National Institute of Technology
LAB REPORT
Subject Name: Operating System
Subject Code: 28542
SUBMITTED BY
NAME Abdullah Jobayed
ROLL NO 884007
SEMESTER 5th
YEAR 2026
SESSION 23-24
DEPARTMENT CST
SUBMITTED TO Grade
Department of CST
Teacher's Signature: _________________
Date: ___________________________________
Index
Job No Job Name Page No Remark
01 Install Windows Operating System 1-2
02 Install VMWare and Create Virtual Machines 3-4
03 Install Linux OS in VMWare Environment 5-6
04 Create Partition and Directories (Linux) 7-8
05 Use GRUB Boot Loader 9-10
06 Perform Basic Linux Commands and Utilities 11-12
07 File Systems, Disks and Other Drives 13-14
08 Perform Bash (Shell System) 15-16
Report No: 01
Report Name: Installation of Windows Operating System
Objectives:
✔ To learn how to install Microsoft Windows Operating System.
✔ To understand the process of creating bootable media.
✔ To gain knowledge about BIOS/UEFI settings.
✔ To practice disk partitioning and system setup.
✔ To understand post-installation configuration.
Apparatus (Software/Tools):
✔ Computer / Laptop
✔ USB Flash Drive (Minimum 8GB)
✔ Windows ISO File
✔ Rufus Software
✔ Internet Connection
Working Procedure:
1. Download Windows ISO file from the official Microsoft website.
2. Create a bootable USB using Rufus software:
• Insert USB drive, select ISO file, click Start.
3. Restart the computer and enter BIOS/UEFI settings (Del/F2).
4. Set USB as the first boot device and save settings.
5. Start Windows installation: Select Language, Time, Keyboard.
6. Click 'Install Now' → Choose 'Custom Install' option.
7. Create or format disk partitions as required.
8. Wait for installation to complete and restart.
Output / Screenshot:
Fig: Windows 11 Setup Wizard — Installation Steps
✔ Windows ISO file downloaded successfully.
✔ Bootable USB drive created using Rufus software.
✔ BIOS/UEFI configured with USB as first boot device.
✔ Windows installation completed and post-setup finished successfully.
Conclusion:
This experiment demonstrated the complete process of installing Windows OS. We gained practical
knowledge of bootable media creation, BIOS/UEFI settings, disk partitioning, and post-installation
configuration.
Report No: 02
Report Name: Installation of VMware and Creation of Virtual
Machines
Objectives:
✔ To understand the concept of virtualization.
✔ To create and manage virtual machines using VMware Workstation.
✔ To install an operating system inside a virtual machine.
✔ To understand resource allocation in virtual environments.
Apparatus (Software/Tools):
✔ Computer / Laptop (Minimum 8GB RAM)
✔ VMware Workstation Software
✔ ISO File of Operating System (Windows/Linux)
✔ Internet Connection
Working Procedure:
1. Download VMware Workstation from the official website.
2. Install VMware: Run setup file → follow steps → click Finish.
3. Open VMware Workstation and click 'Create a New Virtual Machine'.
4. Select 'Typical (Recommended)' configuration.
5. Select the OS ISO file as installation media.
6. Configure VM settings:
• RAM: 2GB–4GB • CPU Cores: 2 • Disk: 20GB+
7. Finish setup and power on the Virtual Machine.
8. Follow OS installation steps inside the VM.
9. Restart VM after installation and verify.
Output / Screenshot:
Fig: VMware Workstation — Virtual Machine Library and Settings
✔ VMware Workstation installed successfully.
✔ New Virtual Machine created with Typical configuration.
✔ RAM (4GB), CPU (2 cores), Disk (20GB) allocated properly.
✔ OS installed inside VM and verified successfully.
Conclusion:
This experiment demonstrated the installation of VMware Workstation and creation of Virtual
Machines. We understood virtualization, resource allocation, and running an OS in a virtual
environment.
Report No: 03
Report Name: Install Linux Operating System in VMware
Environment
Objectives:
✔ To learn how to install Linux OS in a virtual environment.
✔ To understand virtualization using VMware Workstation.
✔ To create and configure a Linux virtual machine.
✔ To install Linux OS using ISO file.
✔ To understand basic Linux setup and configuration.
Apparatus (Software/Tools):
✔ Computer / Laptop
✔ VMware Workstation Software
✔ Linux ISO File (Ubuntu/Kali Linux)
✔ Minimum 8GB RAM
✔ Internet Connection
Working Procedure:
1. Download Linux ISO file (e.g., Ubuntu 22.04 LTS or Kali Linux).
2. Open VMware Workstation → Click 'Create a New Virtual Machine'.
3. Select 'Typical (Recommended)' → Choose Installer Disc Image (ISO).
4. Set Guest OS type to Linux and choose appropriate version.
5. Configure VM: Assign CPU cores, set disk size (20GB+).
6. Start the VM and begin Linux installation:
• Select language → Choose installation type.
• Create username and password.
7. Complete installation → Restart virtual machine.
8. Log in and verify Linux is running inside VMware.
Output / Screenshot:
Fig: Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Running Inside VMware Workstation
✔ Linux ISO (Ubuntu/Kali) downloaded and attached to VM.
✔ Guest OS type set to Linux with correct version.
✔ Installation completed; user credentials configured.
✔ Linux OS running successfully inside VMware environment.
Conclusion:
This experiment demonstrated installing Linux OS in VMware. We learned how to create/configure a
VM, use ISO files for installation, and complete Linux setup. It enhanced understanding of
virtualization technology.
Report No: 04
Report Name: Create Partition and Directories in Linux Operating
System
Objectives:
✔ To learn how to create disk partitions in Linux.
✔ To understand file system structure in Linux.
✔ To create and manage directories using Linux commands.
✔ To practice basic Linux terminal operations.
✔ To understand storage management in Linux OS.
Apparatus (Software/Tools):
✔ Computer / Laptop
✔ Linux Operating System (Ubuntu/Kali Linux)
✔ VMware Workstation (optional)
✔ Terminal / Command Line Interface
Working Procedure:
1. Open Terminal.
Check available disks:
$ sudo fdisk -l
Select disk and create partition:
$ sudo fdisk /dev/sda
Press n → new partition
Select partition type (p = primary)
Set partition number and size (e.g., +5G)
Press w → write changes to disk
Format the new partition:
$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3
Create and manage directories:
$ mkdir mydir
$ ls -l
$ rmdir mydir
Output / Screenshot:
Fig: Linux fdisk — Creating and Viewing Disk Partitions
✔ Terminal opened and disks checked using sudo fdisk -l.
✔ New partition created using fdisk and formatted with ext4.
✔ Changes written to disk successfully with 'w' command.
✔ Directories created and managed using mkdir and ls commands.
Conclusion:
This experiment demonstrated disk partitioning and directory management in Linux OS. We learned
terminal commands for creating partitions, managing storage, and organizing files. Understanding of
Linux file system structure improved.
Report No: 05
Report Name: Use of GRUB Boot Loader in Linux Operating
System
Objectives:
✔ To understand the concept of a boot loader.
✔ To learn about GRUB boot loader in Linux.
✔ To configure and update GRUB settings.
✔ To manage multiple operating systems using GRUB.
✔ To understand the boot process of Linux OS.
Apparatus (Software/Tools):
✔ Computer / Laptop
✔ Linux Operating System (Ubuntu/Kali Linux)
✔ Terminal / Command Line Interface
✔ GRUB Boot Loader
Working Procedure:
Step 1: Check GRUB Installation
$ grub-install --version
Step 2: Install GRUB (if not installed)
$ sudo apt install grub2
Step 3: Install GRUB on Disk
$ sudo grub-install /dev/sda
Step 4: Update GRUB Configuration
$ sudo update-grub
Step 5: Modify GRUB Settings
$ sudo nano /etc/default/grub
GRUB_TIMEOUT=5
GRUB_DEFAULT=0
$ sudo update-grub
Step 6: Reboot System
$ sudo reboot
Output / Screenshot:
Fig: GRUB Boot Menu — Dual Boot with Ubuntu and Windows 11
✔ GRUB version verified using grub-install --version.
✔ GRUB installed/updated on disk using sudo grub-install /dev/sda.
✔ Configuration file edited: timeout set to 5 seconds.
✔ GRUB boot menu appeared correctly during system startup.
Conclusion:
This experiment demonstrated the use of GRUB Boot Loader in Linux. We learned how GRUB
manages boot process, how to configure its settings, and how it supports multiple operating systems
at startup.
Report No: 06
Report Name: Perform Basic Linux Commands and Utilities
Objectives:
✔ To learn basic Linux commands.
✔ To understand file and directory operations in Linux.
✔ To use common Linux utilities from the terminal.
✔ To practice command-line interface (CLI) operations.
✔ To improve efficiency in the Linux environment.
Apparatus (Software/Tools):
✔ Computer / Laptop
✔ Linux Operating System (Ubuntu/Kali Linux)
✔ Terminal / Command Line Interface
✔ GNU Core Utilities
Working Procedure:
File and Directory Commands:
$ ls (list files and directories)
$ pwd (show current directory path)
$ cd folder_name (change directory)
$ mkdir mydir (create directory)
$ rmdir mydir (remove empty directory)
File Operations:
$ touch [Link] (create file)
$ cat [Link] (view file content)
$ cp [Link] [Link] (copy file)
$ mv [Link] [Link] (rename/move file)
$ rm [Link] (delete file)
System Information Commands:
$ date (show date and time)
$ whoami (show logged-in user)
$ uname -a (display system information)
Utility Commands:
$ clear (clear terminal screen)
$ man ls (manual/help for command)
Output / Screenshot:
Fig: Linux Terminal — Basic Commands and Their Outputs
✔ ls → Displayed list of files and directories.
✔ pwd → Showed current working directory path.
✔ mkdir/rmdir → Created and removed directories successfully.
✔ touch, cat, cp, mv, rm → File operations completed.
✔ date, whoami, uname -a → System info displayed correctly.
Conclusion:
This experiment demonstrated the use of basic Linux commands. We learned file/directory
operations, system information commands, and terminal utilities. CLI efficiency in Linux environment
improved significantly.
Report No: 07
Report Name: File Systems, Disks and Other Drives in Linux
Objectives:
✔ To understand Linux file system structure.
✔ To learn disk management and storage operations.
✔ To perform file system checking and mounting/unmounting.
✔ To manage different storage drives in Linux.
✔ To practice basic system administration tasks.
Apparatus (Software/Tools):
✔ Computer / Laptop
✔ Linux Operating System (Ubuntu/Kali Linux)
✔ Terminal / Command Line Interface
✔ GNU Core Utilities
✔ VMware Workstation (optional)
Working Procedure:
Step 1: Check Disk Information
$ lsblk (display disk partitions)
$ sudo fdisk -l (detailed disk info)
Step 2: Check File System Type
$ df -T (show mounted filesystems and types)
Step 3: Mount a Drive
$ sudo mkdir /mnt/mydrive
$ sudo mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/mydrive
Step 4: Unmount Drive
$ sudo umount /mnt/mydrive
Step 5: Check Disk Usage
$ df -h (human-readable disk usage)
Step 6: File System Check
$ sudo fsck /dev/sda1 (check and repair filesystem)
Output / Screenshot:
Fig: Linux Terminal — Disk and File System Operations
✔ lsblk → Displayed all available disks and partitions.
✔ df -T → Showed mounted filesystems with their types.
✔ Mount/unmount operations completed successfully.
✔ df -h → Showed used and available disk space.
✔ fsck → Checked filesystem and confirmed no errors.
Conclusion:
This experiment demonstrated file system, disk, and storage management in Linux OS. We learned
to view disk info, mount/unmount drives, check filesystem types, and analyze disk usage. System
administration understanding improved.
Report No: 08
Report Name: Perform Bash (Shell System) in Linux Operating
System
Objectives:
✔ To understand the concept of shell and Bash.
✔ To learn basic Bash scripting and command execution.
✔ To perform file, variable, and control structure operations using Bash.
✔ To understand automation using shell scripts.
✔ To improve command-line programming skills in Linux.
Apparatus (Software/Tools):
✔ Computer / Laptop
✔ Linux Operating System (Ubuntu/Kali Linux)
✔ Terminal / Command Line Interface
✔ GNU Bash
Working Procedure:
Step 1: Check Bash Version
$ bash --version
Step 2: Create a Bash Script File
$ touch [Link]
$ nano [Link]
Step 3: Write Bash Script
#!/bin/bash
echo "Welcome to Bash Scripting"
echo "Enter your name:"
read name
echo "Hello, $name"
Step 4: Give Execute Permission
$ chmod +x [Link]
Step 5: Run the Script
$ ./[Link]
Step 6: Variable and Condition Example
name="Linux"
echo $name
if [ 10 -gt 5 ]; then
echo "10 is greater than 5"
fi
Output / Screenshot:
Fig: Bash Script — Execution Output in Linux Terminal
✔ bash --version → Displayed installed Bash version.
✔ Script file created, written, and saved successfully.
✔ chmod +x granted execute permission to script.
✔ ./[Link] executed: welcome message and greeting printed.
✔ Variable assignment and conditional statement worked correctly.
Conclusion:
This experiment demonstrated Bash scripting in Linux OS. We learned how to create/execute shell
scripts, use variables, take user input, and implement control structures. Automation and CLI
programming skills improved.