18. A box contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1 to 90.
If one disc is drawn at random from the box,
find the probability that it bears
(i) a two-digit number
(ii) a perfect square number
(iii) a number divisible by 5
Solution:
The total number of discs = 90
P(E) = (Number of favourable outcomes/ Total number of outcomes)
(i) Total number of discs having two digit numbers = 81
(Since 1 to 9 are single-digit numbers and so, total 2-digit numbers are 90-9 = 81)
P (bearing a two-digit number) = 81/90 = 9/10 = 0.9
(ii) Total number of perfect square numbers = 9 (1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64 and 81)
P (getting a perfect square number) = 9/90 = 1/10 = 0.1
(iii) Total numbers which are divisible by 5 = 18 (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85
and 90)
P (getting a number divisible by 5) = 18/90 = ⅕ = 0.2
19. A child has a die whose six faces show the letters as given below:
The die is thrown once. What is the probability of getting
(i) A?
(ii) D?
Solution:
The total number of possible outcomes (or events) = 6
P(E) = (Number of favourable outcomes/Total number of outcomes)
(i) The total number of faces having A on it = 2
P (getting A) = 2/6 = ⅓ = 0.33
(ii) The total number of faces having D on it = 1
P (getting D) = ⅙
20. Suppose you drop a die at random on the rectangular region shown in Fig. 15.6. What is the
probability that it will land inside the circle with a diameter 1m?
Solution:
First, calculate the area of the rectangle and the area of the circle. Here, the area of the rectangle is the
possible outcome, and the area of the circle will be the favourable outcome.
So, the area of the rectangle = (3×2) m2 = 6 m2
and,
The area of the circle = πr2 = π(½)2 m2 = π/4 m2 = 0.78
∴ The probability that die will land inside the circle = [(π/4)/6] = π/24 or, 0.78/6 = 0.13
23. A game consists of tossing a one-rupee coin 3 times and noting its outcome each time.
Hanif wins if all the tosses give the same result, i.e. three heads or three tails, and loses
otherwise. Calculate the probability that Hanif will lose the game.
Solution:
The total number of outcomes = 8 (HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, HTT, THT, TTT)
Total outcomes in which Hanif will lose the game = 6 (HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, HTT, THT)
P (losing the game) = 6/8 = ¾ = 0.75
HHH
HTT
HHT
HTH
TTT
THH
TTH
THT
24. A die is thrown twice. What is the probability that
(i) 5 will not come up either time?
(ii) 5 will come up at least once?
[Hint: Throwing a die twice and throwing two dice simultaneously are treated as the same experiment]
Solution:
Outcomes are:
(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6)
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6)
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)
So, the total number of outcomes = 6×6 = 36
(i) Method 1:
Consider the following events.
A = 5 comes in the first throw,
B = 5 comes in the second throw
P(A) = 6/36,
P(B) = 6/36 and
P(not B) = 5/6
So, P(not A) = 1-(6/36) = 5/6
∴ The required probability = (5/6)×(5/6) = 25/36
Method 2:
Let E be the event in which 5 does not come up either time.
So, the favourable outcomes are [36–(5+6)] = 25
∴ P(E) = 25/36
(ii) Number of events when 5 comes at least once = 11(5+6)
∴ The required probability = 11/36
Extra sum
A jar contains 24 marbles, some are green, and others are blue. If a marble is drawn at random
from the jar, the probability that it is green is ⅔. Find the number of blue balls
in the jar.
Solution:
Total marbles = 24
Let the total green marbles = x
So, the total blue marbles = 24-x
P(getting green marble) = x/24
From the question, x/24 = ⅔
So, the total green marbles = 16
And, the total blue marbles = 24-16 = 8