SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

OLABISI ONABANJO UNIVERSITY, AGO-IWOYE

Faculty of Social Sciences

SSC 202
Introduction to Computer and Its Application
Comprehensive Course Material

Course Unit: 03 | Course Status: Compulsory

Lecturers: Drs. Toyin Bawalla / Davis Egwuonwu / Paul Irabor / Adedeji Okutimeren

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 1 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

Course Overview
Week Topic
Week 1 Historical Perspectives of Computing Sciences
Week 2 Computing Disciplines and Their Characteristics
Week 3 Computer Hardware: Components and Functions
Week 4 Software: System and Application Programs
Week 5 Human Resources in Computing and IT Professions
Week 6 Information Processing and Its Role in Society
Week 7 Business Applications of Computing Technologies
Week 8 Laboratory Assignments – Operating Systems and Software Applications
Week 9 Internet, Online Resources, and Search Engines
Week 10 Emerging Technologies and Future of Computing
Week 11–12 Tests
Week 13 Revision

Course Description
This course provides students with a foundational understanding of computers and their
applications from a social science perspective. Topics include the historical evolution of
computing, hardware and software fundamentals, human resources in IT, information
processing, business applications, internet resources, and emerging technologies. The
course emphasizes how computing interacts with society, labor markets, ethics, and public
policy.

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 2 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

Historical Perspectives of Computing Sciences: A

WEEK 1
Social Science Approach

1.1 Introduction
The evolution of computing sciences has been deeply intertwined with societal needs,
economic structures, and labor market dynamics. Social sciences help analyze how
technological advancements in computing have shaped and been shaped by human
interactions, workforce demands, and global economic transformations. Understanding
the history of computing is not merely a technical exercise — it is a socio-economic
phenomenon that reflects the values, power structures, and aspirations of human society
at every stage.

1.2 The Four Stages of Industrial Revolution and Computing Development

Computing sciences have evolved alongside industrial revolutions, each phase bringing
new technological innovations that reshaped society. Your lecturer identified four key
periods:

Stage 1 – Agrarian/Mechanised Period (18th–19th Century)

The First Industrial Revolution occurred between the 18th and 19th centuries and is also
known as the mechanised revolution, closely associated with Charles Babbage. This
period saw the rise of mechanized production, which laid the foundation for structured
labor and early computational devices. Babbage's conceptual Analytical Engine
represented the very first blueprint for a programmable computing machine. Agriculture
began giving way to factory-based production, and the need for systematic record-
keeping and calculation emerged as a social need.

Stage 2 – Manual Labour Period (19th–20th Century)

The Second Industrial Revolution spanned the 19th to 20th century and introduced
electricity and mass production. This period furthered the need for automation and data
processing, leading to the development of early computing machines. Factories expanded
dramatically and created large urban labor forces, giving rise to new social classes and
industrial relations — topics central to sociology.

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 3 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

Stage 3 – Technological Advancement Period (Mid-20th Century)

The Third Industrial Revolution brought about digital computing, characterised by
microprocessors and personal computers in the mid-20th century. The transistor replaced
the vacuum tube, making computers smaller and more affordable. This era saw the birth
of programming languages, operating systems, and eventually the internet — creating
entirely new categories of work and social interaction.

Stage 4 – Global Tech Era / Fourth Industrial Revolution (AI and Beyond)
Today, the Fourth Industrial Revolution, driven by Artificial Intelligence (AI), quantum
computing, robotics, and big data, is redefining work and social interactions on a global
scale. AI is currently revolutionising the global space in ways that affect employment,
governance, healthcare, and human relationships. This era demands that social scientists
engage actively with questions about ethics, equity, and the future of human work.

1.3 Globalization and Workforce Transformation

Globalization has accelerated computing advancements by increasing international
collaboration, outsourcing, and digital connectivity. The workforce has been transformed
due to globalization both positively and negatively:

• Positively: Globalization has led to increased global productivity, online classes,

international meetings, and remote collaboration tools.
• Negatively: Artificial intelligence has led to a lot of 'deskilling,' whereby robots are
now taking over tasks previously performed by human beings. This raises serious
concerns about unemployment and inequality.

The rise of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has transformed labor
markets, creating new industries such as software development, cybersecurity, and cloud
computing. Social scientists study these trends to understand their impact on
employment, wages, and social mobility.

1.4 The Digital Divide and Socioeconomic Implications

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 4 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

One of the critical concerns in computing sciences from a social science perspective is
the digital divide — the gap between those who have access to modern computing
technologies and those who do not. This divide exists both within and between countries,
affecting education, job opportunities, and economic growth.

• In developed nations, access to high-speed internet and computing resources is

common.
• In many developing regions, technological infrastructure remains limited.
• Digital devices and their socioeconomic implications: the disparity creates
economic and social inequalities, reinforcing existing class structures.

Governments and organizations continue to explore policies to bridge this gap through
digital literacy programs, infrastructure investments, and affordable technology initiatives.

1.5 Ethical and Social Implications of Computing Advancements

As computing technology advances, ethical and social concerns emerge. Issues such as
the following are significant topics of study in social sciences:

• Data privacy — who owns and controls personal information?

• Cybersecurity threats — vulnerabilities that endanger individuals and nations.
• Artificial Intelligence bias — algorithmic systems that reflect and amplify social
prejudices.
• Digital surveillance — governments and corporations monitoring citizens and
consumers.

The historical development of computing sciences is not merely a technological narrative

but a socio-economic phenomenon that continues to shape and be shaped by human
society. Social scientists play a crucial role in analyzing these trends, advocating for
policies that promote inclusivity, and ensuring that computing advancements contribute
to sustainable and equitable development.

Key Takeaway – Week 1

Computing did not develop in isolation. Each phase of its development was driven by social,
economic, and political forces. Understanding this history through a social science lens allows
us to predict and manage the societal impacts of future computing advancements.

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 5 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 6 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

Computing Disciplines and Their Characteristics: A

WEEK 2
Social Science Perspective

2.1 Introduction
Computing disciplines encompass various fields, each with distinct characteristics and
societal impacts. These disciplines, including computer science, information systems,
cybersecurity, and data science, interact with social sciences in multiple ways, particularly
in labor markets, employment trends, and ethical considerations. Understanding the role
of these disciplines in society aids workforce planning, policy development, and the
responsible integration of technology in everyday life.

2.2 The Five Computing Disciplines and Their Characteristics

Your lecturer identified five main computing disciplines:

1. Computer Science
This field focuses on the theoretical foundations of computing, algorithms, and software
development. It drives technological advancements, automation, and Artificial Intelligence
(AI), influencing job markets by creating new opportunities while also displacing traditional
roles. Computer Science graduates are behind the systems that power everything from
banking to social media.

2. Information Systems (IS)

Information Systems bridge the gap between computing and business operations. This
discipline examines how organisations use technology for decision-making, resource
management, and customer engagement. It is crucial in digital transformation, enabling
businesses to optimise efficiency and service delivery. IS professionals work at the
intersection of technology and management.

3. Cybersecurity
With the rise of digital threats, cybersecurity focuses on protecting data, systems, and
networks from cyberattacks. This field has significant social implications, including

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 7 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

national security, privacy rights, and ethical hacking, necessitating regulations to

safeguard individuals and institutions. As societies become more digital, cybersecurity
becomes a national priority.

4. Software Engineering
Software Engineering involves designing, developing, and maintaining software systems.
It directly affects workplace efficiency, automation, and human-computer interaction,
shaping productivity in various sectors such as healthcare, finance, and education. The
software engineering lifecycle involves requirements analysis, design, implementation,
testing, and maintenance.

5. Data Science and Artificial Intelligence

These disciplines analyse large datasets to extract insights and make predictions. They
influence decision-making in business, healthcare, governance, and social policy, raising
concerns about bias, accountability, and the ethical use of AI. Data science is rapidly
transforming how organisations understand their customers, citizens, and operations.

2.3 Computing Disciplines and Labour Markets

The demand for computing professionals has grown significantly, reshaping labor markets
and employment patterns. As industries adopt digital solutions, new job roles have
emerged such as AI specialists, cloud computing experts, and cybersecurity analysts.
However, automation and AI-driven technologies have also led to concerns about job
displacement, requiring workers to acquire new skills. Social scientists study these trends
to inform policies on education, workforce training, and economic development.

2.4 Ethical Considerations in Computing Disciplines

The rapid expansion of computing technologies raises ethical concerns such as data
privacy, digital surveillance, algorithmic bias, and the misuse of AI. Computing disciplines
must incorporate ethical frameworks to ensure that technology benefits society while
minimising harm. Social Sciences contribute to ethical computing by establishing
guidelines, regulations, and research on the societal impact of technology.

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 8 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

2.5 Policy Development and Workforce Planning

Governments and organisations rely on insights from social sciences and computing
disciplines to create policies that address digital transformation challenges. Workforce
planning involves preparing employees for tech-driven industries through education,
training, and reskilling initiatives. Policies on cybersecurity, data protection, and AI
governance ensure responsible technological growth that aligns with social values and
economic sustainability.

Computing disciplines shape society in profound ways, influencing employment, ethics,

and policy-making. The integration of social sciences in computing ensures a balanced
approach to technological advancements, promoting economic growth while addressing
social concerns. As computing continues to evolve, interdisciplinary collaboration will be
essential in creating a future where technology enhances human well-being and societal
progress.

Key Takeaway – Week 2

No computing discipline operates in a social vacuum. Each field has profound implications for
jobs, privacy, governance, and human welfare — making the social science lens
indispensable to responsible computing practice.

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 9 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

WEEK 3 Computer Hardware: Components and Functions

3.1 Introduction to Computer Hardware

Computer hardware includes the physical parts of a computer. The peripheral component
is so called because they are items that are often externally connected to the computer
to control either input or output functions. While the technical aspect of hardware focuses
on design, performance, and efficiency, the social sciences examine broader implications
related to the production, distribution, and ethical concerns.

3.2 Core Components and Their Functions

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU acts as the computer brain, handling all tasks and co-ordinating/communicating
among different parts. To power up, it relies on the energy supply by the power source,
and it is essential to regularly maintain the CPU by cleaning it. The CPU executes
instructions from programs and controls all the operations of the computer.

2. Motherboard
The motherboard is the heart of the computer. It is the central electrical circuit that
connects all the different parts, distributing power as needed and transmitting information
across the entire system. It is responsible for processing information and data within the
computer. Every other component — from the CPU to RAM to expansion cards — plugs
into the motherboard.

3. Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM serves as the computer's short-term memory, storing data, processes, and
commands actively being used. When a software or application is opened, the RAM keeps
it active and working smoothly. The more RAM a computer has, the better its processing
power and multi-tasking ability. RAM is volatile — its contents are lost when the computer
is switched off.

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 10 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

4. Read Only Memory (ROM)

ROM acts as the computer's permanent storage for vital instructions, retaining data even
when power is off. It stores essential instructions that rarely change, like how the computer
starts up and loads the operating system from secondary storage. ROM comes in various
forms:

• PROM – Programmable Read Only Memory

• EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
• EEPROM – Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
Each serves specific purposes and holds crucial data integral to the computer's
functioning.

5. Video Graphic Array Port (VGA Port)

The VGA Port acts as a bridge connecting the computer and the screen, transmitting
visual information from the computer to the display. It is commonly found on the back or
side of the screen and facilitates connections between different devices like projectors
and additional screens.

6. Power Supply
The Power Supply fuels the entire computer system by providing electricity. It is usually
located at the CPU or PC tower's back. The power cord plugs directly into the electricity
socket, converting AC power from the wall into the DC power needed by computer
components.

7. Cooling Fan
Computers generate heat while operating, and cooling fans are crucial for regulating
internal temperature and preventing overheating. They circulate air within the system,
ensuring optimal functioning. Without proper cooling, hardware components can be
permanently damaged.

8. Hard Drive
Hard drives are storage devices that house files, information, and programs, storing data
digitally on magnetically coated disks. Higher storage capacity enables more data

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 11 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

storage. External removable storage devices offer efficient data management and
portability.

9. Display Monitor
The display monitor serves as a computer screen for viewing programs and operating the
system. Protecting our eyes from the artificial light emitted by the screen is essential
because prolonged exposure can be harmful. Modern monitors come in various sizes and
resolutions.

10. Keyboard
The keyboard serves as a primary input for text, characters, and commands, featuring
keys for alphabets, numerals, symbols, and special commands. Various types of
keyboards are available, with most sharing a standard layout. They can be wireless or
wired.

3.3 Computing Hardware in Social Science Perspective

While the technical aspect of hardware focuses on design, performance, and efficiency,
the social sciences examine broader implications related to the production, distribution,
and ethical concerns. Three major social science issues arise:

E-Waste Management
The rapid advancement of technology leads to frequent hardware obsolescence (e-
waste), resulting in large amounts of discarded electronic devices. The improper disposal
of this e-waste contributes to environmental hazards, as toxic substances from this waste
can contaminate soil and water. This is a growing global environmental justice issue.

Labour Conditions in Hardware Manufacturing

Another concern is labour conditions in hardware manufacturing industries. Many
electronic components are produced in developing countries where labour rights
violations, poor working conditions, and low wages are common. Ethical sourcing of raw
materials, such as rare earth metals, is also a critical issue, as mining practices often
involve exploitative labour and environmental damage.

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 12 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

Access to Computing Resources

The third issue is access to computing resources, which further highlights social
inequalities. While developing nations enjoy wide-spread availability of advanced
hardware, many individuals in low-income countries struggle with limited access to
essential computing devices, hindering education and economic opportunities.

Key Takeaway – Week 3

Hardware is not just technology — it is a product of global supply chains, labour practices,
and environmental decisions. Social scientists examine who makes hardware, under what
conditions, and who ultimately benefits from access to it.

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 13 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

WEEK 4 Software: System and Application Programs

4.1 What is Computer Software?

Computer software refers to a series of instructions that enable the computer to perform
a task or a group of tasks. It can simply be described as a set of codes or programmes
involving a combination of well-defined instructions, scripts, procedures, documentation,
and data that can manipulate and execute pre-defined tasks on a computer system.

This task involves the control of the functionality of computers or computing devices in
handling jobs according to programming. The computing devices include PCs, tablets,
ATMs, mobile phones, smart TVs, or any other smart devices. It should be noted that
computer hardware devices cannot operate or function without software.

4.2 Categories of Computer Software

Computer software can be categorised into three main types:

1. System Software
System software is designed to provide a platform for other software to run. The most
important example is the Operating System (OS), which manages hardware resources
and provides services for application programs. Examples include:

• MS-DOS, Windows 95, 7, 8, 8.1, 10, 11

• Linux, macOS, Android, iOS

2. Utility Software
Utility software performs specific maintenance tasks that help the computer run efficiently.
Examples include:

• Antivirus software (e.g., AVG, Norton)

• Scandisk / Disk cleanup tools
• File compression tools

3. Application Software
Application software is designed to help users perform specific tasks. Examples include:

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 14 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

• Spreadsheets: Microsoft Excel, Lotus, SuperCalc

• Word Processors: Microsoft Word, WordPerfect, WordStar
• Statistical/Graphics packages
• Presentation software: Microsoft PowerPoint

4.3 Differences Between Hardware and Software

Understanding the distinction between hardware and software is fundamental:

1. Hardware is a tangible physical part of a computer system, while software is a set

of instructions or codes that controls the functions of a computer.
2. Hardware devices are manufactured (physical production), while software
programs are developed (coded/programmed).
3. Hardware cannot function without software, while software needs hardware to
operate.
4. Computer viruses do not affect hardware directly, while computer viruses can
corrupt codes or instructions in software.
5. If hardware is damaged, it can be replaced with a new one; while when software
is damaged or corrupted, it can be recovered from a backup.

4.4 How Software is Produced

The production of software involves a systematic sequence of activities aimed at building
functional and reliable applications, which begins with:

6. Requirements Gathering and Analysis — Developers work with stakeholders to

understand the needs of the users. This step ensures that both functional
requirements (what software should do) and non-functional requirements
(performance and security) are clearly defined.
7. Design Phase — Once requirements are understood, the process moves into the
design phase. At this stage, developers create plans that lay out the structure of
the system.
8. Implementation (Coding) — The actual coding of the software takes place.
Developers use programming languages and tools supported by version control
systems.

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 15 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

9. Testing — Developers conduct various tests such as unit testing (for individual
components), integration testing (for combined modules), and User Acceptance
Testing (UAT) to confirm that the software meets business requirements.
10. Deployment — After successful testing, the software is deployed for use through
automated deployment in modern development environments.
11. Maintenance — The software production cycle does not end at deployment.
Continuous maintenance and updates are necessary to fix bugs, improve
performance, adapt to new environments, and anticipate future issues.

4.5 Distribution of Software

Once software is developed, it must be delivered to users. In the past, this was done
primarily through physical distribution using CDs and DVDs. However, this model has
largely been replaced by digital distribution, which is faster, more efficient, and cost-
effective. Today, software is distributed over the internet via websites, app stores, or cloud
platforms.

The distribution model chosen depends on various factors, including the target audience,
cost, and monetisation strategy:

• Proprietary Strategy: Software owned and licensed by companies, requiring

users to purchase licences (e.g., Microsoft Office).
• Open Source Software: Made freely available to the public with source code that
can be modified and redistributed (e.g., Linux).
• Premium Software: Users get basic features for free and pay for premium
features (e.g., many AI software tools).
• Subscription-Based Software: Users are charged periodically (monthly or
annually) for continued access to the software.

Key Takeaway – Week 4

Software is the intellectual layer that brings hardware to life. Its production, distribution, and
ownership model have deep implications for access, equity, and economic power — all central
concerns of social science.

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 16 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

Human Resources in Computing and IT Professions: A

WEEK 5
Social Science Perspective

5.1 Introduction
The field of computing and information technology has rapidly evolved, influencing
workforce structures, employment trends, and organisational practices. Human
Resources Management (HRM) plays a central role in ensuring that IT professionals are
effectively recruited, trained, and retained. Additionally, industrial relations shape labour
policies and workplace conditions in the tech industry. Key areas of focus include
workforce planning, diversity and inclusion, skills development, labour laws, and
organisational behaviour.

5.2 Workforce Planning in IT

Workforce planning in IT involves forecasting labour demands, identifying skill gaps, and
implementing strategies to ensure a steady supply of qualified professionals. As
technology evolves, there is a growing need for specialists in areas like Artificial
Intelligence, cybersecurity, cloud computing, and software engineering. HRM plays a
crucial role in talent acquisition, succession planning, and employee retention, ensuring
that organisations remain competitive in a fast-changing industry.

5.3 Diversity and Inclusion in Tech Industries

Despite progress, diversity still remains a major challenge in the computing and IT sector.
Women, racial minorities, and individuals from underprivileged backgrounds are
underrepresented in many tech roles. Social Sciences examines the systemic barriers
that limit diversity and proposes strategies to promote inclusive hiring practices, equal
pay, and a supportive work culture. Many organisations are now implementing policies
such as:

• Mentorship programmes
• Bias training
• Flexible work arrangements to foster a more diverse workforce

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 17 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

5.4 Skills Development and Continuous Learning

The IT industry requires continuous skill development due to rapid technological
advancements. HR departments must design training programmes, provide access to
professional development resources, and encourage lifelong learning among employees.
The rise of online certifications, coding boot camps, and employer-sponsored training
programmes highlights the growing emphasis on upskilling. Social science helps analyse
how workers adapt to technological shifts and the effectiveness of different learning
models in skill acquisition.

5.5 Organisational Behaviour in IT Companies

The unique work culture of IT firms has been shaped by innovation-driven environments,
flexible work arrangements, and remote collaboration. Organisational behaviour theories
help explain how IT professionals interact, manage stress, and maintain productivity.
HRM focuses on creating a positive work culture through:

• Team building activities

• Mental health initiatives
• Performance management strategies
The challenges of balancing work-life integration in high-pressure IT roles has led to new
approaches, such as hybrid work models and wellness programmes.

5.6 Labour Laws Affecting Tech Workers

Labour laws play a critical role in protecting the rights of IT workers. Issues such as
intellectual property ownership, non-compete agreements, overtime pay for tech
contractors, and gig economy regulations are all areas where law and technology
intersect. Social scientists study these frameworks to ensure that workers are fairly
compensated and protected, especially as the nature of work continues to shift toward
freelance and remote arrangements.

HRM and Industrial Relations are central in shaping the IT workforce and ensuring fair,
inclusive, and sustainable employment practices. As computing technologies continue to
evolve, HR strategies must adapt to meet the changing needs of IT professionals. A well-

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 18 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

structured approach to workforce planning, skills development, diversity, labour laws, and
organisational behaviour will contribute to a more resilient and innovative IT industry.

Key Takeaway – Week 5

People are the most valuable asset in any technology organisation. Social science equips HR
professionals and policy-makers with the frameworks needed to build diverse, skilled, and
fairly treated tech workforces.

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 19 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

WEEK 6 Information Processing and Its Role in Society

6.1 Introduction
Information processing refers to the collection, organisation, storage, retrieval, and
communication of data to produce meaningful information. It is central to decision-making,
governance, and business operations. Social sciences examine how information is
collected, stored, and used ethically, considering privacy rights, misinformation, and data
protection laws.

6.2 Information Roles in Society

Information processing plays five key roles in modern society, as noted in your lectures:

1. Communication and Connectivity

With internet technology, information processing is revolutionised through instant global
connections and communications. The internet has collapsed geographic barriers,
enabling real-time communication across the world and fuelling the development of global
digital communities.

2. Health Care and Scientific Progress

Information processing enables the use of electronic health records and diagnostic tools,
which leads to improved diagnosis and medical processes. In education, it has opened
up access to vast digital libraries and online learning platforms. Data-driven medicine and
scientific research have been transformed by the ability to process enormous datasets.

3. Politics
Information processing enables the spread of information and use of electronic devices
during electioneering and voting. It facilitates e-governance, online civic participation, and
the rapid spread of political communication — but also raises concerns about
misinformation, propaganda, and digital manipulation of democratic processes.

4. Technology

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 20 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

Information processing has birthed technology like AI. AI is currently revolutionising the
global space. For example, we now have robots and virtual assistants that can answer
complex questions and carry out sophisticated tasks that once required human expertise.

5. Economic Growth
Information processing helps streamline economic transactions. As of today, you do not
need to bank on a person to conduct a transaction — digital banking, mobile money, and
e-commerce platforms have made economic activity faster and more accessible. IP lies
at the heart of modern economies.

6.3 Ethical Dimensions of Information Processing

The social science perspective on information processing highlights several critical ethical
dimensions:

• Privacy Rights: Individuals have the right to control their personal data. The
collection and use of data without informed consent is a major ethical and legal
issue.
• Misinformation and Fake News: The ease of information sharing online has also
enabled the rapid spread of false information, with serious consequences for
public health, elections, and social cohesion.
• Data Protection Laws: Governments worldwide have enacted legislation (such as
GDPR in Europe) to regulate how personal data is collected, stored, and used by
organisations.
• Algorithmic Governance: As more decisions are made by automated systems,
questions arise about accountability, transparency, and bias in algorithmic
decision-making.

Key Takeaway – Week 6

Information is power. The way societies collect, process, and share information determines
not only economic efficiency, but also the distribution of power, opportunity, and justice across
populations.

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 21 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

WEEK 7 Business Applications of Computing Technologies

7.1 Introduction
Computing technology has transformed the way businesses operate, creating new
opportunities for efficiency, innovation, and growth. This week examines how businesses
leverage computing to improve productivity, automate tasks, and manage human
resources. It also looks at the effects of AI and automation on employment.

7.2 Application Areas of Computers in Business

The following are the key application areas of computers in business:

1. Business Communication
Business communication refers to how a business shares information to promote its
product or service to potential customers. In addition, it is the sharing of information
between people within an enterprise that is performed for the commercial benefit of the
organisation. Business communication within an organisation can either be:

• Upward Communication: Any communication that comes from a subordinate to a

manager up to the organisational hierarchy.
• Downward Communication: This can be referred to as managerial
communication — any communication that comes from a superior to a
subordinate.
• Lateral/Technical Communication: Communication between co-workers or
departmental communication at the same level.

Methods of Business Communication include:

• Web-based communication (email, social media, company websites)

• Telephone meetings and conference calls
• Video conferencing
• Presentations
• Suggestion boxes and feedback systems

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 22 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

2. Inventory Management
Inventory management is the supervision of inventory and stock items. It supervises the
flow of goods from manufacturers to warehouses and from facilities to POS (Point of Sale).
It should be noted that a key function of inventory management is to keep a detailed
record of new or returned products as they enter or leave a warehouse or POS.
Computers help make the process of inventory management easier through the use of
inventory management software systems.

3. Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

CRM is the combination of practices, strategies, and technologies that companies or
businesses use to manage and analyse customer interactions and data throughout the
customer life cycle, with the goal of improving customer service, relationships, and
assisting in customer retention and driving sales and growth.

CRM systems compile customer data across different channels or points of contact
between the customer and the business. CRM systems include the company website,
telephone number, live chat, direct mail, and social media.

4. Payroll
Payroll is the process by which employers pay employees for the work they have
completed. An effective and efficient payroll will ensure that employees are paid
accurately and consistently, keeping them satisfied with this aspect of employment. A
payroll system is software designed to organise all the task-employee payments and the
filing of employee taxes. These tasks can include: keeping track of hours, calculating
wages with holding tax and deductions, completing direct deposits, and paying
employment tax to the government.

5. Advertising
Advertising is the attempt to influence the buying behaviour of consumers or clients with
a persuasive selling message about a product or service. The goal of advertising is to
attract new customers by defining the target market and reaching out to them with an
effective ad campaign. Digital computing has transformed advertising through targeted
online ads, data analytics, and social media marketing.

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 23 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

6. Management Information System (MIS)

An MIS is a computer-based, data-driven system of financial information organised and
programmed in such a way that it produces regular reports on operations for every level
of management in a business. The main purpose of MIS is to give managers feedback
about their own performance and to allow top management to monitor the business or
company as a whole.

7. Human Resource Management (HRM)

The first definition of HRM is that it is the process of managing people in an organisation
in a structured and thorough manner. This covers the fields of staffing, retention of people,
hiring, performance management, and taking care of exits from the company.

The second definition encompasses HRM from a macro-perspective: the management of

people in the form of collective relationships between management and employees.

Note: HRM functions in contemporary organisations are concerned with the notions of
people enablement, people development, and a focus on making the employment
relationship fulfilling for both the management and employees.

7.3 Importance of Computers in Business

12. To automate manufacturing, marketing, and distribution processes.
13. Computers help in research, production, distribution, marketing, brainstorming,
team management, business automation, data storage, employee management,
and also help to increase productivity while lowering costs.
14. Computers help business to manage, rearrange, calculate, and visualise
customer data and information using computer applications such as Microsoft
Word, PowerPoint, and Excel.
15. Computers help to communicate faster with customers by using the internet,
online communication tools, and internet pool systems.
16. Computers help to create websites for business promotion and e-commerce.

Key Takeaway – Week 7

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 24 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

Computers are not just tools in business — they have fundamentally restructured how value
is created, how workers are managed, and how companies compete. Social sciences help us
understand the human consequences of this digital transformation.

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 25 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

Laboratory Assignments – Operating Systems and

WEEK 8
Software Applications: A Social Science Perspective

8.1 Introduction
Laboratory assignments that focus on hands-on experience with operating systems and
software applications are essential components of Computer Science and Information
Technology education. However, the integration of social science perspectives —
particularly from sociology, psychology, and communication studies — enhances our
understanding of how different users interact with these technologies. These insights are
invaluable for developing inclusive, user-friendly systems that accommodate diverse user
groups.

8.2 Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)

HCI is a field that examines how people interact with computers and how to design
systems that are efficient, effective, and satisfying to use. The social sciences contribute
significantly to this field by exploring:

• Cognitive Load and User Perception: Psychology helps identify how users
process information, which influences interface design and navigation flow in
applications.
• Social Context of Use: Sociology reveals how social environments (e.g.,
workplace, culture, family setting) affect user expectations and behaviours with
digital tools.
• Accessibility Needs: Demographic factors such as age, education level, and
physical ability influence how users engage with software. Social science
research helps in identifying barriers that marginalised groups face in accessing
digital resources.

8.3 Usability and User Experience (UX)

Usability refers to how well a user can interact with a system to achieve specific goals
effectively, efficiently, and satisfactorily. Laboratory assignments that emphasise usability
analysis allow students to engage with:

• Heuristic evaluations — expert-based usability assessments

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 26 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

• Task-based testing — observing real users performing realistic tasks

• Interface comparison — evaluating multiple design alternatives

Social science informs usability by emphasising the importance of cultural norms,

languages, barriers, and user expectations. For instance, colour symbolism can vary
across cultures, influencing how users interpret icons or alerts in applications. Hands-on
labs provide opportunities to test different operating systems (e.g., Windows, Linux,
macOS) and software environments, helping students understand how interface design
affects different user groups.

8.4 Digital Skills Gaps and Social Inequality

The digital skills gap refers to the disparity between those who have the ability to use
digital tools effectively and those who do not. Social Sciences highlight how factors such
as income, education, gender, location, and age impact digital literacy. This has several
implications:

• Educational Curriculum: Labs must be designed to address varying levels of prior

experience among students.
• Inclusive Pedagogy: Educators should adopt teaching strategies that support
learners from underrepresented backgrounds.
• Design Considerations: Software should include tutorials, multilingual support,
and adaptive technologies for users with disabilities.

8.5 Designing Inclusive Systems

The ultimate goal of integrating social science insights into technical lab work is to train
students to become ethically responsible and socially aware developers or system
designers. Practical steps include:

• User-Centred Design methodologies (e.g., participatory design, co-design)

• Ethnographic studies to understand user needs in context
• Prototyping and testing with diverse user groups

Laboratory work becomes a testing ground not only for technical proficiency but also for
ethical and inclusive thinking. For example, when developing or evaluating an educational

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 27 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

app in a lab, students can assess how intuitive the interface is for older adults or non-
native English speakers. These experiences deepen their appreciation of inclusive design
principles.

8.6 Interdisciplinary Collaboration and the Future of Hands-on Learning

One of the most promising developments in the field of technology education is the
integration of interdisciplinary approaches in laboratory assignments. Collaborating
across disciplines — such as Computer Science, Sociology, Psychology, and Education
— helps in designing more responsive and human-centred systems. For example:

• Sociologists provide frameworks for understanding user demographics and

systemic barriers to technology access.
• Psychologists offer insights into attention, memory, and decision-making, which
shape interface usability.
• Education brings expertise in scaffolding learning for diverse skill levels,
especially in digital literacy training.

Key Takeaway – Week 8

Software and operating systems are not neutral technologies — they reflect the assumptions
and values of their designers. Hands-on lab work, informed by social science, trains future
technologists to create systems that work for everyone.

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 28 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

WEEK 9 Internet, Online Resources, and Search Engines

9.1 Definitions

The Internet
The Internet is a vast global network of interconnected computers that facilitate
communication and access to information. It connects billions of devices worldwide and
enables the sharing of data across geographic boundaries instantly. Social sciences study
how the internet influences culture, education, and politics.

Online Resources
Any digital content that is accessible through the internet is called an online resource. This
includes websites, databases, digital libraries, academic journals, videos, podcasts, social
media platforms, and more. Online resources have democratised access to information
but also raised questions about reliability, credibility, and digital equity.

Search Engine
A search engine is a web-based tool that allows users to search for information on the
internet by entering keywords or phrases. A search engine retrieves relevant websites,
documents, and other resources based on the user's query. Examples include Google,
Bing, Yahoo, DuckDuckGo, and Baidu.

9.2 Social Science Perspectives on the Internet

Topics that social sciences study in relation to the internet include:

• Digital literacy: The ability to effectively navigate, evaluate, and create content
using digital technologies.
• Cybercrime: Criminal activities conducted over the internet, including fraud,
hacking, identity theft, and cyberbullying.
• Online communities: Virtual social groups that form and interact over the internet,
creating new forms of social identity and community.

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 29 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

• The role of algorithms in shaping public opinion: Search engines and social
media platforms use algorithms that determine what content users see,
potentially reinforcing biases and creating 'echo chambers.'

9.3 How Search Engines Work

Search engines use three main processes:

17. Crawling: Automated bots (called crawlers or spiders) browse the internet
systematically, visiting web pages and following links to discover new content.
18. Indexing: The content found by crawlers is analysed and stored in a massive
database called an index, organised so that it can be retrieved quickly.
19. Ranking: When a user submits a query, the search engine uses complex
algorithms to rank the indexed pages by relevance, displaying the most useful
results first.

9.4 Critical Evaluation of Online Resources

Not all online resources are equally reliable. Key criteria for evaluating online information
include:

• Authority: Who created the content, and are they a credible source (e.g.,
academic institution, government agency, recognised expert)?
• Accuracy: Is the information factually correct and supported by evidence?
• Currency: Is the information up to date?
• Purpose: Why was the content created? Is it to inform, persuade, entertain, or
sell?
• Coverage: Does the source adequately cover the topic?

9.5 Social Impacts of the Internet

The internet has had profound and complex social impacts:

• Cultural exchange and globalisation of ideas and values

• Democratisation of information and breaking down of information monopolies
• Rise of misinformation, fake news, and information warfare
• Increased surveillance by governments and corporations
• New forms of political mobilisation (e.g., social movements organised online)

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 30 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

• Concerns about screen time, social isolation, and digital addiction

Key Takeaway – Week 9

The internet is the most significant communication infrastructure ever built by human society.
Social sciences help us understand not just how to use it, but how it reshapes power, identity,
community, and democracy.

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 31 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

Emerging Technologies and Future of Computing: A

WEEK 10
Social Science Approach

10.1 Introduction
Emerging technologies such as AI, Robotics, and Quantum Computing are reshaping the
world of computing and fundamentally altering how societies function. These
advancements carry immense potential to transform economies, improve quality of life,
and solve complex problems. However, they also pose significant challenges including
ethical dilemmas, social disruption, and unequal distribution of benefits.

10.2 Key Emerging Technologies

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

AI refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially
computer systems. AI applications include machine learning, natural language
processing, image recognition, and autonomous decision-making. AI is currently
revolutionising sectors including healthcare (diagnostic tools), finance (fraud detection),
education (personalised learning), and governance (predictive policing). Social science
concerns include algorithmic bias, job displacement, and the ethics of autonomous
systems.

Robotics
Robotics involves the design, construction, and operation of robots — machines that can
carry out complex tasks automatically. In manufacturing, robots have replaced many
repetitive human tasks. Social scientists study the implications of robotics for employment,
particularly in working-class communities where factory jobs are disappearing. The
concept of 'robot tax' (taxing companies that replace workers with robots) has been
proposed as a policy response.

Quantum Computing
Quantum computing uses the principles of quantum mechanics to process information in
fundamentally different ways from classical computers, potentially solving problems that

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 32 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

are currently computationally impossible. While still largely experimental, quantum

computing promises breakthroughs in cryptography, drug discovery, materials science,
and climate modelling. Social scientists are already studying the potential disruption to
cybersecurity and the concentration of this power in the hands of a few nations and
corporations.

Cloud Computing and Big Data

Cloud computing enables organisations to store and access data and applications over
the internet rather than on local hardware. Big data refers to extremely large data sets
that can be analysed computationally to reveal patterns and trends. Together, they have
transformed business intelligence, governance, and scientific research. Social concerns
include data sovereignty, surveillance capitalism, and the environmental cost of large data
centres.

10.3 Social and Economic Impacts of Emerging Technologies

Forecasting the social and economic impacts of AI, robotics, and quantum computing is
a key task for social scientists. Key areas of study include:

• Ethical considerations: Who is responsible when an AI system makes a harmful

decision?
• Workforce transformation: Which jobs will be created, and which will be
eliminated? How do we prepare workers for this future?
• Societal adaptation to technological advancements: How do communities and
institutions adapt to rapid technological change?
• Digital inequality: Will emerging technologies widen or narrow the gap between
rich and poor nations and individuals?

10.4 The Social Scientist's Role in the Tech Future

Social scientists play an irreplaceable role in navigating the future of computing. They:

• Analyse and forecast the social impacts of technological change

• Develop ethical frameworks and policies to govern new technologies
• Advocate for inclusive technology development that considers all segments of
society

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 33 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

• Study how communities adapt to and resist technological change

• Collaborate with engineers and policymakers to design human-centred
technology

Key Takeaway – Week 10

The future of computing is not just a technical matter — it is a social, political, and ethical
challenge. The decisions made today about how we develop and deploy emerging
technologies will shape societies for generations to come. Social scientists are essential
partners in this process.

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 34 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

Revision Summary: Key Concepts for All Topics

Use this summary to prepare for your tests. Each week's key ideas are condensed below.

Week 1 – Historical Perspectives

• Computing evolved through 4 industrial revolutions: Agrarian/Mechanical, Manual
Labour, Technological Advancement, and Global Tech/AI era.
• Key figure: Charles Babbage (Analytical Engine, 18th–19th C).
• Digital divide = gap between those with and without computing access.
• Social sciences analyse computing's social, economic, and ethical dimensions.

Week 2 – Computing Disciplines

• Five disciplines: Computer Science, Information Systems, Cybersecurity,
Software Engineering, Data Science & AI.
• Each discipline has labor market, ethical, and policy implications.
• Social sciences ensure ethical and equitable development of computing fields.

Week 3 – Computer Hardware

• Key components: CPU, Motherboard, RAM, ROM, VGA Port, Power Supply,
Cooling Fan, Hard Drive, Monitor, Keyboard.
• Social issues: e-waste, labour conditions in manufacturing, access inequality.

Week 4 – Software
• Three types: System Software, Utility Software, Application Software.
• Software lifecycle: Requirements → Design → Implementation → Testing →
Deployment → Maintenance.
• Distribution models: Proprietary, Open Source, Premium, Subscription.

Week 5 – Human Resources in IT

• HRM in IT covers workforce planning, diversity, skills development, labour laws,
and organisational behaviour.

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 35 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

• Tech sector faces persistent diversity challenges — social science proposes

inclusive strategies.
• Continuous learning is essential due to rapid technological change.

Week 6 – Information Processing

• Information processing supports communication, healthcare, politics, technology
development, and economic growth.
• Ethical issues: privacy rights, misinformation, data protection, algorithmic
governance.

Week 7 – Business Applications

• Key business applications: Communication, Inventory Management, CRM,
Payroll, Advertising, MIS, HRM.
• Computers increase productivity, streamline operations, and enable global
business.
• Business communication types: Upward, Downward, Lateral.

Week 8 – Lab Assignments & Operating Systems

• HCI examines how people interact with computers — informed by psychology
and sociology.
• Usability testing methods: heuristic evaluation, task-based testing, interface
comparison.
• Digital skills gap reflects broader social inequalities — inclusive design is a social
responsibility.

Week 9 – Internet, Online Resources & Search Engines

• Internet = global network; Online Resource = digital content accessible via
internet; Search Engine = tool to retrieve information.
• Critical evaluation criteria: Authority, Accuracy, Currency, Purpose, Coverage.
• Social impacts: democratisation of info, cybercrime, misinformation, digital
communities.

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 36 of 37

SSC 202 – Introduction to Computer and Its Application | Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye

Week 10 – Emerging Technologies

• Key emerging technologies: AI, Robotics, Quantum Computing, Cloud
Computing, Big Data.
• Social concerns: ethics, workforce displacement, inequality, surveillance,
governance.
• Social scientists are essential in shaping ethical and equitable tech futures.

Final Note
This course has demonstrated that computing is never purely technical. Every computer,
every software program, every algorithm exists within a social world — shaped by human
decisions and shaping human lives in return. Your role as social scientists is to ensure that
this technology serves justice, equity, and human flourishing.

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences | Page 37 of 37