SCIENCE Q4 REVIEWER
TOPICS:
Projectile Motion
Momentum and Impulse
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Heat, work and energy
Electricity generation, transmission and distribution
FORMULAS
v - velocity
p - momentum
m - mass
J - impulse
F - force
PE - Potential energy
KE - Kinetic energy
TME - Total mechanical energy
Acceleration due to gravity - 9.8 m/s
Velocity Formula
Momentum formula
Mass formula
Impulse-Momentum formula
Change in momentum formula
Average force formula
Impulse-momentum formula
Conservation of momentum
Law of conservation of momentum
Total momentum of a system
Free-fall velocity formula
Force formula using impulse (Impulse formula)
Impulse-momentum formula
Free-fall height formula
Potential Energy formula
Kinetic Energy formula
TME formula
Or
Egg drop test formula (Report)
PROJECTILE MOTION
Projectile - an object going through projectile motion
Trajectory - the path taken by the projectile
Angle - Numerical value in degrees expressing the orientation of the projectile
Horizontal Motion - Neglects air resistance, Constant horizontal velocity, Horizontal
acceleration is 0, Horizontal distance is called RANGE
Vertical Motion - The force acting upon this motion is the force of gravity, Vertical
velocity is not constant, Vertical distance is called HEIGHT
Range of trajectory BY DEGREES
MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE
Momentum: It is a measure of inertia for moving objects, indicating how difficult it
is to stop something. It is calculated as the product of an object's mass and its
velocity.
Impulse: It is defined as the product of force and the time duration over which the
force acts. Impulse causes a change in momentum, and the change in momentum is
equal to the impulse experienced by the object.
LAW OF CONSERVATION
ELASTIC COLLISION - One in which the total kinetic energy of a system does not
change, and colliding objects bounce off after collision
PARTIALLY ELASTIC COLLISION - A collision where momentum is conserved with
colliding objects that don’t stick together, but some kinetic energy is lost.
INELASTIC COLLISION - One in which the total kinetic energy of a system
changes (e.g. converted to some form of energy, Objects that stick together after
collision are said to be perfectly inelastic.
The law of conservation of momentum states that in an isolated system,
the total momentum before an event (such as a collision) is equal to the total
momentum after the event.
Momentum is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity,
making it a vector quantity with both magnitude and direction. This principle
applies to both linear and angular momentum and is a direct consequence
of Newton’s third law of motion, which asserts that every action has an
equal and opposite reaction.
MECHANICAL ENERGY
The four strokes of an internal combustion engine are:
1. Intake: The engine draws in a mixture of air and fuel through the intake
valve.
2. Compression: The piston moves up, compressing the air-fuel mixture in the
cylinder.
3. Power: The spark plug ignites the compressed mixture, causing an explosion
that pushes the piston down, generating power.
4. Exhaust: The exhaust valve opens, and the piston moves up again to expel
the burnt gases from the cylinder.
HEAT ENGINE
Refrigeration Cycle:
C condenser coil
EV expansion valve
EC evaporator coil
C compressor
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES – gasoline, diesel, and our human body
EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES – steam, piston engine, and the
atmosphere
PARTS OF A GASOLINE HEAT ENGINE:
Spark Plug
Exhaust Valve
Piston
Intake valve
Crankshaft
Engine Block
HEAT, WORK AND ENERGY
Energy - It is transferred to an object to perform or do work.
SI unit is Joule
Work - In physics, a force is said to do work if, when acting, there is a displacement
of the point of application in the direction of the force.
Internal Energy - The sum of molecular KE, the molecular PE, and other kinds of
molecular energy.
Heat - The energy actually in transit from hot to cold.
Adiabatic Process - A process without gain or loss of heat.
Thermodynamics - A branch of science concerned with heat and temperature and
their relation to energy and work.
First law of thermodynamics - The change in internal energy of a system equals
the difference between the heat taken by the system and the work done by the
system.
The change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added to the
system minus the work done by the system
Law of conservation of energy - Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Heat pump - A device that allows heat to transfer from a cold reservoir to a
warmer one, which is unnatural process. Work is required for the heat to flow from
lower to higher temperature.
Spontaneous Process - Heat flows from higher temperature to a lower
temperature. It does not need any external energy to occur
Non-spontaneous Process - Heat flows from lower temperature to a higher
temperature one. It needs mechanical energy to work
ELECTRICITY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
Step 1. Power plants generate electricity.
Electrical energy is generated at the power station (also referred to as power plant)
by huge generator. During the electricity generation stage, high voltage of
electricity is produced.
Step 2. Transformer step up voltage for transmission
The current generated from power plants is sent through transformers to increase
the voltage. A transformer that is designed to increase the voltage is called a
step-up transformer.
Step 3. Transmission lines carry electricity over long distances.
Transmission is the movement of electricity from a generating site to a substation
where it is distributed to homes. Transmission lines are constructed overhead
electrical towers or underground. They carry electricity at high voltage from the
power to a substation.
Step 4. Neighborhood transformer step down voltage.
A step-down transformer lowers voltage in distribution lines. Voltage is lowered in
preparation for distribution to households. Distribution substation uses a smaller
step down transformer to decrease the voltage so that it can be sent through
distribution poles.
Step 5. Distribution lines carry electricity to house.
Electricity travels through small transmission lines called distribution lines toward
your home. These electric lines conduct lower voltage of electricity.
Step 6. Pole transformer step down electricity before it enters home.
Pole step-down transformer further reduce the voltage before it enters our house. A
small transformer mounted on a distribution pole further reduces the voltage to
110-220V. This is done to ensure that only 220 V goes into our homes.