= 53 + 1 Product of Powers Property
= 54 Add the exponents.
= 625 Simplify. Myrna’s Farms has 625 fruit trees.

The commercial farm has 500 fruit trees.

Compare 125, 500, and 625. Because 125 < 500 < 625, Myrna’s Farms has the most fruit trees.

ANSWER:
Myrna’s Farms

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1-2 Multiply and Divide Monomials

11. The table shows the number of bacteria in each Petri dish.

Dish C has 82 times as many bacteria has Dish A. Which Petri dish holds the most number of bacteria?
SOLUTION:
Sample method:
Evaluate each expression.
86 Write the expression for Petri Dish A.
= 262,144 Simplify.

89 Write the expression for Petri Dish B.

= 134,217,728 Simplify.

86 • 82 Write the expression for Petri Dish C.

= 86 + 2 Product of Powers Property
= 88 Add the exponents.
= 16,777,216 Simplify.

Compare 262,144, 16,777,216, and 134,217,728. Because 262,144 < 16,777,216 < 134,217,728,
Dish B holds the greatest number of bacteria.

ANSWER:
Dish B

12. Write a multiplication expression with a product of 813.

SOLUTION:
85 ⋅ 88 = 85 + 8 or 813

ANSWER:
Sample answer: 85 ⋅ 88

13. Persevere with Problems What is four times 415? Write using exponents and explain your reasoning.
SOLUTION:
416; four times 415 translates to 4 • 415 which simplifies to 41 + 15 or 416.

ANSWER:
416; Sample answer: four times 415 translates to 4 • 415 which simplifies to 416.

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1-2 Multiply and Divide Monomials

14. Identify Repeated Reasoning Consider the sequence below:

2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, …
The number 4,096 belongs to this sequence. What is the number that immediately precedes it?
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: In the sequence, each term is two times the previous term. To find the term before 4,096, divide
4,096 by two. 4,096 ÷ 2 = 2,048. The term is 2,048.

ANSWER:
2,048

15. What value of n makes a true statement?

4n • 42 = 16,384

SOLUTION:
Sample answer:
16,384 = 47 Express 16,384 using a base of 4 and an exponent.
n
4 •4 =4 2 7 Replace 16,384 with 47.
4n + 2 = 47 Product of Powers Property
4 5 + 2 =4 7 Think: What number plus 2 is 7?; 5 + 2 = 7

ANSWER:
n=5

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1-3 Powers of Monomials

1. Simplify the expression (72)3.

SOLUTION:
(72)3 Write the expression.
= 72 • 3 Power of a Power Property
= 76 or 117,649 Simplify.

ANSWER:
76 or 117,649

2. Simplify the expression (83)3.

SOLUTION:
(83)3 Write the expression.
= 83 • 3 Power of a Power Property
= 89 or 134,217,728 Simplify.

ANSWER:
89 or 134,217,728

3. Simplify the expression (d7)6.

SOLUTION:
(d7 )6 Write the expression.
= d7 • 6 Power of a Power Property
= d42 Simplify.

ANSWER:
d42

4. Simplify the expression (z7)3.

SOLUTION:
(z7 )3 Write the expression.
= z7 • 3 Power of a Power Property
= z21 Simplify.

ANSWER:
z21

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1-3 Powers of Monomials

5. Simplify the expression (2m5)6.

SOLUTION:
(2m5)6 Write the expression.
= 26 • (m5)6 Power of a Product Property
= 26 • m5 • 6 Power of a Power Property
= 64m30 Simplify.

ANSWER:
64m30

6. Simplify the expression (7a5b6)4.

SOLUTION:
(7a5b6)4 Write the expression.
= 74 • (a5)4 • (b6)4 Power of a Product Property
= 74 • a5 • 4 • b6 • 4 Power of a Power Property
= 2,401a20b24 Simplify.

ANSWER:
2,401a20b24

7. Simplify the expression (−3w3z8)5.

SOLUTION:
(−3w3z8)5 Write the expression.
= (−3)5 • (w3)5 • (z8)5 Power of a Product Property
= (−3)5 • w3 • 5 • z8 • 5 Power of a Power Property
= −243w15z40 Simplify.

ANSWER:
−243w15z40

8. Simplify the expression (−5r4s10)4.

SOLUTION:
(−5r4s10)4 Write the expression.
= (−5)4 • (r4)4 • (s10)4 Power of a Product Property
= (−5)4 • r4 • 4 • s10 • 4 Power of a Power Property
= 625r16s40 Simplify.

ANSWER:
625r16s40
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1-3 Powers of Monomials

9. Which is greater: 1,000 or (62)3? Explain.

SOLUTION:
Evaluate (62)3.
(62)3 = 62 • 3 Power of a Power Property
= 66 or 46,656 Simplify.

Compare 1,000 and 46,656. Because 46,656 is greater than 1,000, (62)3 > 1,000.

ANSWER:
(62)3; (62)3 = 46,656 and 46,656 > 1,000

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1-3 Powers of Monomials

10. Multiselect Select all of the expressions that simplify to the same expression.
(x 3y4)2
(x 2y)2
(x 3)2y6
x 6(y4)2
(x 3)2(y2)4

SOLUTION:
Simplify each expression.
(x 3y4)2 = (x 3)2 • (y4)2 Power of a Product Property
= x 3 • 2 • y4 • 2 Power of a Power Property
= x 6y8 Simplify.

(x 2y)2 = (x 2)2 • (y)2 Power of a Product Property

= x 2 • 2 • y1 • 2 Power of a Power Property
= x 4y2 Simplify.

(x 3)2y6 = (x 3)2 • y6 Power of a Product Property

= x 3 • 2 • y6 Power of a Power Property
= x 6y6 Simplify.

x 6(y4)2 = x 6 • (y4)2 Power of a Product Property

= x 6 • y4 • 2 Power of a Power Property
= x 6y8 Simplify.

(x3)2(y2)4 = (x 3)2 • (y4)2 Power of a Product Property

= x 3 • 2 • y4 • 2 Power of a Power Property
= x 6y8 Simplify.

So, the expressions that simplify to the same expression are (x 3y4)2, x 6(y4)2, and (x 3)2(y2)4.

ANSWER:
(x 3y4)2, x 6(y4)2, (x 3)2(y2)4

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1-3 Powers of Monomials

11. A square floor has a side length of 7x 5y6 units. A square tile has a side length of x 2y units. How many tiles will it
take to cover the floor?
SOLUTION:
Sample method:
Find the area of the square floor.
A = s2
= (7x 5y6)2 Replace s with the side length.
= 72 • (x 5)2 • (y6)2 Power of a Product Property
= 72 • x 5 • 2 • y6 • 2 Power of a Power Property
= 49x y10 12 Simplify.

Find the area of one square tile.

A = s2
= (x 2y)2 Replace s with the side length.
2 2
= (x ) • (y )1 2 Power of a Product Property
=x 2 • 2 •y1• 2 Power of a Power Property
=x y4 2 Simplify.

Divide the area of the floor by the area of one tile.

Simplify .

= Group by common base.

= Quotient of Powers Property

= Subtract the exponents.

= 49x 6y10 Simplify.

ANSWER:
49 x 6 y10 tiles

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1-3 Powers of Monomials

12. A cube has a side length of 3x 6 units. A smaller cube has a side length of x 2 units. How many smaller cubes will fit
in the larger cube?
SOLUTION:
Sample method:
Find the volume of the larger cube.
V = s3
= (3x 6)3 Replace s with the side length.
= 33 • (x 6)3 Power of a Product Property
3
=3 •x 6 • 3 Power of a Power Property
= 27x 18 Simplify.

Find the volume of one smaller cube.

V = s3
= (x 2)3 Replace s with the side length.
=x 2 • 3 Power of a Power Property
=x 6 Simplify.

Divide the volume of the larger cube by the volume of smaller cube.

Simplify .

= Group by common base.

= Quotient of Powers Property

= 27x 12 Simplify.

ANSWER:
27x 12 cubes

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1-3 Powers of Monomials

13. Make an argument for why (42)4 = (44)2.

SOLUTION:
Using the Power of a Power law of exponents simplify both expressions.
(42)4 = 42 • 4 or 48
(44)2 = 44 • 2 or 48
Multiplication is commutative, so 2 ⋅ 4 is the same as 4 ⋅ 2.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: Using the Power of a Power law of exponents, both expressions simplify to 48. Multiplication is
commutative, so 2 ⋅ 4 is the same as 4 ⋅ 2.

14. Persevere with Problems Describe all the positive integers that would make less than . Explain

your reasoning.
SOLUTION:

n ≥ 2; When fractions are raised to a positive power, their value decreases. To determine a number less than

, the exponent must be 8 or greater. So, 4 ⋅ n must be 8 or greater, by the Power of a Power property. So, n ≥ 2.

ANSWER:
n ≥ 2; Sample answer: When fractions are raised to a positive power, their value decreases. To determine a
number less than , the exponent must be 8 or greater. So, 4 ⋅ n must be 8 or greater, by the Power of a

Power property. So, n ≥ 2.

15. Without computing, determine which number is greater, [(–4)4]5 or –[(412)3]. Explain your reasoning.

SOLUTION:
Using the Power of a Power property, [(–4)4]5 simplifies to (–4)20, a positive number. The expression – [(412)3]
simplifies to – (436), a negative number. A positive number is greater than a positive number.

ANSWER:
[(–4)4]5; Sample answer: Using the Power of a Power property, [(–4)4]5 simplifies to (–4)20, a positive number.
The expression – [(412)3] simplifies to – (436), a negative number.

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1-3 Powers of Monomials

16. Identify Structure Charlotte states that (43)3 can be rewritten as 218. Explain how she is correct.

SOLUTION:
(43)3 can be simplified as 49. The expression 49 can be rewritten as (2 ⋅ 2)9. The Power of a Product Property
states that (2 ⋅ 2)9 = 29 ⋅ 29. Finally, 29 ⋅ 29 = 29 + 9 or 218.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: (43)3 can be simplified as 49. The expression 49 can be rewritten as (2 ⋅ 2)9. The Power of a
Product Property states that (2 ⋅ 2)9 = 29 ⋅ 29. Finally, 29 ⋅ 29 = 218.

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1-4 Zero and Negative Exponents

1. Simplify the expression 460.

SOLUTION:
460 Write the expression.
=1 Any nonzero number to the zero power is equivalent to 1.

ANSWER:
1

2. Simplify the expression w0, where w ≠ 0.

SOLUTION:
w0 Write the expression.
=1 w ≠ 0, so any number to the zero power is equivalent to 1.

ANSWER:
1

3. Express 8−4 using a positive exponent.

SOLUTION:
8−4 Write the expression.
= Definition of negative exponent.

ANSWER:

4. Express y−9 using a positive exponent.

SOLUTION:
y−9 Write the expression.
= Definition of negative exponent.

ANSWER:

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1-4 Zero and Negative Exponents

5. Express using a negative exponent.

SOLUTION:
Write the expression.

= d−6 Definition of negative exponent.

ANSWER:
d–6

6. Express using a negative exponent.

SOLUTION:
= 3−6 Definition of negative exponent.

ANSWER:
3–6

7. Simplify the expression 94 • 9−6.

SOLUTION:
94 • 9−6 Write the expression.
= 94 + (−6) Product of Powers Property
= 9−2 Simplify.
= Write using a positive exponent.

= Simplify.

ANSWER:

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1-4 Zero and Negative Exponents

8. Simplify the expression y–9 • y3.

SOLUTION:
y–9 • y3 Write the expression.
= y(−9) + 3 Product of Powers Property
= y−6 Simplify.
= Write using a positive exponent.

ANSWER:

9. Simplify the expression .

SOLUTION:

Write the expression.

= x (−8) – (– 12) Quotient of Powers Property

= x4 Simplify.

ANSWER:
x4

10. Simplify the expression .

SOLUTION:

Write the expression.

= d(−13) – (– 2) Quotient of Powers Property

= d−11 Simplify.
= Write using a positive exponent.

ANSWER:

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1-4 Zero and Negative Exponents

11. Simplify 8−7 • 87 •104 • 10−4.

SOLUTION:
8−7 • 87 •104 • 10−4 Write the expression.
= 8−7 + 7 • 104 + (−4) Product of Powers Property
= 80 • 100 Simplify.
=1•1 Any nonzero number to the zero power is equivalent to 1.
=1 Simplify.

ANSWER:
1

12. Multiselect Select all of the expressions that are simplified.

n4

n6 • n–8
n7 • p8

SOLUTION:
An expression is in simplest form if it contains no like bases and no negative exponents.

n4 is simplified.

is not simplified. It contains a negative exponent.

n6 • n–8 is not simplified. It contains a negative exponent.

n7 • p8 is simplified.

is simplified.

ANSWER:
n4, n7 • p8,

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1-4 Zero and Negative Exponents

13. A dish containing bacteria has a diameter of 0.0001 kilometer. The diameter of a bacterium is 10−16 kilometer.
How many times larger is the diameter of the dish than the diameter of the bacterium?
SOLUTION:
Sample method:
Express 0.0001 as a power of 10.
0.0001
= 10−4 The base is 10. Because you moved the decimal point 4 places to the left the exponent
is −4.

Divide 10−4 by 10−16 to find how many times larger the diameter of the dish is than the diameter of the bacterium.
=10(–4) – (–16) Quotient of Powers Property

= 1012 Subtract the exponents.

ANSWER:
1012 times larger

14. The table shows the diameters of two objects. How many times larger is the diameter of a pinhead than the
diameter of a cloud water droplet?

SOLUTION:
Sample method:
Express 0.001 as a power of 10.
0.001
= 10−3 The base is 10. Because you moved the decimal point 3 places to the left the exponent
is −3.

Divide 10−3 by 10−5 to find how many times larger the pinhead is than the diameter of a cloud water droplet.
= 10(−3) − (−5) Quotient of Powers Property

= 102 Subtract the exponents.

ANSWER:
102 times larger

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1-4 Zero and Negative Exponents

15. Without evaluating, order 5−7, 54, and 50 from least to greatest. Explain your reasoning.
SOLUTION:

Written with a positive exponent, 5−7 is and is less than 1, 50 equals 1, and 54 is greater than 1. So, 5−7< 50 <

54.

ANSWER:
5−7, 50, 54; Sample answer: Written with a positive exponent, 5−7 is and is less than 1, 50 equals 1, and 54 is

greater than 1.

16. Persevere with Problems Explain how to find the value of .

SOLUTION:
can be written as 32 or 9. 9−3 can be written as or .

ANSWER:
Sample answer: can be written as 32 or 9. 9−3 can be written as or .

17. Determine if the following numerical expressions are equivalent. Explain your reasoning.

and [(10–4)3]0

SOLUTION:
Simplify each expression.

= (102)0 = 13 = 1

[(10–4)3]0 = 1

Both expressions simplify to 1.

ANSWER:
They are equivalent; Sample answer: Both expressions simplify to 1.

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1-4 Zero and Negative Exponents

18. Determine if the following statement is true or false. Explain your reasoning.

If a number between 0 and 1 is raised to a negative power, the result is a number greater than 1.
SOLUTION:
The number can be rewritten as a complex fraction with 1 in the numerator and the number raised to the positive
power in the denominator. The numerator is greater than the denominator, so simplifying the fraction results in a

number greater than 1. For example, is written as .This is then simplified to which equals

1,000 and 1,000 > 1. So, the statement is true.

ANSWER:
true; Sample answer: The number can be rewritten as a complex fraction with 1 in the numerator and the number
raised to the positive power in the denominator. The numerator is greater than the denominator, so simplifying the

fraction results in a number greater than 1. For example, is written as .This is then simplified to

which equals 1,000.

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1-5 Scientific Notation

1. Write 1.6 × 103 in standard form.

SOLUTION:
1.6 × 103 Write the expression.
= 1,600 The exponent of 3 tells you to move the decimal point 3 places to the right.

ANSWER:
1,600

2. Write 1.49 × 10–7 in standard form.

SOLUTION:
1.49 × 10–7 Write the expression.
= 0.000000149 The exponent of −7 tells you to move the decimal point 7 places to the left.

ANSWER:
0.000000149

3. A calculator screen shows a number in scientific notation as 8.3E−6. Write this number in standard form.
SOLUTION:
8.3E−6 Write the expression.
= 8.3 × 10−6 Represent the number on the calculator screen in scientific notation.
= 0.0000083 Write the number in standard form. Move the decimal point 6 places to the left.

ANSWER:
0.0000083

4. A calculator screen shows a number in scientific notation as 7E11. Write this number in standard form.
SOLUTION:
7E11 Write the expression.
= 7 × 1011 Represent the number on the calculator screen in scientific notation.
= 700,000,000,000 Write the number in standard form. Move the decimal point 11 places to the right.

ANSWER:
700,000,000,000

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1-5 Scientific Notation

5. Write 2,204,000,000 in scientific notation.

SOLUTION:
2,204,000,000 Write the expression.
= 2.204 × 1,000,000,000 Write the number as a product.
= 2.204 × 109 Since 2,204,000,000 is > 10, the exponent is positive.

ANSWER:
2.204 × 109

6. Write 0.0000000642 in scientific notation.

SOLUTION:
0.0000000642 Write the expression.
= 6.42 × 0.00000001 Write the number as a product.
= 6.42 × Write 0.00000001 as a fraction with a power of 10.

= 6.42 × 10−8 Since 0 < 0.0000000642 < 1, the exponent is negative.

ANSWER:
6.42 × 10−8

7. A common race is a 5K race, where runners travel 5 kilometers. Is it more appropriate to report the distance as 5
kilometers or 5 × 106 millimeters? Explain your reasoning.
SOLUTION:
The number 5 × 106 millimeters is unnecessarily large and would be difficult to visualize. Choosing the larger unit of
measure, 5 kilometers, is more appropriate.

ANSWER:
5 kilometers; Sample answer: The number 5 × 106 millimeters is unnecessarily large and would be difficult to
visualize. Choosing the larger unit of measure is more appropriate.

8. The population of Florida was recently recorded as 20,612,439 people. Write an estimation in scientific notation
for the population.
SOLUTION:
20,612,439 ≈ 20,000,00 Estimate.
20,000,000 = 2 × 10,000,000 Write the number as a product.
= 2 × 107 Since 20,000,000 is > 1, the exponent is positive.

ANSWER:
about 2 × 107 people

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1-5 Scientific Notation

9. The diameter of a grain of sand is 0.0024 inch. Write an estimation in scientific notation for the diameter.
SOLUTION:
0.0024 ≈ 0.002 Estimate.
0.002 = 2 × 0.001 Write the number as a product.
=2× Write 0.001 as a fraction with a power of 10.

= 2 × 10−3 Since 0 < 0.002 < 1, the exponent is negative.

ANSWER:
about 2 × 10−3 inch

10. Equation Editor The mass of planet Earth is about 5.98 × 1024 kilograms. When this number is written in
standard notation, how many zeros are in the number?
SOLUTION:
5.98 × 1024 Write the expression.
= 5,980,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Write in standard notation.

Count the number of zeros. There are 22 zeros.

ANSWER:
22

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1-5 Scientific Notation

11. The table shows the approximate number of insects in each group. What is the combined population of the four
insect groups?

SOLUTION:
Write each population in standard form.
Honeybees: 7.3498 × 104 = 73,498 Move the decimal point 4 places to the right.

Ants: 6.822 × 103 = 6,822 Move the decimal point 3 places to the right.

Termites: 9.8 × 105 = 980,000 Move the decimal point 5 places to the right.

Aphids: 2.9502 × 104 = 29,502 Move the decimal point 4 places to the right.

The total population is 73,498 + 6,822 + 980,000 + 29,502 or 1,089,822 insects.

ANSWER:
1,089,822 insects

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1-5 Scientific Notation

12. The table shows the approximate population and land area for several states. Which state has the least population
density

SOLUTION:
For each state, express the population in standard form. Then divide by its land area.
Arizona:
6.83 × 106 = 6,830,000
6,830,000 ÷ 113,594 ≈ 60 people per square mile

Colorado:
5.46 × 106 = 5,460,000
5,460,000 ÷ 103,642 ≈ 53 people per square mile

Kentucky
4.43 × 106 = 4,430,000
4,430,000 ÷ 39,486 ≈ 112 people per square mile

Minnesota
5.45 × 106 = 5,450,000
5,450,000 ÷ 79,627 ≈ 68 people per square mile

Because 53 < 60 < 68 < 112 Colorado has the least population density.

ANSWER:
Colorado

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1-5 Scientific Notation

13. Simplify the following expression and write in scientific notation.

SOLUTION:
Sample method:
Express 0.00045, 500,000, and 0.0015 in scientific notation.
0.00045 = 4.5 × 10−4 Move the decimal point 4 places to the left.
500,000 = 5 × 105 Move the decimal point 5 places to the right.
0.0015 = 1.5 × 10 −3 Move the decimal point 3 places to the left.

Evaluate the expression with the values written in standard form.

= Multiply 4.5 and 5. Add the exponents for the powers.

= Express 22.5 × 101 in scientific notation.

= 1.5 × 105 Divide 2.25 by 1.5. Subtract the exponents for the
powers.

ANSWER:
1.5 × 105

14. Be Precise The amount of time spent doing homework is 2.7 × 103 seconds. Choose a more appropriate
measurement to report the amount of time spent doing homework. Justify your answer.
SOLUTION:
The value 2,700 is too large in relation to doing homework. 2.7 × 103 seconds is equal to 45 minutes. Expressing
the amount of time as 45 minutes is more appropriate.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: The value 2,700 is too large in relation to doing homework. Because 2.7 × 103 seconds is equal
to 45 minutes, expressing the amount of time in minutes is more appropriate.

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1-5 Scientific Notation

15. Find the Error Katrina states that 3.5 × 104 is greater than 2.1 × 106 because 3.5 > 2.1. Explain her mistake and
correct it.
SOLUTION:
Katrina did not take into account place value and the powers of ten. The number 3.5 × 104, in standard form, is
35,000. The number 2.1 × 106 is 2,100,000. Because 35,000 < 2,100,000 the number 2.1 × 106 is greater.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: Katrina did not take into account place value and the powers of ten. The number 3.5 × 104, in
standard form, is 35,000. The number 2.1 × 106 is 2,100,000. Therefore, 2.1 × 106 is greater.

16. Give a number in scientific notation that is between the two numbers on a number line.

7.1 × 103 and 71,000,000

SOLUTION:
7.1 × 103 = 7,100
7.1 × 105 = 710,000
Because 7,100 < 710,000 < 71,000,000 then 7.1 × 105 falls between 7.1 × 103 and 71,000,000.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: 7.1 × 105

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1-6 Compute with Scientific Notation

1. There are about 3 × 1011 stars in our galaxy and about 100 billion galaxies in the observable universe. Suppose
every galaxy has as many stars as ours. How many stars are in the observable universe? Write in scientific notation.
SOLUTION:
Write the number of galaxies in scientific notation.
100 billion = 1 × 1011

Multiply to find the total number of stars.

(3 × 1011) × (1 × 1011) Write the expression.
11
= (3 × 1) × (10 × 10 ) 11 Commutative and Associative Properties
11
= (3) × (10 × 10 ) 11 Multiply 3 by 1.
= 3 × 10 11 + 11 Product of Powers Property
= 3 × 10 22 Add the exponents.

ANSWER:
3 × 1022 stars

2. Humpback whales are known to weigh as much as 80,000 pounds. The tiny krill they eat weigh only 2.1875 ×
10–3 pound. About how many times greater is the weight of a humpback whale?
SOLUTION:
Write the weight of the whale in scientific notation.
80,000 = 8 × 104

Since we are estimating, round 2.1875 to the nearest whole number.

2.1875 ≈ 2

Divide the weight of the whale by the estimated weight of the krill.

= Associative Property

=4× Divide 8 by 2.

= 4 × 104 – (– 3) Quotient of Powers Property

= 4 × 107 Subtract the exponents.

ANSWER:
about 4 × 107 or 40,000,000 times greater

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1-6 Compute with Scientific Notation

3. Evaluate (1.28 × 105) + (1.13 × 103). Express the result in scientific notation.
SOLUTION:
(1.28 × 105) + (1.13 × 103) Write the expression.
= (128 × 103) + (1.13 × 103) Write 1.28 × 105 as 128 × 103.
= (128 + 1.13) × 103 Commutative and Associative Properties
= 129.13 × 103 Add 128 and 1.13.
= 1.2913 × 105 Rewrite in scientific notation.

ANSWER:
1.2913 × 105

4. Evaluate (7.26 × 106) − (1.3 × 104). Express the result in scientific notation.
SOLUTION:
(7.26 × 106) − (1.3 × 104) Write the expression.
= (726 × 104) − (1.3 × 104) Write 7.26 × 106 as 726 × 104.
= (726 − 1.3) × 104 Distributive Property
= 724.7 × 104 Subtract 1.3 from 726.
= 7.247 × 106 Rewrite in scientific notation.

ANSWER:
7.247 × 106

5. The speed of light is about 1.86 × 105 miles per second. The star Sirius is about 5.062 × 1013 miles from Earth.
About how many seconds does it take light to travel from Sirius to Earth? Write in scientific notation, rounded to
the nearest hundredth.
SOLUTION:
Divide the distance by the speed of light.

= Associative Property

≈ 2.72 × Divide 5.062 by 1.86. Round to the nearest hundredth.

≈ 2.72 × 1013 – (5) Quotient of Powers Property

≈ 2.72 × 108 Subtract the exponents.

ANSWER:
about 2.72 × 108 seconds

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1-6 Compute with Scientific Notation

6. Table Item The table shows the amount of money raised by each region. The four regions raised a total of $(5.38
× 104). How much did the West raise?

SOLUTION:
Write 6.75 × 103 as 0.675 × 104.

To find the sum of the known regions, find $(1.46 × 104) + $(2.38 × 104) + $(0.675 × 104).
= $(1.46 + 2.38 + 0.675) × 104 Commutative and Associative Properties
= $(4.515 × 104) Simplify.

To find the unknown region, find $(5.38 × 104) – $(4.515 × 104).

= $(5.38 – 4.515) × 104 Distributive Property
= $(0.865) × 10 4 Simplify.
= $(8.65) × 10 3 Rewrite in scientific notation.

ANSWER:
$(8.65) × 103

7. A bacterium was found to have a mass of 2 × 10−12 gram. After 30 hours, one bacterium was replaced by a
population of 480,000,000 bacteria. What is the mass of the population of bacteria after 30 hours? Write your
answer in scientific notation.
SOLUTION:
Write the population in scientific notation.
480,000,000 = 4.8 × 108

Multiply to find the total mass.

(2 × 10−12) × (4.8 × 108) Write the expression.
= (2 × 4.8) × (10−12 × 108) Commutative and Associative Properties
= 9.6 × (10−12 × 108) Multiply 2 by 4.8.
= 9.6 × 10−12 + 8 Product of Powers Property
= 9.6 × 10−4 Add the exponents.

ANSWER:
9.6 × 10−4 gram

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1-6 Compute with Scientific Notation

8. At the beginning of the business day, a bank’s vault held $575,900. By the end of the day, $(3.5 × 103) had been
added to the vault. How much money did the bank’s vault hold at the end of the business day? Write your answer
in standard form.
SOLUTION:
Write $(3.5 × 103) in standard form.
$(3.5 × 103) = $3,500

Find $575,900 + $3,500.

$575,900 + $3,500 = $579,400

ANSWER:
$579,400

9. Explain how the Product of Powers and Quotient of Powers Properties help you to multiply and divide numbers in
scientific notation.
SOLUTION:
Each number has a factor that is a power of 10. Because the bases are the same, these properties can be applied
to multiply or divide the powers of 10.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: Each number has a factor that is a power of 10. Because the bases are the same, these properties
can be applied to multiply or divide the powers of 10.

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1-6 Compute with Scientific Notation

10. Persevere with Problems An Olympic-sized swimming pool holds 6.6043 × 105 gallons of water. A standard
garden hose can deliver 9 gallons of water per minute. If the garden hose was filling the pool 24 hours per day,
how many days would it take to fill the Olympic-sized pool? Explain your reasoning.
SOLUTION:
Write 6.6043 × 105 in standard form.
6.6043 × 105 = 660,430 gallons

Divide 660,430 gallons by 9 gallons per minute.

≈ 73,381 minutes

Convert 73,381 minutes to hours.

≈ 1,223 hours

Convert 1,223 hours to days.

≈ 51 days

ANSWER:
51 days; Sample answer: 6.6043 × 105 gallons at 9 gallons per minute is about 73,381 minutes. 73,381 minutes ≈
1,223 hours ≈ 51 days.

11. Find the Error Miguel found the quotient as 0.289. Find his mistake and correct it.

SOLUTION:
He found 5.78 ÷ 2 as 2.89, but incorrectly found the power of ten. The numerator is 105 and the denominator is
10–6. When dividing, the resulting power of ten is 1011. The correct answer should be 2.89 × 105 – (–6) or 2.89 ×
1011.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: He found 5.78 ÷ 2 as 2.89, but incorrectly found the power of ten. The numerator is 105 and the
denominator is 10−6. When dividing, the resulting power of ten is 1011. The correct answer should be 2.89 × 1011.

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1-6 Compute with Scientific Notation

12. Be Precise A googol is the number 1 followed by 100 zeros. Earth’s mass is 5.972 × 1024 kilograms. How many
Earths are needed to have a total mass of 1 googol kilograms?
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: A googol in scientific notation is 1 × 10100.

Divide 1 × 10100 by 5.972 × 1024.

≈ 0.167 × 1076
≈ 1.67 × 1075

ANSWER:
1.67 × 1075

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2-1 Terminating and Repeating Decimals

1. Write in decimal form. Then determine whether the decimal is a terminating decimal.

SOLUTION:
means −11 ÷ 16. Divide 11 by 16 and add the negative sign.

Place the decimal point. Annex zeros and divide as with whole numbers.

= −0.6875

The repeating digit is 0. If you were to continue dividing, the quotient would be −0.6875000.... So, −0.6875 is a
terminating decimal.

ANSWER:
−0.6875; terminating

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2-1 Terminating and Repeating Decimals

2. Write in decimal form. Then determine whether the decimal is a terminating decimal.

SOLUTION:
means 5 ÷ 33. Divide 5 by 33.

Place the decimal point. Annex zeros and divide as with whole numbers.

So, is not a terminating decimal because the repeating digit is not zero.

ANSWER:
; not terminating

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2-1 Terminating and Repeating Decimals

3. Write in decimal form. Then determine whether the decimal is a terminating decimal.

SOLUTION:
can be rewritten as . Divide 35 by 8.

= 4.375

The repeating digit is 0. If you were to continue dividing, the quotient would be 4.37500.... So, 4.375 is a
terminating decimal.

ANSWER:
4.375; terminating

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2-1 Terminating and Repeating Decimals

4. Write in decimal form. Then determine whether the decimal is a terminating decimal.

SOLUTION:
can be rewritten as . Divide 281 by 30 and add a negative sign.

The remainder will never be 0. The repeating digit is 6. So, =

is not a terminating decimal because the repeating digit is not zero.

ANSWER:
; not terminating

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2-1 Terminating and Repeating Decimals

5. Write as a fraction or mixed number in simplest form.

SOLUTION:
Assign a variable to the value 0.8. Let N = 0.888…. Then perform operations on N to determine its fractional
value.

N = 0.888…
10(N) = 10(0.888…) Multiply each side by 10 because one digit repeats.
10N = 8.888… Multiplying by 10 moved the decimal point one place to the right.

− (N = 0.888… Subtract N = 0.888... to eliminate the repeating part.

9N = 8 Simplify.
N= Divide each side by 9.

So, .

ANSWER:

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2-1 Terminating and Repeating Decimals

6. Write as a fraction or mixed number in simplest form.

SOLUTION:
Assign a variable to the . Let N = 0.181818 …. Then perform operations on N to determine its fractional
value. Then add the negative sign.

N = 0.181818…
100(N) = 100(0.181818…) Multiply each side by 100 because two digits repeat.
100N = 18.181818… Multiplying by 100 moved the decimal point two places right.

− (N = 0.181818…) Subtract N = 0.181818... to eliminate the repeating part.

99N = 18 Simplify.
N= Divide each side by 99.

N= Simplify.

So, = .

ANSWER:

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2-1 Terminating and Repeating Decimals

7. Write as a fraction or mixed number in simplest form.

SOLUTION:
Assign a variable to the . Let N = 1.555…. Then perform operations on N to determine its fractional value.
Then add the negative sign.

N = 1.555…
10(N) = 10(1.555…) Multiply each side by 10 because one digit repeats.
10N = 15.555… Multiplying by 10 moved the decimal point one place right.
− (N = 1.555…) Subtract N = 1.555... to eliminate the repeating part.
9N = 14 Simplify.
N= Divide each side by 9.

N= Simplify.

So, = .

ANSWER:

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2-1 Terminating and Repeating Decimals

8. Write as a fraction or mixed number in simplest form.

SOLUTION:
Assign a variable to the value . Let N = 4.454545…. Then perform operations on N to determine its
fractional value.

N = 4.454545…
100(N) = 100(4.454545…) Multiply each side by 100 because two digits repeat.
100N = 445.4545… Multiplying by 100 moved the decimal point two places right.

− (N = 4.454545…) Subtract N = 4.454545… to eliminate the repeating part.

99N = 441 Simplify.
N= Divide each side by 99.

N= or Simplify.

So, = .

ANSWER:

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2-1 Terminating and Repeating Decimals

9. One pint is about liter. Write as a decimal.

SOLUTION:
means 5 ÷ 9. Divide 5 by 9.

Place the decimal point. Annex zeros and divide as with whole numbers.

The remainder will never be 0. The digit 5 is repeating. So, = .

ANSWER:

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2-1 Terminating and Repeating Decimals

10. Phoebe won of the competitions she entered. Write as a decimal.

SOLUTION:
means 7 ÷ 16. Divide 7 by 16.

Place the decimal point. Annex zeros and divide as with whole numbers.

The repeating digit is 0. So, = 0.4375.

ANSWER:
0.4375

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2-1 Terminating and Repeating Decimals

11. Write the decimal 5.666… as a mixed number in simplest form.

SOLUTION:
Assign a variable to the value 5.666…. Let N = 5.666…. Then perform operations on N to determine its fractional
value.

N = 5.666…
10(N) = 10(5.666…) Multiply each side by 10 because one digit repeats.
10N = 56.66… … Multiplying by 10 moved the decimal point one place right.
− (N = 5.666…) Subtract N = 5.666… to eliminate the repeating part.
9N = 51 Simplify.
N= Divide each side by 9.

N= or Simplify.

So, 5.666 = .

ANSWER:

12. Multiselect Select all of the fractions that, when converted, result in a non-terminating decimal.

SOLUTION:
Convert to a decimal. Divide 11 by 5 and add a negative sign.

Because = –2.2 the repeating digit is 0. So, –2.2 is a terminating decimal.

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2-1 Terminating and Repeating Decimals

Convert to a decimal. Divide 1 by 225.

Because = the repeating digit is 4. So, is not a terminating decimal.

Convert to a decimal. Divide 5 by 16.

Because = 0.3125 the repeating digit is 0. So, 0.3125 is a terminating decimal.

Convert to a decimal. Divide 1 by 50.

Because = 0.02 the repeating digit is 0. So, 0.02 is a terminating decimal.

Convert to a decimal. Divide 7 by 26.

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2-1 Terminating and Repeating Decimals

Because = 0.2692…the repeating digit is never 0. So, 0.2692… is not a terminating decimal.

Convert to a decimal. Divide 3 by 32 and a negative sign.

Because = –0.09375 the repeating digit is 0. So, –0.09375 is a terminating decimal.

ANSWER:

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2-1 Terminating and Repeating Decimals

13. In one soccer season, Milica saved 155 out of 180 shots on goal. At this rate, about how many saves would she
make out of 600 shots on goal?

SOLUTION:
Sample method:Write and solve a proportion. Let s represent the number of saves out of 600.

= Write a pair of equivalent ratios that compares the number of saves to shots on goal.

155 × 600 = 180 × s Find cross products.

93,000 = 180s Simplify.
= Divide each side by 180.

=s 516.666… is equal to .

Round to 517.

ANSWER:
Milica would save about 517 shots on goal out of 600 shots.

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2-1 Terminating and Repeating Decimals

14. In a single tennis season, Akeem had 100 aces in 53 matches. At this rate, about how many aces would he have in
200 matches?
SOLUTION:
Sample method: Write and solve a proportion. Let a represent the number of aces out of 200.

= Write a pair of equivalent ratios that compares the number of aces to number of

matches.
100 × 200 = 53 × a Find cross products.
20,000 = 53a Simplify.
= Divide each side by 53.

377.4 ≈ a Simplify.

Round 377.4 to 377.

ANSWER:
Akeem would have about 377 aces out of 200 matches.

15. Identify Structure Give an example of a decimal where three digits repeat. Explain why it is a rational number.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: ; This decimal written as a fraction is . Because it can be written in fraction form, it is a

rational number.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: ; This decimal written as a fraction is . Because it can be written in fraction form, it is a

rational number.

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2-1 Terminating and Repeating Decimals

16. Use a Counterexample If all integers are rational numbers, are all rational numbers integers? If yes, explain why.
If not, give a counterexample.
SOLUTION:
The fraction is a rational number because it is a ratio of two integers, but it is not an integer because integers

are whole numbers and their opposites, and zero. The rational number , is not a whole number or its opposite

or zero. So, not all rational numbers are integers.

ANSWER:
no; Sample answer: Not all rational numbers are integers. is a rational number because it is a ratio of two

integers, but it is not an integer because integers are whole numbers and their opposites, and zero. The rational
number , is not a whole number or its opposite or zero.

17. Make a prediction about whether the rational number is a terminating or non-terminating decimal when

written in decimal form. Explain your reasoning for your prediction. Then write the fraction as a decimal to check
your prediction.
SOLUTION:
is a nonterminating decimal, because 162 is divisible by 9, and fractions written in simplest form with a

denominator of 9 are non-terminating when written in decimal form. written in decimal form is 0.0185, which

is a non-terminating decimal.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: I predict that is a nonterminating decimal, because 162 is divisible by 9, and fractions

written in simplest form with a denominator of 9 are non-terminating when written in decimal form. written in

decimal form is 0.0185, which is a non-terminating decimal.

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2-1 Terminating and Repeating Decimals

18. Be Precise You are asked what is 49 divided by 11? Write the answer in the most precise way. Explain why you
chose this way to write the answer.
SOLUTION:
49 ÷ 11 = 4.454545.... The most precise way to write the answer is . Rounding is not as precise and using
bar notation to represent the decimal is the most precise way to write the answer without rounding or writing a lot
of decimal places.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: The most precise way to write the answer is . Rounding is not as precise and using bar
notation to represent the decimal is the most precise way to write the answer without rounding or writing a lot of
decimal places.

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2-2 Roots

1. Simplify . If the expression cannot be simplified, explain why.

SOLUTION:
The factors of 361 are 1, 19, and 361.

= 19 Find the positive square root of 361; 192 = 361.

ANSWER:
19

2. Simplify . If the expression cannot be simplified, explain why.

SOLUTION:
Because there is an even number of decimal places, consider the square root of 196.

= 14

Determine where to place the decimal point in 14.

1.4 × 1.4 1.96 has two decimal places. The sum of the number of decimal places in each factor must
equal 2.
= 1.96 Multiply. The product has 2 places.

So, = ±1.4.

ANSWER:
±1.4

3. Simplify . If the expression cannot be simplified, explain why.

SOLUTION:
Find the square root of . Then add a negative sign.

= Find the negative square root of . =

ANSWER:

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2-2 Roots

4. Simplify . If the expression cannot be simplified, explain why.

SOLUTION:
The expression cannot be simplified. There is no rational square root because no number times itself is equal to
−441.

ANSWER:
The expression cannot be simplified. There is no rational square root because no number times itself is equal to
−441.

5. Solve m2 = 0.04.
SOLUTION:
m2 = 0.04 Write the equation.
= Take the square root of each side.
m = ± 0.2 Definition of square root; 0.22 = 0.04
m = 0.2 and m = −0.2 Simplify.

ANSWER:
±0.2

6. Simplify .

SOLUTION:
=7 73 = 7 ∙ 7 ∙ 7 or 343

ANSWER:
7

7. Simplify .

SOLUTION:
= –8 (−8)3 = −8 ∙ −8 ∙ −8 or −512

ANSWER:
–8

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2-2 Roots

8. A basin of a water fountain is cube shaped and has a volume of 91.125 cubic feet. Solve s3 = 91.125 to find the
length s of one side of the basin.
SOLUTION:
Convert 91.125 to .

s3 = Write the equation.

= Take the cube root of each side.

s= Definition of cube root

s= or 4.5 Simplify.

ANSWER:
4.5 feet

9. Moesha has 196 pepper plants that she wants to plant in a square formation. How many pepper plants should she
plant in each row?
SOLUTION:
Find the square root of 196.

= 14 Find the positive square root of 196; 142 = 196.

ANSWER:
14 plants

10. Equation Editor What is the value of p in the equation shown?

p3 = −0.027
SOLUTION:
p3 = −0.027 Write the equation.
= Take the cube root of each side.
p = –0.3 Definition of cube root; −0.33 = −0.027.

ANSWER:
–0.3

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2-2 Roots

11. A cement path consists of six equal-sized cement squares arranged in a row to form a rectangle. If the total area of
the path is 96 square feet, what is the length in feet of the path?
SOLUTION:
Let x represent the side length of each square.
Solve the equation 6x 2 = 96.
6x 2 = 96 Write the equation.
2
x = 16 Divide each side by 6.
= Take the positive square root of each side; 42 = 16.
x=4 Simplify.

The length of the path is 4 × 6 or 24 feet.

ANSWER:
24 feet

12. A photo collage consists of seven equal-sized square photos arranged in a row to form a rectangle. If the total area
of the collage is 567 square inches, what is the length of the collage?
SOLUTION:
Let x represent the side length of each square photo.
Solve the equation 7x 2 = 567.
7x 2 = 567 Write the equation.
x 2 = 81 Divide each side by 7.
= Take the positive square root of each side; 92 = 81.
x=9 Simplify.

The length of the collage is 9 × 7 or 63 inches.

ANSWER:
63 inches

13. Explain why is a rational number, but is not a rational number.

SOLUTION:
The rational number 2, when cubed, results in 8. There is not a rational number that, when multiplied by itself,
results in 8.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: The rational number 2, when cubed, results in 8. However, there is not a rational number that,
when multiplied by itself, results in 8.

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2-2 Roots

14. Give an example of when the decimal equivalent of a square root would be rounded to an approximate value.
Explain why it is appropriate to round.
SOLUTION:
Not all square roots have exact solutions, for example = 3.60555127.... If a decimal answer is necessary,
rounding to 3.6 would be appropriate.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: Not all square roots have exact solutions, for example . If a decimal answer is necessary,
rounding to 3.6 would be appropriate.

15. Write a number that completes the analogy: x 2 is to 441 as x 3 is to ________.

SOLUTION:
The square root of 441 is 21. So, x = 21.

Find x 3.
x 3 = 213 Replace x with 21.
= 9,261 21 × 21 × 21 = 9,261

ANSWER:
9,261; Sample answer: The square root of 441 is 21. So, x = 21. 213 = 21 × 21 × 21 or 9,261.

16. Identify Repeated Reasoning Simplify each expression. Then write a rule for the pattern.

a. = ________

b. = ________

c. = ________

d. = ________

SOLUTION:
Simplify .

= (9)2
= 81

Simplify .

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2-2 Roots

Simplify .

= (0.2)2
= 0.04

Simplify .

=
=t

Sample answer: Taking the square root of a number then squaring it results in the original number.

ANSWER:
a. 81
b.

c. 0.04
d. t
Sample answer: Taking the square root of a number then squaring it results in the original number.

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2-3 Real Numbers

1. Determine whether is rational or irrational.

SOLUTION:
irrational; is not a perfect square. The square root of any number that is not a perfect square is irrational.

ANSWER:
irrational

2. Determine whether is rational or irrational.

SOLUTION:
rational; is expressed as a ratio in the form , a and b are integers, and b ≠ 0.

ANSWER:
rational

3. Determine whether is rational or irrational.

SOLUTION:
rational; . is expressed as a ratio in the form , a and b are integers, and b ≠ 0.

ANSWER:
rational

4. Determine whether is rational or irrational.

SOLUTION:
rational; and 9 = . is expressed as a ratio in the form , a and b are integers, and b ≠ 0.

ANSWER:
rational

5. Determine whether 0 is rational or irrational.

SOLUTION:
rational; 0 = . is expressed as a ratio in the form , a and b are integers, and b ≠ 0.

ANSWER:
rational

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2-3 Real Numbers

6. Determine whether is rational or irrational.

SOLUTION:

irrational; is a ratio in the form but a is not integer. = 1.4142….

ANSWER:
irrational

7. Determine whether is rational or irrational.

SOLUTION:
irrational; is not a perfect square. The square root of any number that is not a perfect square is irrational.

ANSWER:
irrational

8. Determine whether is rational or irrational.

SOLUTION:

rational; is = 1 and 1 = . is a ratio in the form , a and b are integers, and b ≠ 0.

ANSWER:
rational

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2-3 Real Numbers

9. Name all the sets of numbers to which the real number belongs.
A Rational
B Irrational
C Integer
D Whole
E Natural
SOLUTION:
=7

7= . is a ratio in the form , a and b are integers, and b ≠ 0.

7 is from the set of integers {…, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}.

7 is from the set of whole numbers {0, 1, 2, 3, …}.
7 is from the set of natural numbers {1, 2, 3, …}.

ANSWER:
Rational, Integer, Whole, Natural

10. Name all the sets of numbers to which the real number belongs.

A Rational
B Irrational
C Integer
D Whole
E Natural

SOLUTION:
is irrational. is a ratio in the form , butb is not an integer. = 1.4142….

ANSWER:
Irrational

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2-3 Real Numbers

11. Name all the sets of numbers to which the real number belongs.

A Rational
B Irrational
C Integer
D Whole
E Natural
SOLUTION:
= –7

is a ratio in the form , a and b are integers, and b ≠ 0.

–7 is from the set of integers {…, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}.

–7 is not from the set of whole numbers {0, 1, 2, 3, …}.
–7 is not from the set of natural numbers {1, 2, 3, …}.

ANSWER:
Rational, Integer

12. Determine whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is true, explain your reasoning. If the statement is
false, provide a counterexample.

A number cannot be irrational and an integer.

SOLUTION:
Irrational numbers cannot be expressed as a ratio , where a and b are integers and b ≠ 0. Integers are a subset

of rational numbers, which can be expressed as a ratio . Therefore, a number cannot be irrational and an
integer. The statement is true.

ANSWER:
true; Sample answer: Irrational numbers cannot be expressed as a ratio , where a and b are integers and b ≠ 0.

Integers are a subset of rational numbers, which can be expressed as a ratio . Therefore, a number cannot be
irrational and an integer.

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2-3 Real Numbers

13. Determine whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is true, explain your reasoning. If the statement is
false, provide a counterexample.

All integers are rational.

SOLUTION:
All integers can be expressed as a ratio , where a and b are integers and b ≠ 0, which is the definition of a
rational number. Therefore, all integers are rational numbers. The statement is true.

ANSWER:
true; Sample answer: All integers can be expressed as a ratio , where a and b are integers and b ≠ 0, which is
the definition of a rational number. Therefore, all integers are rational numbers.

14. Multiselect Select the numbers that are part of the set of rational numbers.

0.333

SOLUTION:
. is a ratio in the form , a and b are integers, and b ≠ 0. It is a rational number.

; is irrational number. is a ratio in the form , but b is not an integer. It is an irrational number.

; There is no rational number square root of −16 because no number times itself is equal to −16.

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2-3 Real Numbers

; is a ratio in the form , a and b are integers, and b ≠ 0. It is a rational number.

= 1.58740…. It cannot be expressed as a ratio in the form . It is an irrational number.

0.333 = ; is a ratio in the form , a and b are integers, and b ≠ 0. It is a rational number.

ANSWER:

; ; 0.333

15. Use Math Tools Explain how you could use a calculator to determine if expressed as a decimal ever
terminates.
SOLUTION:
Use a calculator to find . The calculator shows 2.82842712474619. Then multiply that answer by itself,
without using the x 2 button. If the solution is 8, then it is a terminating decimal. If the solution is not 8, then the
original solution was rounded by the calculator, and it is not a terminating decimal.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: I would use a calculator to find . The calculator shows 2.82842712474619. Then I would
multiply that answer by itself, without using the x 2 button. If the solution is 8, then it is a terminating decimal. If the
solution is not 8, then I know that the original solution was rounded by the calculator, and it is not a terminating
decimal.

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2-3 Real Numbers

16. Justify Conclusions Determine the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, give a counterexample or
explain your reasoning.

The product of a non-zero rational number and an irrational number is rational.

SOLUTION:
2 is a non-zero and rational number and is irrational. So, = 2.8284271… and 2.8284271 is irrational.
The statement is false.

ANSWER:
false; Sample answer: = 2.8284271…

17. Justify Conclusions Determine the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, give a counterexample or
explain your reasoning.

Expressing as the ratio means the is a rational number.

SOLUTION:

A rational number is a number expressed as a ratio , where a and b are integers and b ≠ 0. In the ratio ,

is not an integer, therefore, it does not satisfy the definition of a rational number. The statement is false.

ANSWER:
false; The definition of a rational number is a number expressed as a ratio , where a and b are integers and b ≠

0. In the ratio , is not an integer, therefore, it does not satisfy the definition of a rational number.

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2-3 Real Numbers

18. Justify Conclusions Determine the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, give a counterexample or
explain your reasoning.

The product of two irrational numbers is irrational.

SOLUTION:
is irrational The product of and is 2. 2 is a rational number. The statement is false.

ANSWER:
false; Sample answer: =2

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2-4 Estimate Irrational Numbers

1. Estimate to the nearest integer.

SOLUTION:
Find two perfect squares between which 125 lies. Find their square roots.

The greatest perfect square less than 125 is 121.

= 11

The least perfect square greater than 125 is 144.

= 12

The is between 11 and 12.

Because 125 is closer to 121, you can expect to be closer to 11 than 12. So, ≈ 11.

ANSWER:
11

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2-4 Estimate Irrational Numbers

2. Estimate to the nearest integer.

SOLUTION:
Find two perfect squares between which 55 lies. Find their square roots.

The greatest perfect square less than 55 is 49.

=7
The least perfect square greater than 55 is 64.
=8

The is between 7 and 8.

Because 55 is closer to 49, you can expect to be closer to 7 than 8. So, ≈ 7.

ANSWER:
7

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2-4 Estimate Irrational Numbers

3. Estimate to the nearest integer.

SOLUTION:
Find two perfect cubes between which 70 lies. Find their cube roots.

The greatest perfect cube less than 70 is 64.

=4

The least perfect cube greater than 70 is 125.

=5

The is between 4 and 5.

Because 70 is closer to 64, you can expect to be closer to 4 than 5. So, ≈ 4.

ANSWER:
4

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2-4 Estimate Irrational Numbers

4. Estimate to the nearest integer.

SOLUTION:
Find two perfect cubes between which 923 lies. Find their cube roots.

The greatest perfect cube less than 923 is 729.

=9

The least perfect cube greater than 923 is 1,000.

= 10
The is between 9 and 10.

Because 923 is closer to 1,000, you can expect to be closer to 10 than 9. So, ≈ 10.

ANSWER:
10

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2-4 Estimate Irrational Numbers

5. Estimate to the nearest tenth.

SOLUTION:
The integer closest to is 17.
Test intervals close to 17. Start with the interval between 17 and 17.1.
17 < < 17.1 Write an inequality.
172 < < 17.12 Square the values.
289 < 296 < 292.41 Simplify. Is the inequality true?
The inequality is not true because 296 is not between 289 and 292.41.

Test the interval between 17.1 and 17.2.

17.1 < < 17.2 Write an inequality.
17.12 < < 17.22 Square the values.
292.41 < 296 < 295.84 Simplify. Is the inequality true?
The inequality is not true because 296 is not between 292.41 and 295.84.

Test the interval between 17.2 and 17.3.

17.2 < < 17.3 Write an inequality.
17.22 < < 17.32 Square the values.
295.84 < 296 < 299.29 Simplify. Is the inequality true?
The inequality is true because 296 is between 295.84 and 299.29.

is between 17.2 and 17.3. 296 is closer to 295.84 than 299.29. So, ≈ 17.2.

ANSWER:
17.2

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2-4 Estimate Irrational Numbers

6. Estimate to the nearest tenth.

SOLUTION:
The integer closest to is 2.
Test intervals close to 2. Start with the interval between 2 and 2.1.
2< < 2.1 Write an inequality.
22 < < 2.12 Square the values.
4 < 5 < 4.41 Simplify. Is the inequality true?
The inequality is not true because 5 is not between 4 and 4.41.

Test the interval between 2.1 and 2.2.

2.1 < < 2.2 Write an inequality.
2.12 < < 2.22 Square the values.
4.41 < 5 < 4.84 Simplify. Is the inequality true?
The inequality is not true because 5 is not between 4.41 and 4.84.

Test the interval between 2.2 and 2.3.

2.2 < < 2.3 Write an inequality.
2.22 < < 2.32 Square the values.
4.84 < 5 < 5.29 Simplify. Is the inequality true?
The inequality is true because 5 is between 4.84 and 5.29.

is between 2.2 and 2.3. 5 is closer to 4.84 than 5.29. So , ≈ 2.2.

ANSWER:
2.2

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2-4 Estimate Irrational Numbers

7. Estimate to the nearest tenth.

SOLUTION:
The integer closest to is 3.
Test intervals close to 3. Start with the interval between 3 and 3.1.
3< < 3.1 Write an inequality.
32 < < 3.12 Square the values.
9 < 11 < 9.61 Simplify. Is the inequality true?
The inequality is not true because 11 is not between 9 and 9.61.

Test the interval between 3.1 and 3.2.

3.1 < < 3.2 Write an inequality.
3.12 < < 3.22 Square the values.
9.61 < 11 < 10.24 Simplify. Is the inequality true?
The inequality is not true because 11 is not between 9.61 and 10.24.

Test the interval between 3.2 and 3.3.

3.2 < √11 < 3.3 Write an inequality.
3.22 < √11 < 3.32 Square the values.
10.24 < 11 < 10.89 Simplify. Is the inequality true?
The inequality is not true because 11 is not between 10.24 and 10.89.

Test the interval between 3.3 and 3.4.

3.3 < < 3.4 Write an inequality.
3.32 < < 3.42 Square the values.
10.89 < 11 < 11.56 Simplify. Is the inequality true?
The inequality is true because 11 is between 10.89 and 11.56.

is between 3.3 and 3.4. 11 is closer to 10.89 than 11.56. So, ≈ 3.3.

ANSWER:
3.3

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2-4 Estimate Irrational Numbers

8. Estimate to the nearest tenth.

SOLUTION:
The integer closest to is 8.
Test values close to 8. Because is greater than , start the with interval 8 and less, like 7.9 to 8.
7.9 < <8 Write an inequality.
7.92 < < 82 Square the values.
62.41 < 62 < 64 Simplify. Is the inequality true?
The inequality is not true because 62 is not between 62.41 and 64.

Test the interval between 7.8 and 7.9.

7.8 < < 7.9 Write an inequality.
7.82 < < 7.92 Square the values.
60.84 < 62 < 62.14 Simplify. Is the inequality true?
The inequality is true because 62 is between 60.84 and 62.14.

is between 7.8 and 7.9. 62 is closer to 62.14 than 60.84. So, ≈ 7.9.

ANSWER:
7.9

9. The formula s = can be used to find the speed s of a car in miles per hour when the car needs d feet to
come to a complete stop after stepping on the brakes. If it took a car 25 feet to come to a complete stop after
stepping on the brakes, estimate the speed of the car. Truncate the value of , when d = 25, to the tenths
place.
SOLUTION:
s= Write the formula.
= Replace d with 25.
= Simplify.
≈ 21.21320344 Use a calculator to find .
≈ 21.21320344 Truncate the digits after the tenths place.

ANSWER:
21.2 miles per hour

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2-4 Estimate Irrational Numbers

10. If the area of a square is 32 square feet, estimate the length of each side of the square to the nearest whole number.
SOLUTION:
A = s2 Write the formula for the area of square.
32 = s2 Replace A with 32.
= Take the square root of each side.
6≈s 5< < 6. 32 is closer to 36 than 25. ≈ 6.

ANSWER:
6 feet

11. Equation Editor Estimate the square root to the nearest tenth.

SOLUTION:
The integer closest to is 22.
Test the interval between 22 and 22.1.
22 < < 22.1 Write an inequality.
222 < < 22.12 Square the values.
484 < 489 < 488.41 Simplify. Is the inequality true?
The inequality is not true because 489 is not between 484 and 488.41.

Test the interval between 22.1 and 22.2.

22.1 < < 22.2 Write an inequality.
22.12 < < 22.22 Square the values.
488.41 < 489 < 492.84 Simplify. Is the inequality true?
The inequality is true because 489 is between 488.41 and 492.84.

is between 22.1 and 22.2. 489 is closer to 488.41 than 492.84. So, ≈ 22.1.

ANSWER:
22.1

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2-4 Estimate Irrational Numbers

12. The formula t = represents the time t in seconds that it takes an object to fall from a height of h feet. If a

rock falls from 125 feet, estimate how long it will take the rock to hit the ground. Estimate the square root to the
nearest integer.

SOLUTION:

t= Write the formula.

= Replace h with 125.

≈ Estimate . is between 11 and 12. 125 is closer to 121 than 124. Round to

11.
≈ 2.75 Simplify.

ANSWER:
about 2.75 seconds

13. The radius of a circle with area A can be approximated using the formula r = . Estimate the radius of a

wrestling mat circle with an area of 452 square feet.

SOLUTION:

r= Write the formula.

= Replace A with 452.

≈ Use a calculator to truncate the and to the tenths place.

≈ 12 Simplify.

ANSWER:
about 12 feet

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2-4 Estimate Irrational Numbers

14. Find the Error A classmate estimated to be about 200. Explain the mistake and correct it.

SOLUTION:
The classmate estimated half of 397 rather than estimating the square root of 397. 397 is close to 400. The square
root of 400 is 20. So, the square root of 397 is about 20.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: The classmate estimated half of 397 rather than estimating the square root of 397. Since 397 is
close to 400, the square root is about 20.

15. Be Precise Explain how to write the exact value for the square root of a nonperfect square. Give an example.

SOLUTION:
To write the exact value for the square root of a non-perfect square, such as , leave it written as . The
decimal form would have to be rounded, no matter how many decimal places were expressed.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: To write the exact value for the square root of a non-perfect square, such as , I would leave
it written as . The decimal form would have to be rounded, no matter how many decimal places I wrote.

16. Carrie is packing her clothes in moving boxes that are in the shape of a cube. Each box has a volume of 3 cubic
feet. The moving truck has shelves that are 12 inches in height. Will the moving boxes fit? Explain.
SOLUTION:
To find the height of the cube, find the cube root of 3.
≈ 1.4 ft
The height of the shelf is 12 inches or 1 foot. Because 1.4 ft > 1 ft, the boxes are too tall to fit on the shelves.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: no; 12 inches = 1 foot. The cube root of 3 is greater than 1, so the boxes are too tall to fit on the
shelves.

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2-4 Estimate Irrational Numbers

17. Make an Argument Explain how you could estimate to the nearest integer.

SOLUTION:
Find the nearest fourth root of 20. Because 16 < 20 < 81, the fourth root is between 2 and 3. 20 is closer to 16
than 81 so the fourth root of 20 is about 2.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: In the same way I can estimate square roots and cube roots, I could find the nearest fourth root of
20. Since 16 < 20 < 81, the fourth root is between 2 and 3. Since 20 is closer to 16, the fourth root of 20 is about
2.

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2-5 Compare and Order Real Numbers

1. Complete the statement using <, >, or =. Then graph the numbers on the number line.

________

SOLUTION:
Approximate the decimal expansion of each number.

≈ 3.3 Estimate to the nearest tenth.

≈ Write using bar notation.

Because is greater than 3.3, < .

Graph the numbers on the number line.

= 3.3166…

= 3.6666…

Approximate the location of each number. Then plot their location on the number line.

ANSWER:

<;

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2-5 Compare and Order Real Numbers

2. Complete the statement using <, >, or =. Then graph the numbers on the number line.

________

SOLUTION:
Approximate the decimal expansion of each number.

≈ 1.7 Estimate to the nearest tenth.

≈ 1.6 Estimate to the nearest tenth.

Since 1.7 is greater than 1.6, > .

Graph the numbers on the number line.

= 1.7320…

= 1.5811…

Approximate the location of each number. Then plot their location on the number line.

ANSWER:

>;

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2-5 Compare and Order Real Numbers

3. Complete the statement using <, >, or =. Then graph the numbers on the number line.

−π2________

SOLUTION:
Approximate the decimal expansion of each number.

−π2 ≈ –9.9 Estimate to the nearest tenth.

≈ –9.6 Estimate to the nearest tenth.
Since –9.6 is greater than –9.9, –π2 < .

Graph the numbers on the number line.

–π2 = –9.8696…
= –9.6436…
Approximate the location of each number. Then plot their location on the number line.

ANSWER:

<;

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2-5 Compare and Order Real Numbers

4. Complete the statement using <, >, or =. Then graph the numbers on the number line.

________ −320%

SOLUTION:
Approximate the decimal expansion of each number.

≈ −3.4 Estimate to the nearest tenth.

−320% ≈ −3.2 Write as a decimal.
Since −3.2 is greater than 3.4, < −320%.

Graph the numbers on the number line.

= −3.4482…
−320% = −3.2

Approximate the location of each number. Then plot their location on the number line.

ANSWER:

<;

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2-5 Compare and Order Real Numbers

5. Order the set from least to greatest. Then graph the set on the number line.

SOLUTION:
Approximate the decimal expansion of each number.

= 3.5 Write as a decimal.

≈ Write using bar notation.

π ≈ 3.1 Estimate to the nearest tenth.

≈ 3.6 Estimate to the nearest tenth.

Compare the decimals. The decimals from least to greatest are 3.1, , 3.5, and 3.6.

So, from least to greatest, the order is π, , , and .

Graph the numbers on the number line.

Approximate the location of , π, and .

ANSWER:

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2-5 Compare and Order Real Numbers

6. The table shows the foul-shot statistics for three players in a recent basketball game. Which player had the greatest
foul-shot statistic?

SOLUTION:
Write each number in decimal notation.

≈ Write using bar notation.

72% = 0.72 Write as a decimal.

8 out of 10 = 0.8 Write as a decimal.

Order the decimals. The decimals from least to greatest are 0.72, , and 0.8. Because 0.8 or 8 out of 10 is the
greatest, Player 3 had the greatest foul-shot statistic.

ANSWER:
Player 3

7. Complete the statement using <, >, or = to make atrue statement.

_______

SOLUTION:
Approximate the decimal expansion of each number.

≈ 5.2 Estimate to the nearest tenth.

≈ 4.9 Estimate to the nearest tenth.

Because 5.2 is greater than 4.9, > .

ANSWER:
>

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2-5 Compare and Order Real Numbers

8. The radius of a circle can be approximated using the expression , where A represents the area. A circular

kiddie swimming pool has an area of about 28 square feet. An inflatable full-size circular pool has an area of about
113 square feet. How much greater is the radius of the full-size pool than the radius of the kiddie pool? Round to
the nearest whole number.
SOLUTION:
Find the radius of the circular kiddie pool.

r= Write the expression.

= Replace A with 28.

= Simplify.
≈3 Find the square root. Round to the nearest whole number.

Find the radius of the circular full-size pool.

r= Write the expression.

= Replace A with 113.

= Simplify.
≈6 Find the square root. Round to the nearest whole number.

The difference is 6 – 3 or 3 feet.

ANSWER:
3 feet

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2-5 Compare and Order Real Numbers

9. The time in seconds that it takes an object to fall d feet can be found using the expression . In an egg drop

contest, Clara successfully dropped her egg container from a height of 35 feet, while Vladimir successfully dropped
his egg container from a height of 23 feet. How much longer did it take Clara’s egg container to reach the floor
than Vladimir’s egg container? Round to the nearest tenth.
SOLUTION:
Find the time for Clara.
t= Write the expression.

= Replace d with 35.

≈ 1.5 Simplify. Round to the nearest tenth.

Find the time for Vladimir.

t= Write the expression.

= Replace d with 23.

≈ 1.2 Simplify. Round to the nearest tenth.

The difference is 1.5 – 1.2 = 0.3 second.

ANSWER:
0.3 second

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2-5 Compare and Order Real Numbers

10. Justify Reasoning Identify the number that does not belong in the group. Explain your reasoning.

SOLUTION:
Estimate each number.
≈ –23

≈ –23

≈ −4.80
–23.2 ≈ –23

is approximately −4.80, while all of the other numbers are approximately −23. So, it does not belong.

ANSWER:
; Sample answer: ; is approximately −4.80, while all of the other numbers are approximately −23.
On a number line, is the closest to zero.

11. Maintain Accuracy Which number is greater, 3.14 or π? Justify your answer.
SOLUTION:
3.14 can be extended to 3.14000…and the number π written as a decimal is 3.141…. Because 3.141 > 3.140, π
is greater.

ANSWER:
π; Sample answer: 3.14 can be extended to 3.14000… The number π written as a decimal is 3.141…. and 3.141
> 3.140.

12. Find the Error Kendra states that > 2 because 3 is greater than 2. Explain Kendra’s mistake and correct it.

SOLUTION:
Kendra did not estimate the square root of 3. Because is about 1.73 and 1.73 is less than 2, < 2.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: Kendra did not estimate the square root of 3. Since is approximately 1.73 and 1.73 is less
than 2, < 2.

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2-5 Compare and Order Real Numbers

13. Identify two numbers, one rational and one irrational, that are between 1.6 and 1.8. Write an inequality to compare
the two numbers.

SOLUTION:
1.7 is rational and between 1.6 and 1.8.
is irrational and is equal to 1.7320.... So, it is between 1.6 and 1.8.
Because 1.7 < 1.7320..., 1.7 < .

ANSWER:
Sample answer: 1.7 and ; 1.7 <

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3-1 Solve Equations wirh Variables on Each Side

1. Solve −2a − 9 = 6a + 15. Check your solution.

SOLUTION:
Solve.
−2a − 9 = 6a + 15 Write the equation.
−6a −6a Subtraction Property of Equality
−8a – 9 = 15 Simplify.
+9 +9 Addition Property of Equality
−8a = 24 Simplify.
Division Property of Equality

a = −3 Simplify.

Check the solution.

−2a − 9 = 6a + 15 Write the equation.
−2(−3) − 9 = 6(−3) + 15 Replace a with −3.
6 − 9 = −18 + 15 Multiply.
−3 = −3 Simplify. The solution, −3, is correct.

ANSWER:
−3

2. Solve 14 + 3n = 5n − 6. Check your solution.

SOLUTION:
Solve.
14 + 3n = 5n − 6 Write the equation.
−5n −5n Subtraction Property of Equality
14 −2n = −6 Simplify.
−14 −14 Subtraction Property of Equality
−2n = −20 Simplify.
Division Property of Equality

n = 10 Simplify.

Check the solution.

14 + 3n = 5n − 6 Write the equation.
14 + 3(10) = 5(10) − 6 Replace n with 10.
14 + 30 = 50 − 6 Multiply.
44 = 44 Simplify. The solution, 10, is correct.

ANSWER:
10

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3-1 Solve Equations wirh Variables on Each Side

3. Solve x − 5 = 10 − x. Check your solution.

SOLUTION:
Sample method: Solve the equation by using the LCD to eliminate the fractions.
x − 5 = 10 − x Write the equation.

x − 5 = 10 − x Rewrite using common denominators.

= Multiply by 4 to eliminate fractions.

2x – 20 = 40 − 3x Distributive Property
+3x = + 3x Addition Property of Equality
5x – 20 = 40 Simplify.
+20 = +20 Addition Property of Equality
5x = 60 Simplify.
Division Property of Equality

x = 12 Simplify.

Check the solution.

x − 5 = 10 − x Write the equation.

(12) − 5 = 10 − (12) Replace x with 12.

6 − 5 = 10 − 9 Multiply.
1=1 Simplify. The solution, 12, is correct.

ANSWER:
12

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3-1 Solve Equations wirh Variables on Each Side

4. Solve y+1= y + 8. Check your solution.

SOLUTION:
Sample method: Solve the equation by using the LCD to eliminate the fractions.
y+1= y+8 Write the equation.

y+1= y+8 Rewrite using common denominators.

= Multiply by 6 to eliminate fractions.

4y + 6 = y + 48 Distributive Property
−y = −y Subtraction Property of Equality
3y + 6 = 48 Simplify.
−6 = −6 Subtraction Property of Equality
3y = 42 Simplify.
Division Property of Equality

y = 14 Simplify.

Check the solution.

y+1= y+8 Write the equation.

(14) + 1 = (14) + 8 Replace y with 14.

+1= +8 Multiply.

= Simplify. The solution, 14, is correct.

ANSWER:
14

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3-1 Solve Equations wirh Variables on Each Side

5. Solve 5.4p + 13.1 = −2.6p + 3.5. Check your solution.

SOLUTION:
Solve.
5.4p + 13.1 = −2.6p + 3.5 Write the equation.
+2.6p +2.6p Addition Property of Equality
8p + 13.1 = 3.5 Simplify.
−13.1 −13.1 Subtraction Property of Equality
8p = −9.6 Simplify.
Division Property of Equality

p = −1.2 Simplify.

Check the solution.

5.4p + 13.1 = −2.6p + 3.5 Write the equation.
5.4(−1.2) + 13.1 = −2.6(−1.2) + 3.5 Replace p with −1.2.
−6.48 + 13.1 = 3.12 + 3.5 Multiply.
6.62 = 6.62 Simplify. The solution, −1.2, is correct.

ANSWER:
−1.2

6. Solve 0.15w + 0.35 = 0.22w − 0.14. Check your solution.

SOLUTION:
Solve.
0.15w + 0.35 = 0.22w − 0.14 Write the equation.
−0.22w − 0.22w Subtraction Property of Equality
−0.07w + 0.35 = −0.14 Simplify.
−0.35 −0.35 Subtraction Property of Equality
−0.07w = −0.49 Simplify.
Division Property of Equality

w=7 Simplify.

Check the solution.

0.15w + 0.35 = 0.22w − 0.14 Write the equation.
0.15(7) + 0.35 = 0.22(7) − 0.14 Replace w with 7.
1.05 + 0.35 = 1.54 − 0.14 Multiply.
1.4 = 1.4 Simplify. The solution, 7, is correct.

ANSWER:
7

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3-1 Solve Equations wirh Variables on Each Side

7. Twelve more than seven times a number equals the number less six. Solve the equation 7x + 12 = x − 6 to find the
number, x.
SOLUTION:
7x + 12 = x − 6 Write the equation.
−x −x Subtraction Property of Equality
6x + 12 = −6 Simplify.
−12 −12 Subtraction Property of Equality
6x = −18 Simplify.
Division Property of Equality

x = −3 Simplify.

ANSWER:
−3

8. Equation Editor Solve the equation shown for x.

3x − 15 = 17 − x
SOLUTION:
3x − 15 = 17 − x Write the equation.
+ x +x Addition Property of Equality
4x − 15 = 17 Simplify.
+15 +15 Addition Property of Equality
4x = 32 Simplify.
Division Property of Equality

x=8 Simplify.

ANSWER:
8

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3-1 Solve Equations wirh Variables on Each Side

9. A plumbing company charges $35 per hour plus a $25 travel charge for a service call. Another plumbing company
charges $40 per hour for a service call with no travel charge. Solve the equation 35h + 25 = 40h to find how many
hours h a service call must be for the two companies to charge the same amount.
SOLUTION:
Solve 35h + 25 = 40h.

35h + 25 = 40h Write the equation.

−35h −35h Subtraction Property of Equality
25 = 5h Simplify.
Division Property of Equality

5=h Simplify.
The companies will charge the same amount for 5 hours.

ANSWER:
5 hours

10. For an annual membership fee of $186, Jacy can join the local pool that would allow him to take diving lessons for
$10 each session with an instructor. Without the membership, the pool charges $25.50 for each diving lesson with
an instructor. Solve the equation 186 + 10x = 25.5x to find how many diving lessons x Jacy can take for the cost
to be the same with and without a membership.
SOLUTION:
Solve 186 + 10x = 25.5x.
186 + 10x = 25.5x Write the equation.
−10x −10x Subtraction Property of Equality
186 = 15.5x Simplify.
Division Property of Equality

12 = x Simplify.
The cost will be the same with and without a membership for 12 diving lessons.

ANSWER:
12 lessons

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3-1 Solve Equations wirh Variables on Each Side

11. Identify Structure Explain how the Distributive Property can be used to eliminate the fractions in the equation.

x+8= x+9

SOLUTION:
Sample answer: You can multiply each side of the equation by the least common denominator, 10, using the
Distributive Property. Doing so will eliminate the fractional coefficients.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: You can multiply each side of the equation by the least common denominator, 10, using the
Distributive Property. Doing so will eliminate the fractional coefficients.

12. Find the Error A student solved the equation 6n + 8 = 4n − 9. Find his mistake and correct it.

6n + 8 = 4n – 9
6n + 8 − 8 = 4n − 9 − 8
6n = 4n – 1
6n − 4n = 4n − 4n − 1
2n = −1
n = −0.5
SOLUTION:
He simplified 4n − 9 − 8 as 4n − 1 instead of 4n − 17.

Solve.
6n + 8 = 4n – 9
6n + 8 − 8 = 4n − 9 − 8
6n = 4n – 17
6n − 4n = 4n − 4n − 1
2n = −17
n = −8.5
The correct solution of the equation is n = −8.5.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: He simplified 4n − 9 − 8 as 4n − 1 instead of 4n − 17. The correct solution of the equation is n =
−8.5.

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3-1 Solve Equations wirh Variables on Each Side

13. Justify Conclusions Determine if the statement is true or false. Justify your response.

To solve an equation with variables on each side, such as –9 + 3x = 8x + 6, you always first need to add or
subtract the variable terms from each side.
SOLUTION:
Because you can also solve the equation by first adding or subtracting the constants to both sides of the equation
the statement is false.

ANSWER:
false; Sample answer: You can also solve the equation by first adding or subtracting the constants to both sides of
the equation.

14. Write an equation with variables on each side of the equals sign that has a solution of –2.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: –20 – 3x = –2 + 6x

Solve –20 – 3x = –2 + 6x.

–20 – 3x + 3x = –2 + 6x + 3x
–20 = –2 + 9x
–20 + 2 = + 2 – 2 + 9x
–18 = 9x
–2 = x

ANSWER:
Sample answer: –20 – 3x = –2 + 6x

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3-2 Write and Solve Equations wirh Variables on Each Side

1. Marko has 45 comic books in his collection, and Tamara has 61 comic books. Marko buys 4 new comic books
each month and Tamara buys 2 comic books each month. After how many months will Marko and Tamara have
the same number of comic books? Write and solve an equation to represent this problem. Check your solution.
SOLUTION:
Let m = the number of months.
Write an equation that models when they will have the same number of comic books.
Marko’s Comic Books Tamara’s Comic Books
45 + 4m = 61 + 2m

Solve the equation 45 + 4m = 61 + 2m.

45 + 4m = 61 + 2m Write the equation.
−2m −2m Subtraction Property of Equality
45 + 2m = 61 Simplify.
−45 −45 Subtraction Property of Equality
2m = 16 Simplify.
= Division Property of Equality

m=8 Simplify.
They will have the same number of comic books after 8 months.

Check the solution.

45 + 4m = 61 + 2m Write the equation.
45 + 4(8) = 61 + 2(8) Replace m with 8.
45 + 32 = 61 + 16 Multiply.
77 = 77 Simplify. The solution, 8, is correct.

ANSWER:
Let m = the number of months; 45 + 4m = 61 + 2m; 8 months

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3-2 Write and Solve Equations wirh Variables on Each Side

2. A fish tank has 150 gallons of water and is being drained at a rate of gallon each second. A second fish tank

has 120 gallons of water and is being filled at a rate of gallon each second. After how many seconds will the

two fish tanks have the same amount of water? Write and solve an equation to represent this problem. Check your
solution.
SOLUTION:
Let s = the number of seconds.
Write an equation that models when the two fish tanks have the same amount of water.
Fish Tank 1 Fish Tank 2
150 − s = 120 + s

Solve the equation 150 − s = 120 + s

150 − s = 120 + s Write the equation.

Subtraction Property of Equality

150 − s = 120 Simplify.

−150 −150 Subtraction Property of Equality

s = −30 Simplify.

− s = −30 Multiplication Property of Equality

s = 40 Simplify.

The two fish tanks will have the same amount of water after 40 seconds.

Check the solution.

150 − s = 120 + s Write the equation.

150 − (40) = 120 + (40) Replace s with 40.

150 − 20 = 120 + 10 Multiply.

130 = 130 Simplify. The solution, 40, is correct.

ANSWER:
Let s = the number of seconds; 150 − s = 120 + s; 40 seconds

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3-2 Write and Solve Equations wirh Variables on Each Side

3. Shipping Company A charges $14 plus $2.25 a pound to ship overnight packages. Shipping Company B charges
$20 plus $1.50 a pound to ship an overnight package. For what weight is the charge the same for the two
companies? Write and solve an equation to represent this problem. Check your solution.
SOLUTION:
Let p = the number of pounds.
Write an equation that models when they will have the same cost.
Company A Company B
14 + 2.25p = 20 + 1.5p

Solve the equation 14 + 2.25p = 20 + 1.5p.

14 + 2.25p = 20 + 1.5p Write the equation.
−1.5p − 1.5p Subtraction Property of Equality
14 + 0.75p = 20 Simplify.
−14 −14 Subtraction Property of Equality
0.75p = 6 Simplify.
= Division Property of Equality

p=8 Simplify.
They will have the same cost at 8 pounds.

Check the solution.

14 + 2.25p = 20 + 1.5p Write the equation.
14 + 2.25(8) = 20 + 1.5(8) Replace p with 8.
14 + 18 = 20 + 12 Multiply.
32 = 32 Simplify. The solution, 8, is correct.

ANSWER:
Let p = the number of pounds; 14 + 2.25p = 20 + 1.50p; 8 pounds

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3-2 Write and Solve Equations wirh Variables on Each Side

4. A bicycle rental company charges a $20 fee plus $5.50 per hour to rent a bicycle. Another bicycle rental company
charges a $15 fee plus $6.50 per hour to rent a bicycle. For what number of hours is the cost for the rental the
same? Write and solve an equation to represent this problem. Check your solution.
SOLUTION:
Let h = the number of hours.
Write an equation that models when they will have the same cost.
Bicycle Company 1 Bicycle Company 2
20 + 5.50h = 15 + 6.50h

Solve the equation 20 + 5.50h = 15 + 6.50h.

20 + 5.50h = 15 + 6.50h Write the equation.
−6.50h −6.50h Subtraction Property of Equality
20 − h = 15 Simplify.
−20 −20 Subtraction Property of Equality
−h = −5 Simplify.
= Division Property of Equality

h=5 Simplify.
They will have the same cost at 5 hours.

Check the solution.

20 + 5.50h = 15 + 6.50h Write the equation.
20 + 5.50(5) = 15 + 6.50(5) Replace h with 5.
20 + 27.50 = 15 + 32.50 Multiply.
47.50 = 47.50 Simplify. The solution, 5, is correct.

ANSWER:
Let h = the number of hours; 20 + 5.50h = 15 + 6.50h; 5 hours

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3-2 Write and Solve Equations wirh Variables on Each Side

5. Open Response Deanna and Lulu are playing games at the arcade. Deanna starts with $15, and the machine she
is playing costs $0.75 per game. Lulu starts with $13, and her machine costs $0.50 per game. After how many
games will the two friends have the same amount of money remaining? Let g represent the number of games.
SOLUTION:
Write an equation that models when they will have the same amount of money remaining.
Deanna Lulu
15 – 0.75g = 13 – 0.50g

Solve 15 – 0.75g = 13 – 0.50g.

15 – 0.75g = 13 – 0.50g Write the equation.
+ 0.50g + 0.50g Addition Property of Equality
15 − 0.25g = 13 Simplify.
−15 −15 Subtraction Property of Equality
−0.25g = −2 Simplify.
= Division Property of Equality

g=8 Simplify.
They will have the same amount of money remaining after 8 games.

ANSWER:
Equation: 15 – 0.75g = 13 – 0.50g
Number of Games: 8 games

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3-2 Write and Solve Equations wirh Variables on Each Side

6. Aiden is replacing the tile in a rectangular kitchen. The length of the kitchen is nine feet shorter than three times its
width, w. The perimeter of the kitchen is six times the width. If tiles cost $1.69 a square foot, what is the total cost
to tile the kitchen?

SOLUTION:
Determine the width of the kitchen.
Write two expressions that represent the perimeter of the kitchen.
Perimeter of the kitchen is six times the width: P = 6w
Perimeter = w + (3w – 9) + w + (3w – 9) or 8w – 18
The expressions are equivalent. So, set them equal to each other and solve for w.

Solve 6w = 8w – 18.
6w = 8w – 18 Write the equation.
–8w = –8w Subtraction Property of Equality
–2w = – 18 Simplify.
= Division Property of Equality

w=9 Simplify.

Find the area of the kitchen.

A = length × width Write the equation.
= (3w – 9) × w Replace length with (3w – 9) and width with w.
= (3(9) – 9) × 9 Replace each w with 9.
= 162 Simplify.
The area is 162 square feet.

Multiply the area by the cost per square foot to find the total cost.
162 × $1.69 = $273.78

ANSWER:
$273.78

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3-2 Write and Solve Equations wirh Variables on Each Side

7. Hailey is putting up a fence in the shape of an isosceles triangle in her backyard. The fence has side lengths as
shown, where x represents the number of feet in each fence section. The perimeter of the fence can be covered
using 8 total fence sections represented by the expression 8x. If fencing costs $6.50 a foot, what would be the
total cost of the fence?

SOLUTION:
First determine the value of x.
Write two expressions that represent the perimeter of the backyard.
P = 8x
P = 2x + 4 + 3x + 7 + 2x + 4 or 7x + 15
The expressions are equivalent. So, set them equal to each other and solve for x.

Solve 8x = 7x + 15.
8x = 7x + 15 Write the equation.
–7x = –7x Subtraction Property of Equality
x = 15 Simplify.

Find the perimeter.

P = 8x Write the equation.
= 8(15) Replace length with x width 18.
= 120 Simplify.
The perimeter is 120 feet.

To find the total cost, multiply the perimeter by the cost per foot.
120 × $6.50 = $780

ANSWER:
$780

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3-2 Write and Solve Equations wirh Variables on Each Side

8. Create Write a real-world problem that can be solved using the equation 9 + 4x = 21 − 2x.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Caleb has 9 action figures and he buys 4 more action figures each month. Anna has 21 action
figures and she sells 2 action figures every month. After how many months will Caleb and Anna have the same
number of action figures?

ANSWER:
Sample answer: Caleb has 9 action figures and he buys 4 more action figures each month. Anna has 21 action
figures and she sells 2 action figures every month. After how many months will Caleb and Anna have the same
number of action figures?

9. Ling worked three more hours on Tuesday than she did on Monday. On Wednesday, she worked one hour more
than twice the number of hours that she worked on Monday. The total number of hours is two more than five times
the number of hours worked on Monday. Write and solve an equation to find the number of hours she worked on
Monday.
SOLUTION:
Let m = the number of hours worked on Monday.
Write an equation.
m + (m + 3) + (2m + 1) = 5m + 2 or 4m + 4 = 5m + 2

Solve 4m + 4 = 5m + 2.
4m + 4 = 5m +2
4m – 5m + 4 = 5m – 5m + 2
–m + 4 = 2
–m + 4 – 4 = 2 – 4
–m = –2
m=2
So, she worked 2 hours.

ANSWER:
Let m = the number of hours worked on Monday; m + (m + 3) + (2m + 1) = 5m + 2; 2 hours

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3-2 Write and Solve Equations wirh Variables on Each Side

10. Find the Error A student wrote the equation 22 + 4 = 6s + 12s to represent the problem shown. Find his mistake
and correct it.

Darnell and Emma are college students. Darnell currently has 22 credits and he plans on taking 6 credits per
semester. Emma has 4 credits and plans to take 12 credits per semester. After how many semesters, s, will Darnell
and Emma have the same number of credits?
SOLUTION:
The situation can be described as 22 credits plus 6 credits per semester is the same as 4 credits plus 12 credits per
semester.

So, the correct equation is 22 + 6s = 4 + 12s.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: The situation can be described as 22 credits plus 6 credits per semester is the same as 4 credits
plus 12 credits per semester. So, the correct equation is 22 + 6s = 4 + 12s.

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3-3 Solve Multi-Step Equations

1. Solve −g + 2(3 + g) = −4(g + 1). Check your solution.

SOLUTION:
−g + 2(3 + g) = −4(g + 1) Write the equation.
−g + 6 + 2g = −4g − 4 Distributive Property
g + 6 = −4g – 4 Combine like terms.
+ 4g +4g Addition Property of Equality
5g + 6 = −4 Simplify.
−6 −6 Subtraction Property of Equality
5g = −10 Simplify.
= Division Property of Equality

g = –2 Simplify.

Check the solution.

−g + 2(3 + g) = −4(g + 1) Write the equation.
−(−2) + 2(3 + (−2)) = −4((−2) + 1) Replace g with –2.
2+2=4 Multiply.
4=4 Simplify.

ANSWER:
−2

2. Solve −8 − x = −3(2x − 4) + 3x. Check your solution.

SOLUTION:
−8 − x = −3(2x − 4) + 3x Write the equation.
−8 − x = −6x + 12 + 3x Distributive Property
−8 − x = −3x + 12 Combine like terms.
+3x +3x Addition Property of Equality
−8 + 2x = 12 Simplify.
+8 +8 Addition Property of Equality
2x = 20 Simplify.
= Division Property of Equality

x = 10 Simplify.

Check the solution.

−8 − x = −3(2x − 4) + 3x Write the equation.
−8 − (10) = −3(2(10) − 4) + 3(10) Replace x with 10.
−8 − (10) = −48 + 30 Multiply.
−18 = −18 Simplify.

ANSWER:
10
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3-3 Solve Multi-Step Equations

3. Solve 0.6(4 − 2x) = 20.5 − (3x + 10). Check your solution.

SOLUTION:
0.6(4 − 2x) = 20.5 − (3x + 10) Write the equation.
2.4 – 1.2x = 20.5 − 3x − 10 Distributive Property
2.4 – 1.2x = 10.5 − 3x Combine like terms.
+3x +3x Addition Property of Equality
2.4 + 1.8x = 10.5 Simplify.
–2.4 –2.4 Subtraction Property of Equality
1.8x = 8.1 Simplify.
= Division Property of Equality

x = 4.5 Simplify.

Check the solution.

0.6(4 − 2x) = 20.5 − (3x + 10) Write the equation.
0.6(4 − 2(4.5)) = 20.5 − (3(4.5) + 10) Replace x with 4.5.
−3 = 20.5 – 23.5 Multiply.
−3 = −3 Simplify.

ANSWER:
4.5

4. Solve 12 − (4y + 8) = 0.5(8y −16). Check your solution.

SOLUTION:
12 − (4y + 8) = 0.5(8y −16) Write the equation.
12 − 4y − 8 = 4y − 8 Distributive Property
4 – 4y = 4y − 8 Combine like terms.
−4y −4y Subtraction Property of Equality
4 + – 8y = –8 Simplify.
–4 –4 Subtraction Property of Equality
−8y = −12 Simplify.
= Division Property of Equality

y = 1.5 Simplify.

Check the solution.

12 − (4y + 8) = 0.5(8y −16) Write the equation.
12 − (4(1.5) + 8) = 0.5(8(1.5) − 16) Replace y with 1.5.
12 − 14 = −2 Multiply.
−2 = −2 Simplify.

ANSWER:
1.5
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3-3 Solve Multi-Step Equations

5. Solve (−4 + 6n) = n+ (n + 9). Check your solution.

SOLUTION:
(−4 + 6n) = n+ (n + 9) Write the equation.

−2 + 3n = n+ n+6 Distributive Property

−2 + 3n = n + 6 Combine like terms.

−n −n Subtraction Property of Equality
–2 + 2n = 6 Simplify.
+2 +2 Addition Property of Equality
2n = 8 Simplify.
= Division Property of Equality

n=4 Simplify.

Check the solution.

(−4 + 6n) = n+ (n + 9) Write the equation.

(−4 + 6(4)) = (4) + ((4) + 9) Replace n with 4.

10 = + Multiply.

10 = 10 Simplify.

ANSWER:
4

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3-3 Solve Multi-Step Equations

6. Solve (5x − 5) + 3x = −9( x + 4). Check your solution.

SOLUTION:
(5x − 5) + 3x = −9 Write the equation.

x − 1 + 3x = −3x − 36 Distributive Property

−1 + 4x = −3x − 36 Combine like terms.
+3x +3x Addition Property of Equality
–1 + 7x = −36 Simplify.
+1 +1 Addition Property of Equality
7x = −35 Simplify.
= Division Property of Equality

x = −5 Simplify.

Check the solution.

(5x − 5) + 3x = −9 Write the equation.

(5(−5) − 5) + 3(−5) = −9 Replace x with −5.

−6 − 15 = −21 Multiply.
−21 = −21 Simplify.

ANSWER:
−5

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3-3 Solve Multi-Step Equations

7. Equation Editor Solve the equation shown for q.

2( q + 1) = −3(2q − 1) + 8q + 4

SOLUTION:
2( q + 1) = −3(2q − 1) + 8q + 4 Write the equation.

q + 2 = −6q + 3 + 8q + 4 Distributive Property

q + 2 = 2q + 7 Combine like terms.
−2q −2q Subtraction Property of Equality
−q + 2 = 7 Simplify.
−2 −2 Subtraction Property of Equality
−q = 5 Simplify.
= Division Property of Equality

q = −5 Simplify.

ANSWER:
−5

8. At a health club, 96 members participate in the morning workout, and this number has been increasing by 2 people
per week. In the afternoon workout, there are 80 members, and this number has been decreasing by 3 people per
week. Solve the equation 96 + 2w = 2(80 − 3w) to find in how many weeks w the number of people working out
in the morning will be double the number of people working out in the afternoon.
SOLUTION:
Solve the equation.
96 + 2w = 2(80 − 3w) Write the equation.
96 + 2w = 160 − 6w Distributive Property
+6w +6w Addition Property of Equality
96 + 8w = 160 Simplify.
−96 −96 Subtraction Property of Equality
8w = 64 Simplify.
= Division Property of Equality

w=8 Simplify.

In 8 weeks, the number of people working out in the morning will be double the number of people working out in
the afternoon.

ANSWER:
8 weeks

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3-3 Solve Multi-Step Equations

9. The triangle and the square shown have the same perimeter. Solve the equation 3x + 4x + 5x = 4(x + 2) to find
the value of x. Then find the length of one side of the square.

SOLUTION:
Solve the equation.
3x + 4x + 5x = 4(x + 2) Write the equation.
3x + 4x + 5x = 4x + 8 Distributive Property
12x = 4x + 8 Combine like terms.
−4x −4x Subtraction Property of Equality
8x = 8 Simplify.
= Division Property of Equality

x=1 Simplify.

Find the length of one side of the square.

(x + 2) Write the equation.
(1 + 2) Replace x with 1.
3 Simplify.
The length of one side of the square is 3 units.

ANSWER:
x = 1; 3 units

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3-3 Solve Multi-Step Equations

10. Find the Error A student solved the equation 3(−4 + x) − 5x = 7x + 15. Find her mistake and correct it.

3(−4 + x) − 5x = 7x + 15
−12 + 3x − 15x = 7x + 15
−12 − 12x = 7x + 15
−12 − 12x + 12x = 7x + 12x + 15
−12 = 19x + 15
−12 − 15 = 19x + 15 – 15
−27 = 19x
=x

SOLUTION:
She incorrectly multiplied −5x by 3 when she used the Distributive Property on the left side of the equation.

Solve 3(−4 + x) − 5x = 7x + 15.

3(−4 + x) − 5x = 7x + 15.
−12 + 3x − 5x = 7x + 15
−12 − 2x = 7x + 15
−12 − 2x + 2x = 7x + 2x + 15
−12 = 9x + 15
−12 − 15 = 9x + 15 – 15
−27 = 9x
−3 = x
The correct solution of the equation is x = −3.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: She incorrectly multiplied −5x by 3 when she used the Distributive Property on the left side of the
equation. The correct solution of the equation is x = −3.

11. Identify Structure Describe the role of the Distributive Property when solving multi-step equations that contain
expressions with grouping symbols.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: The Distributive Property allows you to expand the expressions that contain grouping symbols.
Then you can combine any like terms and solve the equation using the properties of equality.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: The Distributive Property allows you to expand the expressions that contain grouping symbols.
Then you can combine any like terms and solve the equation using the properties of equality.

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3-3 Solve Multi-Step Equations

12. Suppose your friend says he can solve the equation 15 − (2x + 6) = (7x − 4) by first using the Multiplication

Property of Equality to multiply each side of the equation by 2. Is he correct? Justify your response.

SOLUTION:
Your friend can multiply each side of the equation by 2, eliminating the fraction.

However, this may not be the most efficient method to solve the equation.

ANSWER:
yes; Sample answer: He can multiply each side of the equation by 2, eliminating the fraction; however, this may not
be the most efficient method to solve the equation.

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3-4 Write and Solve Multi-Step Equations

1. Mr. Reed is drawing a blueprint of a rectangular patio. The width of the patio is feet shorter than twice its

length. The perimeter of the patio is feet. What is the length of the patio? Write and solve an equation. Check

your solution.
SOLUTION:
Let ℓ represent the length in feet of the garden.
The width is feet shorter than twice its length: w = 2ℓ −

Write an equation that models the perimeter.

P = 2ℓ + 2w Write the equation.
= 2ℓ + 2 Replace P with and w with 2ℓ − .

Solve the equation = 2ℓ + 2 .

= 2ℓ + 2 Write the equation.

= 2ℓ + 4ℓ − Distributive Property

= 6ℓ − Combine like terms.

Addition Property of Equality

168 = 6ℓ Simplify.
28 = ℓ Division Property of Equality
The length is 28 feet.

Check the solution.

Length: 28 feet
Width: w = 2ℓ − ; w = 2(28) − or 15.25 feet

Perimeter: 2ℓ + 2w = 2(28) + 2(15.25) or feet

ANSWER:
Let ℓ = the length; = 2ℓ + 2(2ℓ – ); 28 feet

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3-4 Write and Solve Multi-Step Equations

2. The Yearbook Club is going to an amusement park, and each of their 12 members will pay for admission and will
also help pay for parking. The Robotics Club is going to a waterpark, and each of their 14 members will pay for
admission and will also purchase a meal ticket. Admission to the amusement park is 1.5 times that of the
waterpark’s admission, as shown in the table. If the total cost is the same at both the amusement park and the
waterpark, what is the admission per student to the waterpark? Write and solve an equation. Check your solution.

Amusement Part Waterpark

Admission: $1.5xper student Admission: $x per student
Parking: $2 per student Meal Ticket: $10.50 per student

SOLUTION:
Write an equation.
Let x = the cost of admission to the waterpark.
The cost of the amusement park: 12(1.5x + 2)
The cost of the waterpark: 14(x + 10.50)
Because the costs are equal set the expressions equal to each other: 12(1.5x + 2) = 14(x + 10.5)

Solve the equation 12(1.5x + 2) = 14(x + 10.5).

12(1.5x + 2) = 14(x + 10.5) Write the equation.
18x + 24 = 14x + 147 Distributive Property
−14x −14x Subtraction Property of Equality
4x + 24 = 147 Simplify.
−24 −24 Subtraction Property of Equality
4x = 123 Simplify.
= Division Property of Equality

x = 30.75 Simplify.
The cost of admission to the waterpark is $30.75.

Check the solution.

The cost of the amusement park: 12(1.5x + 2); 12(1.5(30.75) + 2) or $577.50
The cost of the waterpark: 14(x + 10.50); 14(30.75 + 10.50) or $577.50

ANSWER:
Let x = the cost of admission to the waterpark; 12(1.5x + 2) = 14(x + 10.5); $30.75

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3-4 Write and Solve Multi-Step Equations

3. Open Response Arjun purchased 5 tickets to a play, each with the same price. He was also charged an online
service fee of $3.50 per ticket. Emilia purchased 3 tickets to the same play and paid twice as much for her tickets
as Arjun. Emilia was also charged a service fee of $2.75 per ticket. If they spent the same amount, what is the cost
of each of the tickets Arjun purchased? Let t represent the cost of each of Arjun’s tickets.
SOLUTION:
Write an equation.
Let t represent the cost of each of Arjun’s tickets.
Arjun’s ticket cost: 5(t + 3.50)
Emilia’s ticket cost: 3(2t + 2.75)
Because the costs are equal set the expressions equal to each other: 5(t + 3.50) = 3(2t + 2.75)

Solve the equation 5(t + 3.50) = 3(2t + 2.75).

5(t + 3.50) = 3(2t + 2.75) Write the equation.
5t + 17.50 = 6t + 8.25 Distributive Property
−6t −6t Subtraction Property of Equality
−t + 17.50 = 8.25 Simplify.
−17.50 −17.50 Subtraction Property of Equality
−t = −9.25 Simplify.
= Division Property of Equality

t = 9.25 Simplify.
The cost of the ticket was $9.25.

ANSWER:
Equation: 5(t + 3.50) = 3(2t + 2.75)
Cost of a Ticket: $9.25

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3-4 Write and Solve Multi-Step Equations

4. Four siblings have a dog walking business. The table shows the hours worked by each sibling. Each sibling earns
$25.50 per hour and the total number of hours worked is represented by 10h + 15, where h represents the number
of hours Michael worked. What was the total amount the siblings earned?

Sibling Hours Worked

Marlin 2.5h+ 3
Emilio 4(h– 2)
Michael h
Mario 31

SOLUTION:
Write an equation. Let h represents the number of hours Michael worked.
Add the number hours all the siblings worked together: 2.5h + 3 + 4(h − 2) + h + 31 or 7.5h + 26
The total number of hours worked is represented by both expressions 10h + 15 and 7.5h + 26.
Set the expressions equal to each other and solve for h.

Solve the equation 10h + 15 = 7.5h + 26.

10h + 15 = 7.5h + 26 Write the equation.
−7.5h −7.5h Subtraction Property of Equality
2.5h + 15 = 26 Simplify.
−15 −15 Subtraction Property of Equality
2.5h = 11 Simplify.
= Division Property of Equality

h = 4.4 Simplify.

Find the total hours the siblings worked.

10h + 15 Write the expression.
10(4.4) + 15 Replace h with 4.4.
44 + 15 or 59 Simplify.
They worked 59 hours.

Find the total earnings.

59 × $25.50 = $1,504.50

ANSWER:
$1,504.50

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3-4 Write and Solve Multi-Step Equations

5. Create Write a real-world problem that can be solved using a multi-step equation. Then write and solve an equation
for your problem.
SOLUTION:
Andrea bought 4 identical snacks and 15 batting cage tokens. Each token costs $2.25 less than each snack. She
spent a total of $18.50. What was the cost of each snack?

Solve the equation 4x + 15(x − 2.25) = 18.50.

4x + 15(x − 2.25) = 18.50.
4x + 15(x − 2.25) = 18.50
4x + 15x − 33.75 = 18.50
19x − 33.75 = 18.50
19x = 52.25
x = 2.75
Each snack costs $2.75.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: Andrea bought 4 identical snacks and 15 batting cage tokens. Each token costs $2.25 less than
each snack. She spent a total of $18.50. What was the cost of each snack? 4x + 15(x − 2.25) = 18.50; $2.75

6. Persevere with Problems Elijah put 2x + 3 dollars in the bank the first week. The following week he doubled the
first week’s savings and put that amount in the bank. The next week, he doubled what was in the bank and put that
amount in the bank. He now has $477 in the bank. Write and solve an equation to find how much money he put in
the bank the first week.
SOLUTION:
Write an equation that represents how much he put in the bank.
(2x + 3) + 2(2x + 3) + 2[(2x + 3) + 2(2x + 3)] = 477 or 18x + 27 = 477

Solve 18x + 27 = 477.

18x + 27 = 477
18x + 27 − 27 = 477 − 27
18x = 420
x = 25

Replace x with 25 in 2x + 3 to find how much money he put in the bank the first week.
2(25) + 3 = 53
He put in $53 the first week.

ANSWER:
(2x + 3) + 2(2x + 3) + 2[(2x + 3) + 2(2x + 3)] = 477; $53

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3-4 Write and Solve Multi-Step Equations

7. Find the Error A student wrote the equation 4(x + 5.5) = 3(1.5x + 4.75) to represent the problem shown. Find
her mistake and correct it.

Petra and her 4 friends went to the movies. They each bought a ticket for x dollars and spent $5.50 each on snacks.
Valentina and her 3 friends went to the movies and paid 1.5 times as much for each of their tickets as Petra.
Everyone in Valentina’s group also spent $4.75 each on snacks. If both groups spent the same amount, what is the
cost of a ticket for Petra’s group?

SOLUTION:
Sample answer: She did not include Petra and Valentina in their groups. The correct equation is 5(x + 5.5) =
4(1.5x + 4.75).

ANSWER:
Sample answer: She did not include Petra and Valentina in their groups. The correct equation is 5(x + 5.5) = 4(1.5x
+ 4.75).

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3-5 Determine the Number of Solutions

1. Solve 4(x − 8) + 12 = 2(2x − 9). Determine whether the equation has one solution, no solution, or infinitely many
solutions
SOLUTION:
4(x − 8) + 12 = 2(2x − 9) Write the equation.
4x − 32 + 12 = 4x – 18 Distributive Property
4x − 20 = 4x – 18 Combine like terms.
−4x −4x Subtraction Property of Equality
20 = −18 Simplify.

The equation 20 = −18 is not true because no values can be substituted to make the equation true. So, the
equation has no solution.

ANSWER:
no solution

2. Solve 3(2k − 5) = 6(k − 4) + 9. Determine whether the equation has one solution, no solution, or infinitely many
solutions.
SOLUTION:
3(2k − 5) = 6(k − 4) + 9 Write the equation.
6k − 15 = 6k − 24 + 9 Distributive Property
6k − 15 = 6k − 15 Combine constants.
−6k −6k Subtraction Property of Equality
−15 = −15 Simplify.

The equation −15 = −15 is always true because any value can be substituted to make the equation true. So, the
equation has infinitely many solutions.

ANSWER:
infinitely many solutions

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3-5 Determine the Number of Solutions

3. Solve −4y − 3 = (12y − 9) − 8y. Determine whether the equation has one solution, no solution, or infinitely

many solutions.
SOLUTION:
−4y − 3 = (12y − 9) − 8y Write the equation.

−4y − 3 = 4y − 3 − 8y Distributive Property

−4y − 3 = −4y − 3 Combine like terms.
+4y +4y Addition Property of Equality
−3 = −3 Simplify.

The equation −3 = −3 is always true because any value can be substituted to make the equation true. So, the
equation has infinitely many solutions.

ANSWER:
infinitely many solutions

4. Solve 6(3 − 5w) = 5(4 − 2w) – 20w. Determine whether the equation has one solution, no solution, or infinitely
many solutions
SOLUTION:
6(3 − 5w) = 5(4 − 2w) – 20w Write the equation.
18 − 30w = 20 − 10w – 20w Distributive Property
18 − 30w = 20 −30w Combine constants.
+30w + 30w Subtraction Property of Equality
18 = 20 Simplify.

The equation 18 = 20 is not true because no values can be substituted to make the equation true. So, the equation
has no solution.

ANSWER:
no solution

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3-5 Determine the Number of Solutions

5. Complete the equation so that it has infinitely many solutions.

2x − 7(x + 10) = ____ x − ____

SOLUTION:
2x − 7(x + 10) = ____ x − ____ Write the equation.
2 x − 7x −70 = ____ x − ____ Distributive Property
−5x −70 = ____ x − ____ Combine like terms.
−5x −70 = −5x −70 The coefficients and constants must be the same on each side.

ANSWER:
2x − 7(x + 10) = −5x − 70

6. Complete the equation so that it has infinitely many solutions.

12x − x + 8 + 3x =____x +____

SOLUTION:
12x − x + 8 + 3x = ____x +____ Write the equation.
14x + 8 = ____x +____ Combine like terms.
14x + 8 = 14x + 8 The coefficients and constants must be the same on each side.

ANSWER:
12x − x + 8 + 3x = 14x + 8

7. Complete the equation so that it has no solution.

−15x + 4x + 2 − x = ____x + ____

SOLUTION:
−15x + 4x + 2 − x = ____x + ____ Write the equation.
−12x + 2 = ____x + ____ Combine like terms.
−12x + 2 = −12x + 6 The coefficients must be the same. The constants must
be different.

Sample constant given. Constant cannot equal 2.

ANSWER:
−15x + 4x + 2 − x = −12x + 6

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3-5 Determine the Number of Solutions

8. Complete the equation so that it has no solution.

9(x − 4) − 5x = ____x − ____

SOLUTION:
9(x − 4) − 5x = ____x − ____ Write the equation.
9x − 36 − 5x = ____x − ____ Distributive Property
4x − 36 = ____x − ____ Combine like terms.
4x − 36 = 4x − 10 The coefficients must be the same. The constants must be different.

Sample constant given. Constant cannot equal −36.

ANSWER:
9(x − 4) − 5x = 4x − 10

9. Multiple Choice Which of the following explains why (x + 3) = (x − 6) has no solution?

A The coefficients are different, and the constants are different.

B The coefficients are the same, and the constants are the same.
C The coefficients are different, and the constants are the same.
D The coefficients are the same, and the constants are different
SOLUTION:
For an equation to have no solution, the coefficients must be the same on each side and the constants must be
different.

ANSWER:
The correct choice is D.

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3-5 Determine the Number of Solutions

10. Three students in the Math Club are analyzing the expressions (10x + 8) and − ( x + 13) + 3(x + 5), for all

values of x. Each student claims the expressions are related according to the results shown in the table. Which
student is correct?

SOLUTION:
Determine if the Student 1 is correct by determining if the equations are equal.

(10x + 8) and − ( x + 13) + 3(x + 5) Write the equation.

x+2=− x − 13 + 3x + 15 Distributive Property

x+2= x+2 Combine like terms.

x x Subtraction Property of Equality

2=2 Simplify.

The equation 2 = 2 is always true because any value can be substituted to make the equation true. Because the
equations are equal, Student 1 is correct.

ANSWER:
Student 1

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3-5 Determine the Number of Solutions

11. Daniel and Fatima are analyzing the expressions below for all values of x. Daniel claims that the value of these
expressions is always equal. Fatima claims that the value of the expression on the left is always greater than the
value of the expression on the right. Which student is correct?

0.6(−7x + 9) and 4(x − 3) − (−8 + 8.2x)

SOLUTION:
Determine if the Daniel is correct by determining if the equations are equal.
0.6(−7x + 9) and 4(x − 3) − (−8 + 8.2x) Write the equation.
−4.2x + 5.4 = 4x − 12 + 8 − 8.2x Distributive Property
−4.2x + 5.4 = −4.2x − 4 Combine like terms.
+4.2x +4.2x Addition Property of Equality
5.4 = −4 Simplify.

The equation 5.4 = −4 is not true. So, the equations are not equal. Because the equations are not equal, Fatima is
correct.

ANSWER:
Fatima

12. Find the Error A student solved the equation and determined that the solution was −2. Find her error and correct
it.

1.5x − 2 = −2 + 1.5x
−2 = −2
SOLUTION:
The equation −2 = −2 is always true, so every value of x will make the equation true.

The correct solution of the equation is infinitely many solutions.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: The equation −2 = −2 is always true, so every value of x will make the equation true. The correct
solution of the equation is infinitely many solutions.

13. Make an Argument Suppose the solution to an equation is x = 0. Explain why it is incorrect to conclude that the
equation has no solution.

SOLUTION:
Sample answer: The solution x = 0 means that 0 is the solution to the equation and the equation has one solution,
0.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: The solution x = 0 means that 0 is the solution to the equation and the equation has one solution,
0.
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3-5 Determine the Number of Solutions

14. Determine if the statement is true or false. Justify your response.

An equation will always have at least one solution.

SOLUTION:
An equation can have no solution, one solution, or infinitely many solutions. So, the statement is false.

ANSWER:
false; Sample answer: An equation can have no solution, one solution, or infinitely many solutions.

15. Identify Structure What values of a, b, c, and d will make the equation have one solution? Then alter your
equation so that it has no solution. Finally, alter the equation again so that it has infinitely many solutions.

ax + b = cx + d

SOLUTION:
one solution: −4x + 7 = −5x + 9 The coefficients must are different. The constants are different.
no solution: −4x + 7 = −4x + 8 The coefficients must are the same. The constants are different.
infinite solutions: −4x + 7 = −4x + 7 The coefficients and constants are the same on each side.

ANSWER:
Sample answer:
one solution: −4x + 7 = −5x + 9
no solution: −4x + 7 = −4x + 8
infinite solutions: −4x + 7 = −4x + 7

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4-1 Proportional Relational Relationships and Slope

1. The graph shows the amount of book sales over several days. Find and interpret the slope. Then find the unit rate
and compare it to the slope.

SOLUTION:
To find the slope, find the constant rate of change. Choose any two points on the line, such as (3, 1,000) and (6,
2,000).

= Find the rate of change between the points.

= Simplify.

≈ or about $333.33 per day

The constant rate of change is about $333.33 each day. So, the slope of the line is or .

ANSWER:

The slope of the line is or . This means that the book sales were about $333.33 each day. The

unit rate is about $333.33 per day, which is the same as the slope.

2. The cost y of renting a snowmobile for x hours is a proportional relationship. This can be represented by the
equation y = 33.75x. Graph the equation. Then find and interpret the slope.

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4-1 Proportional Relational Relationships and Slope

SOLUTION:
Graph the equation. Make a table of values to find the distance for 0, 1, and 2 hours.

Hours, x y = 33.75x Cost ($)

0 y = 33.75(0) 0
4 y = 33.75(4) 135
8 y = 33.75(8) 270

Graph the ordered pairs (0, 0), (4, 135), and (8, 270) from the table. Then draw a line through the points.

Find and interpret the slope.

y = 33.75x y = mx, m = slope or unit rate
m = 33.75

The slope of the line is or 33.75. This means that it costs $33.75 per hour to rent the snowmobile.

ANSWER:

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4-1 Proportional Relational Relationships and Slope

The slope of the line is or 33.75. This means that it costs $33.75 per hour to rent the snowmobile.

3. By the end of its fourth week, a movie had grossed $9.2 million. Assume the revenue y in millions of dollars is
proportional to the week x. Graph this relationship on the coordinate plane. Then find and interpret the slope.

SOLUTION:
Graph the relationship. Find the unit rate.
$9.2 million in 4 weeks = Write the rate as a fraction.

= Simplify.

The unit rate is 2.3 million per week.

Make a table of values to find the revenue for 0 and 3 weeks.

Revenue
Weeks, x
(in millions of dollars)
0 0
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4-1 Proportional Relational Relationships and Slope

3 6.9

Graph the ordered pairs (0, 0) and (3, 6.9). Then draw a line through the points.

Find and interpret the slope.

The unit rate is 2.3 million per week. It is a constant rate of change.
The slope of the line is or 2.3. This means that the movie grossed $2.3 million each week.

ANSWER:
The slope of the line is or 2.3. This means that the movie grossed $2.3 million each week

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4-1 Proportional Relational Relationships and Slope

4. The amount of power y solar panel A can produce with an area of x square meters can be represented by the
equation y = 1,020x. The amount of power a solar panel B can produce is shown on the graph. Which solar panel
can produce more power? Explain.

SOLUTION:
Find the slope or unit rate for solar panel A from the equation.
y = 1,020x y = mx, m = slope or unit rate
m = 1,020 The coefficient of x.
The unit rate for solar panel A is 1,020 power produced per square meters.

Find the constant rate of change for solar panel B from the graph.
Choose any two points on the line, such as (1, 1,200) and (2, 2,400).

Find the rate of change between the points.

= Simplify.

The unit rate for solar panel B is 1,200 power produced per square meters.

Because 1,200 > 1,020, panel B produces more power.

ANSWER:
Solar panel B; The rate for panel A is 1,020. The rate for panel B is 1,200. Since 1,200 > 1,020, panel B
produces more power.

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4-1 Proportional Relational Relationships and Slope

5. Open Response The distance y that Craig biked on x day trips is shown in the table. Rei biked 23.6 miles per
day. Assume that the number of miles is proportional to the number of days. Who biked the lower number of miles
each day? Explain.

SOLUTION:
Find the unit rate for Craig. Use the data values (2, 43.6) and (3, 65.4) from the table.

= Find the rate of change.

= or 21.8 miles per day Simplify.

The unit rate of Craig’s day trips is 21.8 miles per day.

Rei bikes 23.6 miles per day.

Because Rei biked 23.6 miles per day, and 23.6 > 21.8, Craig biked the lower number of miles each day.

ANSWER:
Craig; Sample answer: The unit rate of Craig’s day trips is 21.8 miles per day. Since Rei biked 23.6 miles per day,
and 23.6 > 21.8, Craig biked the lower number of miles each day.

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4-1 Proportional Relational Relationships and Slope

6. Nadia is comparing costs for two brands of garden compost. For Brand A, the cost y for x bags is shown in the
table. For Brand B, the cost y can be represented by the equation y = 1.99x, where x represents the number of
bags. Which brand costs less for 6 bags of compost?

SOLUTION:
Find the unit cost for Brand A. Use the data values from the table.

= Find the rate of change.

= Simplify.

= or $2.67 per bag Simplify.

Brand A costs $2.67 per bag.

Find the unit cost for Brand B. Use the equation.

y = 1.99x y = mx, m = slope or unit rate
m = 1.99 The coefficient of x.
Brand B costs $1.99 per bag.

Find the costs for 6 bags for each brand.

Brand A: 6 × $2.67 = $16.02
Brand B: 6 × $1.99 = $11.94

Because $16.02 > $11.94, brand B costs less. Brand B costs $16.02 − $11.94 or $4.08 less.

ANSWER:
Brand B; $4.08 less

7. Explain how the unit rate and slope of a proportional relationship are related to each other.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: The unit rate of a proportional relationship is the comparison of one quantity to one unit of another
quantity. The slope of that relationship is that same comparison.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: The unit rate of a proportional relationship is the comparison of one quantity to one unit of another
quantity. The slope of that relationship is that same comparison.

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4-1 Proportional Relational Relationships and Slope

8. Reason Abstractly Determine if the statement is true or false. Justify your response.

The point (1, r) on the graph of a proportional relationship shows the unit rate r.
SOLUTION:
The unit rate of a proportional relationship is the comparison of one quantity to one unit of another quantity.
Because the ordered pair is (1, r), the unit rate is . So, the statement is true.

ANSWER:
true; Sample answer: The unit rate of a proportional relationship is the comparison of one quantity to one unit of
another quantity. Because the ordered pair is (1, r), the unit rate is .

9. Find the Error A student graphs the relationship y = x on a coordinate plane. She says the slope is 0 because
there is no coefficient. Find her mistake and correct it.

SOLUTION:
The equation y = x can be written as y = 1x because 1 ⋅ x = x. So, the slope is 1, not 0.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: The equation y = x can be written as y = 1x because 1 ⋅ x = x. So, the slope is 1, not 0.

10. Identify Structure The relationship, y = ax is graphed on a coordinate plane. If a > b, compare the graph of y =
bx to the graph of y = ax.

SOLUTION:
If a > b, then the slope of y = ax is greater than the slope of y = bx. This means the greater the slope, the steeper
the line.

ANSWER:
If a > b, then the slope of y = ax is greater than the slope of y = bx. This means the line is steeper.

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4-2 Slope of a Line

1. The graph shows the depth in feet of snow after each two-hour period during a snowstorm. Find the slope of the
line.

SOLUTION:
Select two points from the graph. Sample points (4, 1) and (8, 2).

slope = Definition of slope

= or 0.25 rise = 1, run = 4

ANSWER:
or 0.25

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4-2 Slope of a Line

2. The graph shows the amount of money left after buying video games. Find the slope of the line.

SOLUTION:
Select two points from the graph. Sample points (2, 80) and (4, 40).

slope = Definition of slope

= rise = −40, run = 2

= Simplify the ratio.

ANSWER:
−20

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4-2 Slope of a Line

3. The points given in the table lie on a line. Find the slope of the line.

SOLUTION:
Select two points from the table. Sample points (−1, 3) and (2, −1).

slope = Definition of slope

= Use the points (−1, 3) and (2, −1).

= or or Simplify.

ANSWER:
or

4. Find the slope of the line that passes the points M(3, 5) and N(2, 6).
SOLUTION:
m= slope formula

= (x 1 , y1) = (3, 5); (x 2 , y2) = (2, 6)

= or −1 Simplify.

ANSWER:
−1

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4-2 Slope of a Line

5. Find the slope of the line that passes the points G(−3, 2) and H(7, 2).
SOLUTION:
m= slope formula

= (x 1 , y1) = (−3, 2); (x 2 , y2) = (7, 2)

= or 0 Simplify.

ANSWER:
0

6. Find the slope of the line that passes the points E(6, 8) and F(6, −2).
SOLUTION:
m= slope formula

= (x 1 , y1) = (6, 8); (x 2 , y2) = (6, −2)

= The slope is undefined.

ANSWER:
undefined

7. Multiple Choice The points given in each table lie on lines. Which table, when graphed, would show a negative
slope?

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4-2 Slope of a Line

SOLUTION:
Find the slope for the table A.

slope = Definition of slope

= Use the points (−2, −2) and (3, −1).

= Simplify. The slope of is positive.

Find the slope for table B.

slope = Definition of slope

= Use the points (−1, −2) and (1, 0).

= or 1 Simplify. The slope of 1 is positive.

Find the slope for table C.

slope = Definition of slope

= Use the points (3, 8) and (5, 0).

= Simplify. The slope of −4 is negative.

The correct choice is C.

ANSWER:
The correct choice is C.

8. Malik and Mila are both mountain climbing. The graph shows Malik’s altitude at various points during the climb.
The table shows Mila’s altitude. Who is climbing at a faster rate? How much faster does that person climb per
hour?

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4-2 Slope of a Line

Mila's Ascension
Time (h), x Altitude (ft), y
0 0
1 721
2 1,442

SOLUTION:
Find the slope for Mila. Use the table.

slope = Definition of slope

= Use the points (0, 0) and (1, 721).

= Simplify.

Mila is climbing at rate of 721 feet per hour.

Find the slope for Malik. Select two points from the graph. Sample points (1, 693) and (2, 1,386).
slope = Definition of slope

= 1 rise = 675, run = 1

Malik is climbing at rate of 693 feet per hour.

Because 721 > 693, Mila is climbing faster. She climbs 721 – 693 or 28 ft/h faster.

ANSWER:
Mila is climbing faster. She climbs 28 ft/h faster than Malik.

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4-2 Slope of a Line

9. Give three points that lie on a line with a slope of .

SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Start with the point (0, 0). The next point is 2 units down and 5 units right or (5, −2). Then from
(5, −2), the next point is 2 units down and 5 units right or (10, −4). The points are (0, 0), (5, −2), and (10, −4).

ANSWER:
Sample answers: (0, 0), (5, −2), (10, −4)

10. Explain why, when using the slope formula, it does not matter which point is (x 1, y1) or (x 2, y2).

SOLUTION:
Sample answer: When subtracting the y-coordinates and the x-coordinates, it does not matter which is (x 1, y1) or
(x 2, y2) because both fractions will simplify to the same slope.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: When subtracting the y-coordinates and the x-coordinates, it does not matter which is (x 1, y1) or
(x 2, y2) because both fractions will simplify to the same slope.

11. Find the Error A student finds the slope of the line that passes through the points (−3, 8) and (2, −4). Find the
mistake and correct it.

m=

m=

SOLUTION:
The student did not subtract the y-coordinates and x-coordinates. The numerator should be −4 – 8 and the
denominator should be 2 – (−3). The slope is .

m=

m=

ANSWER:
Sample answer: The student did not subtract the y-coordinates and x-coordinates. The numerator should be −4 –
8 and the denominator should be 2 – (−3). The slope is .

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4-2 Slope of a Line

12. Identify Structure Without computing, how can you tell by looking at the ordered pairs that a line will be
horizontal or vertical?

SOLUTION:
Sample answer: If the x-coordinates are the same, the line is vertical. If the y-coordinates are the same, the line is
horizontal.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: If the x-coordinates are the same, the line is vertical. If the y-coordinates are the same, the line is
horizontal.

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4-3 Similar Triangles and Slope

1. The graph of line m is shown. Use the similar slope triangles to compare the slope of segment RT and TV.

SOLUTION:
Find the slope of segment RT. Use triangle RST to find the ratio of the rise to the run.
= rise = 2, run = 4

= Simplify.

The slope of segment RT is or 0.5.

Find the slope of segment TV. Use triangle TUV to find the ratio of the rise to the run.
= rise = 1, run = 2

The slope of segment TV is or 0.5.

Because = the slopes of each segment are equal.

ANSWER:
The slope of segment RT is or 0.5. The slope of segment TV is or 0.5. The slopes of each segment are

equal.

2. The plans for a zipline are shown. Use two points to determine the slope of the zipline. Then verify that the slope is
the same by choosing a different set of points.

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4-3 Similar Triangles and Slope

SOLUTION:
Use the sample points C and D to draw slope triangle CDE.
slope = Definition of slope

= rise = −1, run = 3

The slope of the zipline is or .

Verify the slope using the sample points B and C. Draw slope triangle CBG.

slope = Definition of slope

= rise = −2, run = 6

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4-3 Similar Triangles and Slope

= Simplify.

Because = the slopes are the same.

ANSWER:
The slope of the zipline is or .

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4-3 Similar Triangles and Slope

3. Name the slope triangles shown in the graph. What is the slope of the line?

SOLUTION:
The triangles are AHE, BID, and CGF. Find the slope using all 3 slope triangles.
Find the slope of segment CF. Use triangle CGF to find the ratio of the rise to the run.
= rise = 3, run = 6

= Simplify.

The slope of segment CG is or 0.5.

Verify using a different triangle. Use segment AE. Use triangle AHE to find the ratio of the rise to the run.
= rise = 4, run =8

= Simplify.

The slope of segment AE is or 0.5.

Verify using a different triangle. Use segment BD. Use triangle BID to find the ratio of the rise to the run.
= rise = 2, run = 4

= Simplify.

The slope of segment BD is or 0.5.

ANSWER:
Triangles AHE, BID, and CGF. The slope of each is or 0.5.

4. Draw two slope triangles on the line. Determine the slope of the line.
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4-3 Similar Triangles and Slope

SOLUTION:
Draw two slope triangles. Sample slope triangles shown.

Find the slope. Use the first slope triangle.

slope = Definition of slope

= rise = 3, run = 5

Verify the slope using the second slope triangle.

slope = Definition of slope

= rise = 3, run = 5

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4-3 Similar Triangles and Slope

The slope is or 0.6.

ANSWER:
or 0.6; Sample slope triangles shown.

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4-3 Similar Triangles and Slope

5. Multiselect The graph shows similar slope triangles on a line. Select all of the statements that are true.

The slope of the line is negative.

The slopes of each triangle are the same because they lie on the same line.
Triangle CDE has a greater slope because the triangle is larger.
The slope of each triangle is .

The slope of the line is positive.

SOLUTION:
Find the slope of the line using triangles ABC and CDE.

Find the slope of segment AC. Use triangle ABC to find the ratio of the rise to the run.

= rise = −2, run = 3

The slope of segment AC is .

Find the slope of segment CE. Use triangle CDE to find the ratio of the rise to the run.

= rise = 4, run = −6

= Simplify.

The slope of segment CE is .

The only true statements are: The slope of the line is negative and The slopes of each triangle are the same
because they lie on the same line.

ANSWER:
The slope of the line is negative.
The slopes of each triangle are the same because they lie on the same line.

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4-3 Similar Triangles and Slope

6. Lines r and s are parallel, meaning they will never intersect. Draw similar slope triangles on each line and find the
slope of each line. What conclusion can you draw about the slopes of parallel lines?

SOLUTION:
Sample slope triangles shown.

Find the slope for each line.

Line r: = or

Line s: =

The slopes of parallel lines are equal.

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4-3 Similar Triangles and Slope

ANSWER:
Sample slope triangles shown.

The slope of line r is or . The slope of line s is also or . The slopes of parallel lines are equal.

7. Lines m and n are perpendicular, meaning they form a right angle. Draw similar slope triangles on each line and find
the slope of each line. What conclusion can you draw about the slopes of perpendicular lines?

SOLUTION:
Sample slope triangles shown.

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4-3 Similar Triangles and Slope

Find the slope for each line.

Line m: =

The slope of line m is or −1.5.

Line n: =

The slope of line n is or .

The slopes of perpendicular lines are opposite reciprocals.

ANSWER:
Sample slope triangles shown.

The slope of line m is or −1.5. The slope of line n is or . The slopes of perpendicular lines are

opposite reciprocals.
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4-3 Similar Triangles and Slope

8. Be Precise How are slope triangles, corresponding sides, ratios, and related?

SOLUTION:
Sample answer: The ratios of the corresponding sides ( ) of similar slope triangles are the same as the

ratio for slope.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: The ratios of the corresponding sides ( ) of similar slope triangles are the same as the

ratio for slope.

9. Find the Error A student found the slope of one segment on a line to be 4 and the slope of another segment on
the same line to be . He concludes that the slope is different at different points on the line. Correct his thinking.

SOLUTION:
Because simplifies to 4, the triangles are similar slope triangles on the same line. Therefore, the slope of the line

is always 4.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: Because simplifies to 4, the triangles are similar slope triangles on the same line. Therefore, the

slope of the line is always 4.

10. Determine if the statement is true or false. Justify your response.

If one vertex of a slope triangle is at (0, 0), the other vertex on the line will be the point that represents the
simplified unit rate or slope.
SOLUTION:
The other vertex will represent the slope if the x-coordinate is 1. If the x-coordinate is not 1, then the ratio of
vertical to horizontal lengths may or may not need simplified. So, the statement is false.

ANSWER:
false; Sample answer: The other vertex will represent the slope if the x-coordinate is 1. If the x-coordinate is not 1,
then the ratio of vertical to horizontal lengths may or may not need simplified.

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4-3 Similar Triangles and Slope

11. Identify Structure Does the placement of the slope triangles matter when finding slope of a line? Explain your
reasoning.
SOLUTION:
The placement of the slope triangles does not matter because even if the triangle is placed above or below the line,
the ratio of the vertical side to the horizontal side will always be the same as the slope of the line.

ANSWER:
No; Sample answer: The placement of the slope triangles does not matter because even if the triangle is placed
above or below the line, the ratio of the vertical side to the horizontal side will always be the same as the slope of
the line.

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4-4 Direct Variation

1. The cost y of movie tickets varies directly with the number of tickets x as shown in the graph. Write a direct
variation equation to represent this relationship. Then identify the constant of variation and interpret its meaning.

SOLUTION:
Write a direct variation equation.
Find the slope m using the graph.
slope = Definition of slope

slope = Use the points (1, 8) and (3, 24) from the line.

slope = Simplify.

Slope = or 8 Simplify.

Use the value of m to write the equation.

y = mx Direct variation equation
y = 8x Replace m with 8.

The constant of variation is equal to the slope of the graph. So, the constant of variation is 8. This means that the
cost per ticket is $8.

ANSWER:
y = 8x; The constant of variation is 8. This means that the cost per ticket is $8.

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4-4 Direct Variation

2. The number of miles y varies directly with the number of hours x as shown in the graph. Write a direct variation
equation to represent this relationship. Then identify the constant of variation and interpret its meaning.

SOLUTION:
Write a direct variation equation.
Find the slope m using the graph.
slope = Definition of slope

slope = Use the points (3, 195) and (6, 390) from the line.

slope = Simplify.

Slope = or 65 Simplify.

Use the value of m to write the equation.

y = mx Direct variation equation
y = 65x Replace m with 65.

The constant of variation is equal to the slope of the graph. So, the constant of variation is 65. This means that the
number of miles per hour is 65.

ANSWER:
y = 65x; The constant of variation is 65. This means that the number of miles per hour is 65.

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4-4 Direct Variation

3. The cost of paper varies directly with the number of reams bought. Suppose two reams cost $5.10. Write a direct
variation equation to represent this relationship. Then identify the constant of variation and interpret its meaning.
SOLUTION:
Write a direct variation equation.
Find the unit rate m.
$5.10 for 2 reams = Write the rate as a fraction.

= Simplify.

The unit rate is $2.55 per ream.

Use the value of m to write the equation.

y = mx Direct variation equation
y = 2.55x Replace m with 2.55.

The constant of variation is equal to the slope of the graph. So, the constant of variation is 2.55. This means that
the cost per ream is $2.55.

ANSWER:
y = 2.55x; The constant of variation is 2.55. This means that the cost per ream is $2.55.

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4-4 Direct Variation

4. The amount of flour needed for a recipe varies directly with the number of servings planned. Three servings require
cups of flour. Write a direct variation equation to represent this relationship. Then identify the constant of

variation and interpret its meaning.

SOLUTION:
Write a direct variation equation.
Find the unit rate m.

cups for 3 servings = Write the rate as a fraction.

= Simplify.

The unit rate is 1.5 or cups per serving,

Use the value of m to write the equation.

y = mx Direct variation equation
y = 1.5x Replace m with 1.5.

The constant of variation is equal to the slope of the graph. So, the constant of variation is 1.5. This means that
each serving requires cups of flour.

ANSWER:
y = 1.5x; The constant of variation is 1.5. This means that each serving requires cups of flour.

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4-4 Direct Variation

5. Open Response The distance a bus travels varies directly with time as shown in the table. Write a direct variation
equation to represent this relationship. Then identify the constant of variation and interpret its meaning.

SOLUTION:
Write a direct variation equation.
Find the slope m using the graph. Find the changes in the x- and y- values.
slope = Definition of slope

slope = Use the points (3, 187.5) and (6, 375).

slope = Simplify.

Slope = or 62.5 Simplify.

Use the value of m to write the equation.

y = mx Direct variation equation
y = 62.5x Replace m with 6.25.

The constant of variation is equal to the slope of the graph. The constant of variation is 62.5. This means that the
bus travels 62.5 miles per hour.

ANSWER:
y = 62.5x; The constant of variation is 62.5. This means that the bus travels 62.5 miles per hour.

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4-4 Direct Variation

6. Water pressure is measured in pounds per square inch (psi). The number of pounds per square inch y varies
directly with the depth x of the water. Write and solve a direct variation equation to determine what the pressure is
at a depth of 297 feet.

SOLUTION:
Write a direct variation equation.
Find the slope m using the graph. Find the changes in the x- and y- values.
slope = Definition of slope

slope = Use the points (66, 29) and (132, 58).

slope = Simplify.

Use the value of m to write the equation.

y = mx Direct variation equation
y= x Replace m with .

Use the equation to find the pressure at 297 feet.

y= x Write the equation.

y= (297) Replace x with 297.

y = 130.5 Simplify.

The water pressure is 130.5 psi.

ANSWER:
y= x; 130.5 psi

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4-4 Direct Variation

7. A backyard fountain pumps 18 gallons of water in 4.5 minutes. Assume the number of gallons varies directly with
the time. Write and solve a direct variation equation to find how many gallons of water the fountain pumps in 6.5
minutes.
SOLUTION:
Write a direct variation equation.
Find the unit rate m.
18 gallons in 4.5 minutes = Write the rate as a fraction.

= Simplify.

The unit rate is 4 gallons per minute.

Use the unit rate to write the equation. Let y = the number of gallons pumped and x = the number of minutes.
y = mx Direct variation equation
y = 4x Replace m with 4.

Use the equation to find the number of gallons pumped in 6.5 minutes.
y = 4x Write the equation.
y = 4(6.5) Replace x with 6.5.
y = 26 Simplify.

The fountain pumped 26 gallons.

ANSWER:
y = 4x; 26 gal

8. Write three ordered pairs that would be found on the line that is graphed by the direct variation equation y = 3.5x.
SOLUTION:
To find the ordered pairs, make a table. Use the x-values 0, 1, and 2. Replace x with 0, 1, and 3, in the equation y
= 3.5x. Evaluate to find the corresponding y-values.

x y
0 0
1 3.5
2 7

The ordered pairs are (0, 0), (1, 3.5), and (2, 7).

ANSWER:
Sample answers: (0, 0), (1, 3.5), (2, 7)

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4-4 Direct Variation

9. The graph of a relationship passes through the points (2, 15.5) and (3, 27). Determine if this is a direct variation
relationship. Explain why or why not.
SOLUTION:
It is not a direct variation relationship. Sample answer: The ratio between the y-values and x-values is not constant.
The points form a line, but the line does not pass through the origin.

ANSWER:
It is not a direct variation relationship. Sample answer: The ratio between the y-values and x-values is not constant.
The points form a line, but the line does not pass through the origin.

10. Find the Error The cost of apps varies directly with the number of apps purchased. Aditi bought four apps for a
total of $5.16. She found the direct variation equation below for this relationship. Find her mistake and correct it.

y = 5.16x
SOLUTION:
She did not use the constant of variation when writing the direct variation equation. The constant of variation is
5.16 ÷ 4 or 1.29. So, the direct variation equation is y = 1.29x.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: She did not use the constant of variation when writing the direct variation equation. The constant
of variation is 5.16 ÷ 4 or 1.29. So, the direct variation equation is y = 1.29x.

11. How does a constant of variation in a direct variation equation relate to the unit rate?
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: The constant of variation in a direct variation equation is the constant multiplied by x. The unit rate
is also the constant multiplied by x.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: The constant of variation in a direct variation equation is the constant multiplied by x. The unit rate
is also the constant multiplied by x.

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4-5 Slope-Intercept Form

1. Identify the slope and y-intercept of the graph of the equation y = x – 5.

SOLUTION:
y= x–5 Write the equation in the form y = mx + b.

y = mx + b m= , b = −5

ANSWER:
slope:

y-intercept: −5

2. Identify the slope and y-intercept of the graph of the equation y = 3x – 1.

SOLUTION:
y = 3x – 1 Write the equation in the form y = mx + b.
y = mx + b m = 3, b = −1

ANSWER:
slope: 3
y-intercept: −1

3. Write the equation of a line in slope-intercept form with a slope of and a y-intercept of 4.

SOLUTION:
y = mx + b Slope-intercept form
y= x+4 Replace m with and b with 4.

ANSWER:
y= x+4

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4-5 Slope-Intercept Form

4. Write the equation of a line in slope-intercept form with a slope of and a y-intercept of −3.

SOLUTION:
y = mx + b Slope-intercept form

y= x + (−3) Replace m with and b with −3.

y= x–3 Simplify.

ANSWER:
y= x–3

5. Write the equation of a line in slope-intercept form with a slope of 4 and a y-intercept of −2.
SOLUTION:
y = mx + b Slope-intercept form
y = 4x + (−2) Replace m with 4 and b with −2.
y = 4x – 2 Simplify.

ANSWER:
y = 4x – 2

6. Write the equation of a line in slope-intercept form with a slope of −1 and a y-intercept of 6.
SOLUTION:
y = mx + b Slope-intercept form
y = −1x + 6 Replace m with −1 and b with 6.
y = −x + 6 Simplify.

ANSWER:
y = −x + 6

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4-5 Slope-Intercept Form

7. Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the graph shown.

SOLUTION:
Find the y-intercept.
The line crosses the y-axis at (0, −3).

Find the slope.

From (0, −3) move up 4 units and right 2 units to another point on the line.
slope = slope = rise over run

= or 2 Simplify.

Write the equation.

y = mx + b Slope-intercept form
y = 2x + (−3) Replace m with 2 and b with −3.
y = 2x – 3 Simplify.

ANSWER:
y = 2x – 3

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4-5 Slope-Intercept Form

8. The Augello family is driving from Columbus to St. Louis at a constant rate of 65 miles per hour. The distance
between the two cities is 420 miles. Write an equation in slope-intercept form to represent the distance y in miles
remaining after driving x hours.
SOLUTION:
Find the slope and y-intercept.
The slope represents the rate of change or the number of miles that the trip decreases by per hour: −65 miles per
hour
The y-intercept represents the miles between the cities, 420.

Write the equation.

y = mx + b Slope-intercept form
y = −65x + 420 Replace m with the rate of change −65 and b with 420, the starting number of miles.

ANSWER:
y = −65x + 420

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4-5 Slope-Intercept Form

9. The table shows the costs for art show participants, including the $30 registration fee. Write an equation in slope-
intercept form that represents the data in the table.

SOLUTION:
Find the slope.
slope = Definition of slope

= Change in y = 60; change in x = 2

= or 30 Simplify.

Find the y-intercept. Use the table.

When x = 0, y = 30. So, the y-intercept is 30.

Write the equation.

y = mx + b Slope-intercept form
y = 30x + 30 Replace m with 30 and b with 30.

ANSWER:
y = 30x + 30

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4-5 Slope-Intercept Form

10. Multiselect Select all of the statements that are true about the equation y = x + 8.

The slope of the line is negative.

The slope of the line is 8.
The y-intercept of the line is 8.
The y-intercept of the line is .

The slope of the line is .

SOLUTION:
Identify the slope and y-intercept of the line.
y= x + 8. Write the equation in the form y = mx + b.

y = mx + b m= ,b=8

All the true statements are: The slope of the line is negative, The y-intercept of the line is 8, and The slope of
the line is .

ANSWER:
The slope of the line is negative.
The y-intercept of the line is 8.
The slope of the line is .

11. While on vacation, Santiago wants to go snorkeling. Coral Snorkeling charges $25 to rent equipment and $30 per
hour of boat rental. Sea Water Adventures’ costs are shown in the graph. Santiago wants to snorkel for 3 hours.
Which company costs less for 3 hours? How much less?

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4-5 Slope-Intercept Form

SOLUTION:
Write an equation for the cost y of snorkeling x hours at Coral Snorkeling.

Find the slope and y-intercept.

The slope represents the rate of change or the cost per hour to rent the boat: $30 per hour
The y-intercept represents the cost of renting the equipment, $25.

Write the equation.

y = mx + b Slope-intercept form
y = 30x + 25 Replace m with 30 and b with 25.

Find the cost for 3 hours.

y = 30x + 25 Write the equation.
y = 30(3) + 25 Replace x with 3.
y = 115 Simplify.
It costs $115 at Coral Snorkeling for 3 hours.

Write an equation for the cost y of snorkeling x hours at Sea Water Adventures.
Find the y-intercept from the graph.
The line crosses the y-axis at (0, 30).

Find the slope.

From (0, 30) move up 30 units and right 1 unit to another point on the line.
slope = or 30 slope = rise over run

Write the equation.

y = mx + b Slope-intercept form

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4-5 Slope-Intercept Form

y = 30x + 30 Replace m with 30 and b with 30.

Find the cost for 3 hours.

y = 30x + 30 Write the equation.
y = 30(3) + 30 Replace x with 3.
y = 120 Simplify.
It costs $120 at Sea Water Adventures for 3 hours.

Because $115 < $120, Coral Snorkeling costs less. It costs $120 – $115 or $5 less.

ANSWER:
Coral Snorkeling; $5 less

12. Green’s Flowers delivers standard flower arrangements for a $15 delivery fee. Each standard flower arrangement
costs $45. The table for Binder’s Bouquets shows the costs for different numbers of flower arrangements. Which
florist charges less for delivering 8 standard flower arrangements? How much less?

SOLUTION:
Write an equation for the cost y of x flower arrangements at Green Flowers.
Find the slope and y-intercept.
The slope represents the rate of change or the cost per flower arrangement: $45 per arrangement.
The y-intercept represents the delivery fee of $15.

Write the equation.

y = mx + b Slope-intercept form
y = 45x + 15 Replace m with 45 and b with 15.

Find the cost for 8 standard flower arrangements.

y = 45x + 15 Write the equation.
y = 45(8) + 15 Replace x with 8.
y = 375 Simplify.
The cost for 8 standard flower arrangements at Green Flowers is $375.

Write an equation for the cost y of x flower arrangements at Binder’s Bouquets.

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4-5 Slope-Intercept Form

Find the slope.

slope = Definition of slope

= Change in y = 39.99; change in x = 1

Find the y-intercept. Use the table.

When x = 0, y = 20. So, the y-intercept is 20.

Write the equation.

y = mx + b Slope-intercept form
y = 30x + 20 Replace m with 39.99 and b with 20.

Find the cost for 8 standard flower arrangements.

y = 39.99x + 20 Write the equation.
y = 39.99(8) + 20 Replace x with 8.
y = 339.92 Simplify.
The cost for 8 standard flower arrangements at Binder’s Bouquets is $339.92.

Because $339. 92 < $375, Binders Bouquets costs less. It costs $375 – $339.92 or $35.08 less.

ANSWER:
Binder’s Bouquets; $35.08 less

13. Write an equation of a line that does not have an x-intercept.

SOLUTION:
Sample answer: y = −3

The equation y = −3 is a horizontal line that does cross the x-axis.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: y = −3

14. Make a Conjecture Describe what happens to the graph of a line if the slope is doubled.
SOLUTION:
The line is twice as steep.

ANSWER:
The line is twice as steep.

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4-5 Slope-Intercept Form

15. The equation of a line is y = 3.6x + 2. What is the rise and run of the slope?
SOLUTION:
If you divide 18 by 5 the solution is 3.6. So, the rise is 18 and the run is 5.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: rise = 18, run = 5

16. Find the Error Thomas paid a one-time registration fee of $15 and $10 for each cycling class he took. He
determined the equation for this relationship is y = 15x + 10. Find his error and correct it.
SOLUTION:
Thomas paid a one-time registration fee. That fee is the y-intercept. The $10 per class cost is the rate of change, or
slope, of the equation.

Write the equation.

y = mx + b Slope-intercept form
y = 10x + 15 Replace m with 10 and b with 15.

So, the equation is y = 10x + 15.

ANSWER:
Thomas paid a one-time registration fee. That fee is the y-intercept. The $10 per class cost is the rate of change, or
slope, of the equation. So, the equation is y = 10x + 15.

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4-6 Graph Linear Equations

1. Graph y = x – 3 using the slope and y-intercept.

SOLUTION:
Identify the slope and y-intercept.
y= x–3 Write the equation in the form y = mx + b.

y = mx + b m= , b = −3

slope: ; y-intercept: −3

Graph the equation.

Graph the y-intercept at (0, −3). Use the slope to locate a second point on the line. From the y-intercept move

up 3 units and right 5 units. Plot the point (5, 0). Draw a line through the points and extend the line.

ANSWER:

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4-6 Graph Linear Equations

2. Graph y = x – 2 using the slope and y-intercept.

SOLUTION:
Identify the slope and y-intercept.

y= x–2 Write the equation in the form y = mx + b.

y = mx + b m= , b = −2

slope: ; y-intercept: −2

Graph the equation.

Graph the y-intercept at (0, −2). Use the slope to locate a second point on the line. From the y-intercept

move down 2 units and right 3 units. Plot the point (3, −4). Draw a line through the points and extend the line.

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4-6 Graph Linear Equations

ANSWER:

3. The equation y = x + 3.5 can be used to find the amount of accumulated snow y in inches x hours after 5 P.M.

on a certain day. Graph this equation.

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4-6 Graph Linear Equations

SOLUTION:
Identify the slope and y-intercept.

y= x + 3.5 Write the equation in the form y = mx + b.

y = mx + b m= , b = 3.5

slope: ; y-intercept: 3.5

Graph the equation.

Graph the y-intercept at (0, 3.5). Use the slope to locate a second point on the line. From the y-intercept move

up 1 unit and right 5 units. Plot the point (5, 4.5). Draw a line through the points and extend the line.

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4-6 Graph Linear Equations

ANSWER:

4. Alliyah’s gift card balance can be represented by the equation y = ‒5x + 50, where y represents the gift card
balance after x number of days. Graph this equation.

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4-6 Graph Linear Equations

SOLUTION:
Identify the slope and y-intercept.

y = −5x + 50 Write the equation in the form y = mx + b.

y = mx + b m = −5, b = 50
slope: −5; y-intercept: 50

Graph the equation.

Graph the y-intercept at (0, 50). Use the slope to locate a second point on the line. Find the y-value when x

= 6: (6, 20). Plot the point (6, 20). Draw a line through the points and extend the line.

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4-6 Graph Linear Equations

ANSWER:

5. Graph y = ‒3.

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4-6 Graph Linear Equations

SOLUTION:
The equation y = −3 indicates that no matter what the x-values are, the y-values are always −3. Therefore, all
points on the line are in the form (x, ‒3). Some points along this line are (−1, −3) and (1, −3). Graph these points.
Then draw a line through the points.

ANSWER:

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4-6 Graph Linear Equations

6. Graph x = 2.

SOLUTION:
The equation x = 2 indicates that no matter what the y-values are, the x-values are always 2. Therefore, all points
on the line are in the form (2, y). Some points along this line are (2, −3), and (2, 3). Graph these points. Then draw
a line through the points.

ANSWER:

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4-6 Graph Linear Equations

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4-6 Graph Linear Equations

7. Which statements are true about the graph? Select all that apply.

The slope of the line is negative.

The y-intercept is 3.
The equation of the line is y = 7.
The equation of the line is y = x – 7.

The slope of the line is .

SOLUTION:
Find the y-intercept.
The line crosses the y-axis at (0, −7).

Find the slope.

From (0, −7) move up 7 units and left 3 units to another point on the line.
slope = slope = rise over run

Write the equation.

y = mx + b Slope-intercept form
y= x + −7 Replace m with and b with −7.

The true statements are The slope of the line is negative. and The equation of the line is y = x + −7.

ANSWER:
The slope of the line is negative.
The equation of the line is y = x – 7.

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4-6 Graph Linear Equations

8. The altitude y in feet of a hawk that is descending can be represented by the equation y = −20x + 350, where x
represents the time in minutes. The equation y = −10x + 400 represents the altitude y in feet of an eagle after
descending x minutes. Which bird is closer to the ground after 8 minutes? How much closer?
SOLUTION:
Find the altitude for the hawk.
y = −20x + 350 Write the equation.
y = −20(8) + 350 Replace x with 8.
y = 190 Simplify.
The hawk’s altitude is 190 feet.

Find the altitude for the eagle.

y = −10x + 400 Write the equation.
y = −10(8) + 400 Replace x with 8.
y = 320 Simplify.
The eagle’s altitude is 320 feet.

Because 190 < 320, the hawk is closer to the ground. The hawk is 320 – 190 or 130 feet closer.

ANSWER:
hawk; 130 ft closer

9. Make an Argument Explain why the equations of vertical lines cannot be in the form y = mx + b.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Vertical lines will never have a y-intercept, unless the vertical line is the y-axis. So, there will be
no b. Vertical lines have an undefined slope, so they will not have an m.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: Vertical lines will never have a y-intercept, unless the vertical line is the y-axis. So, there will be no
b. Vertical lines have an undefined slope, so they will not have an m.

10. A line with a negative slope and a negative y-intercept is graphed on a coordinate plane. Which quadrant will the
line not pass through? Justify your response.

SOLUTION:
If the y-intercept is negative, then the line will never intersect the y-axis above the origin. Because the line has a
negative slope, it will never angle upward into the first quadrant.

ANSWER:
Quadrant I; Sample answer: If the y-intercept is negative, then the line will never intersect the y-axis above the
origin. Since the line has a negative slope, it will never angle upward into the first quadrant.

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4-6 Graph Linear Equations

11. Be Precise Explain why, when graphing an equation in slope-intercept form, you plot the y-intercept first, rather
than the slope.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: If the slope is used to start graphing an equation, then the slope is comparing the first point plotted
to the origin, and not to the y-intercept.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: If the slope is used to start graphing an equation, then the slope is comparing the first point plotted
to the origin, and not to the y-intercept.

12. Find the Error When graphing the equation y = −3x + 2, a student plotted the y-intercept at 2, then moved down
3 units and to the left 2 units because the slope is negative, so both rise and run are negative. Find his error and
correct it.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: The slope, −3, can be written as or . Only the numerator or denominator can be

negative, not both. After plotting the y-intercept, the student should have moved down 3 units and then to the right
1 unit.

ANSWER:
Sample answer: The slope, −3, can be written as or . Only the numerator or denominator can be

negative, not both. After plotting the y-intercept, the student should have moved down 3 units and then to the right
1 unit.

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