LEARNING COMPETENCY

2.1 CHAPTER 1: Measurement

2.1.1. Illustrates what it means to measure.
2.1.2. Describes the development of measurement from the primitive to
the present international system of units.
2.1.3. Approximates the measures of quantities particularly length,
weight/mass, volume, time, angle and temperature and rate.
2.1.4. Converts measurements from one unit to another in both Metric
and English Systems and scientific Notation.
2.1.5. Solves problems involving conversion of units of measurement.
2.2 CHAPTER 2: Patterns and Algebra
2.2.1. Translates English phrases to mathematical phrases and vice
versa.
2.2.2. Interprets the meaning of n where n is a positive integer.
2.2.3. Differentiates between constants and variables in a given algebraic
expression.
2.2.4. Evaluates algebraic expressions for given values of the variables.
2.2.5. Classifies algebraic expressions which are polynomials according
to degree and number of terms.

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2.2.6. Adds and subtracts polynomials.
2.2.7. Derives the laws of exponent.
2.2.8. Multiplies and divides polynomials.
2.2.9. Uses models and algebraic methods to find the: (a) product of two
binomials; (b) product of the sum and difference of two terms; (c)
square of a binomial.;
2.2.10. Solves problems involving algebraic expressions.
2.2.11. Differentiates between algebraic expressions and equations.
2.2.12. Translates English sentences to mathematical sentences and vice
versa.
2.2.13. Differentiates between equations and
2.2.14. Illustrates linear equation and inequality in one variable.
2.2.15. Finds the solution of linear equation or inequality in one variable.
2.2.16. Solves linear equation or inequality in one variable involving
absolute value by: (a) graphing; and (b) algebraic methods.
2.2.17. Solves problems involving equations and inequalities in one
variable.

LEARNING INVESTIGATION CONTENT

Illustrate measurement by explaining that measurement is the process of

determining the size, length, weight, or other properties of an object by
comparing it to a standard unit.

Types of Measurement:
●​ Non-standard units: Early forms of measurement often used
everyday objects like body parts, hands, or cubes to measure length
or other quantities.
●​ Standard units: These are universally agreed-upon units used in
measurement systems, such as the metric (or SI) system and the
English system.

Elements of Measurements:

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●​ Unit: A standard quantity used for comparison, like a centimeter for
length or a second for time.
●​ Number: The value that indicates how many units are in the object
being measured.
●​
Examples:
Length: Using a meter stick to measure a doorway’s height, where the
height is expressed in meters.
Time: Recording an event’s duration in seconds or minutes.
Weight/Mass: Determining the heaviness of an object using kilograms
or pounds.

ACTIVITY 1
1.) What is measurements?
2.)Give the two types of measurements.
3.)Give the elements of measurements.

LEARNING INVESTIGATION CONTENT

One of the earliest inventions of human beings was the unit of

measurement. In ancient times, people needed measurements to
determine how long or wide things are. They need to measure things to
build their houses or make their clothes. Later, units of measurement

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were used in trade and commerce. In the 3rd century BC in Egypt, people
used their body parts to determine measurements of things;

The forearm length was called a cubit. The hand span was considered a
half cubit, while the palm was considered 1/2 of a cubit. The Egyptian
came up with these units to be more accurate in measuring different
length.

However, using these units of measurement had a disadvantage. Not

everyone had the same forearm length. Discrepancies arose when the
people started comparing their measurements to one another because
measurements of the same thing differed, depending on who was
measuring it. Because of this, these units of measurement are called
non-standard units of measurement which later on evolved into what is
now the inch, foot, and yard, the basic units of length in the English
system of measurement.

Accuracy of measurements depends on two factors:

1.​ ) The skill of the person doing the measurement. This can be
developed through constant practice.
2.​ ) The precision of the instrument used in measuring. This is
totally dependent to the measuring device.

The English System of Measurement was widely used until the 1800s
and the 1900s when the Metric System of Measurement started to gain
ground and became the most used system of measurement worldwide.
First described by Belgian Mathematician Simon Stevin in his booklet,
De Thiende (The Art of Tenths) and proposed by English philosopher,
John Wilkins, the Metric System of Measurement was first adopted by
France in 1799. In 1875, the General Conference on Weights and
Measures ( conference generate des poids et mesures or CGPM ) was
asked to define the different measurements. By 1960, CGPM released
the International System of Units (SI) which is now being used by
majority of the countries with the biggest exception being the United
State of America. Since Philippines used to be a colony of the United

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States, earlier Fillipinos were taught in the use of the English instead of
the Metric System of Measurements. Thus, they preferred English
System rather than the Metric System although the Philippines have
already adopted the Metric System as its official system of
measurement.

The seven SI base units are comprised of:

QUANTITY BASED UNIT
Length meter (m)
Time second (s)
Amount of Substance mole (m)
Electric current ampere (A)
Temperature kelvin (k)
Luminous Intensity canela (cd)
Mass kilogram (k)
Example:
Determine a practical SI unit for each of the following:

1.) The mass of a baby kilogram

2.) Length of the provincial road kilometer
3.) An extension wire meter
4.) A squash bought at the market kilogram

ACTIVITY 2
Fill in the blanks to complete the following sentences.

1.​ ) At around 3rd century BC,_, people use their body parts to
determine the measurement of things.
2.​ ) In 1800s, the,_,is widely used and later in 1900s,_, started to gain
ground
3.​ ) The International System of Units (SI) has
seven (7) base units comprised of: _, _, _, _, _, _, _.

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 LEARNING INVESTIGATION CONTENT

Approximating measures comes in handy in our daily activities. For

instance, knowing that in inch is about the length of a paperclip gives a
possibility to provide a logical estimate for the length of an object;
otherwise, approximation would not be accurate.

Measures of length
Length quantities how long things are, or how tall or how far apart they
are. Meter (m) is the basic unit of length in the metric system.

Customary Metric
1 in-length of a paper clip 1mm-thickness of a credit card
1 ft-length of a textbook 1cm-width of a fingernail
1 yd-width of a doorway 1m-length of a guitar
1 mi-4 laps around a running 1km-2.5 laps around a running
track track

Study the illustrative example on how approximation applies.

A standard textbook is about how many inches in length?

A.​ 20 in

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 B.​ 100 in
C.​ 5 in
D.​ 12 in
Solution: One inch is the approximate length of a paperclip. Hence, a
standard textbook could be about 12 in.

Measures of Weight/Mass
The mass describes how heavy an object is. The basic unit in the metric
system is gram (g).

Weight is a measure of the earth’s gravitational pull. Mass is the

measure of the amount of matter that objects are made of. The mass of
an object does not change but its weight does. Weight and mass are not
the same thing. However, on earth, the mass of an object is always
proportional to the weight of the object. In this course, we shall assume
that weight and mass mean the same thing.
Customary Metric
1 oz-mass of a slice of bread 1 g-mass of a piece of gum
1 lb-mass of a loaf of bread 1 kg-mass of a textbook
1 ton-mass of a small car

The mass (weight) of a 1 milliliter of water is nearly equal to 1 gram,

and a milliliter is the volume of a cube whose length, width, and height
each measures 1 centimeter.

A kilogram is equivalent to 1 000 grams. One pound is approximately

0.45 kilogram and 1 kilogram is approximately 2.2 pounds. Rice and
other large foodstuffs such as fish and meat are weighed in terms of
kilograms.

A miligram is equivalent to 1/1000 gram. A miligram (mg) is very small

unit and is used only in medical prescriptions and some areas of science.
For example, Alaxan tablet each capsule contains ibuprofen 200mg and
paracetamol 325mg.

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Measures of Volume
Volume is the amount of space occupies by an object. Liter (L) is the
basic unit for measuring the capacity or volume of an object in the
metric system. It is defined as the volume of a cubic decimeter. In other
words, a liter is the capacity of a cube that is 1 decimeter long, 1
decimeter wide, and 1 decimeter high. One liter, 1 cubic decimeter, and
1 000 cubic centimeters represent the same volume.

It is also the unit used for measuring the amount of liquid in a particular
container. The commonly used uits for volume are the following:
Customary Metric
1 fl-used to measure liquid 1 ml-amount of a raindrop
medicine 1 L-liquid in a soda bottle
1 pt-fills a tall drinking glass 1 kl-fills a box with a side of
1 qt-orange juice container one meter
1 gal-fills a small bathroom
sink

A cubic meter (m³) is used to measure large volumes.

Any unit of length gives a corresponding unit of volume: the volume of
a cube whose sides have the given length. For example, a cubic
centimeter (cm³) is the volume of a cube whose sides are one centimeter
(1cm) in length.

Measures of Time
Time is used as a standard way of measuring or expressing duration.
It is measured based on counting periodic phenomena like oscillations of
atoms or molecules, sound or mechanical vibrations, or electronic
oscillations.

Measures of Angle
Angle comes from the Latin word angulus which means corner. It is
defined as a figure formed when two rays share a common endpoint.

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Angles are measured in degrees using a protractor which gives a
measure in terms of degrees . The rays are the sides of an angle
and the common endpoint is called the vertex of the angle.

Measures of Temperature
Temperature is defined as the measurement of the degree of
hotness or coldness of an object or substance. The commonly used units
are Celsius (˚C) for metric system and Fahrenheit (˚F) for English
system. Kelvin (K) is considered as the SI base unit for temperature. It is
commonly measured using in instrument called a mercury thermometer,
the reading of which is based on the principles that most substances
expand when heated.

​ The Celsius scale is temperature unit adopted and named in honor

of the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius. In the original works of
Celsius, he assigned the value 0 to the boiling point of water and 100 to
the freezing point.

Measures of Rate
​ Rate is the speed of an object’s change in position. It is expressed
as the ratio of the of the distance travelled and the time spent to cover
the distance. The basic unit of speed in the metric system is meter per
second (m/s).

It is a ratio of two measurements having different units of

measurements. For example 300 words in 5 minutes is a rate. When rate
simplified so it has denominator of 1 it is called a unit rate. To find the
unit rate of 300 words in 5 minutes, divide 300 by 5. The result is a unit
rate of 60 words 1 minute or 60 words per minute.

Activity 3
Find the unit rate in each case
1.​ ) A car travelled 150 kilometers in two hours.
2.​ ) A car travels 264 kilometers and uses 28 liters of gasoline.

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3.​ ) An electrician took 4 hours to complete a job and changed P200
for his service.

LEARNING INVESTIGATION CONTENT

Unit Conversion in Metric and English Systems

Measurements are converted between units by using conversion factors.
A conversion factor is a ratio of two equivalent measurements expressed
in different units. For example. is a conversion factor.

Example 1: Converting
English Metric System
Convert 10 in to cm.
Steps Solution
1.​ Identify the unit you are in
starting with.
2.​ Identify the unit you cm
want to end with.
3.​ Find the conversion
factor/s that will change the
starting unit to the ending unit. 10 in x
4.​ Set up the mathematical
expression so that all units,

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except the unit you want to end
with, will cancel out. 10 in x = 25.4 cm

CONVERTING MEASUREMENT

Example 1.
Convert 900 cm to dekameter.
Solution:
Since there are 3 arrows from centimeter to dekameter and the
movement of decimal is from right to left because the conversion of unit
is from smaller to larger unit, then move the decimal point 3 places to
the left. Therefore, 900 cm = 0.9dam.

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Activity 4:
Convert the following to the indicated unit
1.​ 20 in = _ cm
2.​ 3.5 ft = _ in
Choose the letter of the best answer.
3.​ 5.21 is the same distance as _.
A.​ 0.00521 km
B.​ 0.0521 m
C.​ 5210 m
D.​ 52.1 mm
4.​ How many centimeters are there in 57 in?
A.​ 22.4 cm
B.​ 145 cm
C.​ 140 cm
D.​ 0.045 cm

LEARNING INVESTIGATION CONTENT

Knowledge of measurement and problem-solving strategies are

necessary in solving routine and non-routine word problems. Many
problems can be solved using arithmetic or algebraic processes. There
are problems, however, that can be solved by simply drawing a diagram.

Example 1. There is a jar on the cabinet by the refrigerator. If keona

pours 114 ounces of water into the jar three times to fill it, how many
quarts of water does it take to fill the jar?

Solution:
11 x 3 = 342 ounces of water in 3 jars
342 ounces = _ quarts

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To convert ounces to quarts, we need the following equivalents:
8 oz = 1cup
2 c = 1pt
2pt = 1 qt

Thus, 342 oz x x x = = 10.69 qt

Therefore, it takes 10.69 quarts of water to fill the three jars.

Activity 5
Convert the following to the indicated measurement:

1.​ 86 km = _ dam
2.​ 2 mi = _ in
3.​ 20 in = _ cm
4.​ 25.1 gal = _ L

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 LEARNING INVESTIGATION CONTENT

We commonly solve mathematical problems with given numbers by

performing various operations. This belongs to the branch of
mathematics that consists of the study of numbers and their properties
and the various operations known as arithmetic. But what if we will go
further into studying math where we will generalize facts in arithmetic?
We may use various symbols such as letters, punctuations and operations
to find relationships and to represent unknown quantities without fixed
values. The branch of Mathematics is known as Algebra.

One of the important aspects in solving problems I algebra is a working

knowledge of the ability to translate the statement in algebraic symbols.
Thus, one has to develop this ability in order to represent word problems
into mathematical statement using algebraic symbols.

A knowledge of symbols representing known and unknown quantities

alongside with the symbols of operations and relations will facilitate
translation of verbal into mathematical phrases.

A verbal or English phrases refers to mathematical statement that is

expressed in words. Once you know what those words mean, you will be
able to write different mathematical expressions. Meanwhile,
mathematical phrases refer to statements expressed in symbols such as
letters, numbers and operations.

The symbols of operations of operations and relations with their

corresponding meaning are as follows:

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Example 1:
Verbal Mathematical Verbal Mathematical
Phrases Phrases Phrases Phrases

The sum of m M + 8 The difference m - 8

and 8 of m and 8
10 added to c C + 10 10 subtracted C - 10
from c
7 plus a 7+a 7-a 7-a

Example 2:
Mathematical Sentences Verbal Sentences
X+ 5–4 The sum of a number and 5 is
4
2x - 1 = 1 Twice the number decreased
by 1 is equal to 1
7 + x = 2x + 3 Seven added by a number x is

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 equal to twice the number
increased by 3
3x - 2 > 15 Thrice a number x is greater
than 15

Activity 2.1
Match each verbal phrase under column A to its mathematical phrase
under column B. A letter may be used more than once.

Column A Column B
1.​ The sum of a number and three A. X + 3
2.​ Four times a certain number decreased by 1 B. 3 + 4X
3.​ One subtracted from four times a number C. 4X - 1
4.​ A certain number decreased by two D. X - 2
5.​ Four increased by a certain number E. 4 + X

LEARNING INVESTIGATION CONTENT

Algebraic expressions
Mathematical concepts, rules and properties of numbers will
nit be easy to understand without knowledge of algebraic symbols and
expressions. A single variable or a combination of mathematical
symbols, variables and constant constitute an algebraic expression.
Terms in Algebra

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A.​ Positive Integer Exponent (a^n, where a ≠0 and n is a positive
integer)
The expression 2·2·2·2 can be written as 2^4
2 is the base and 4 is the exponent

B.​ Constant and Variables

referred to as a variable. Symbols like x, y, a,α, β, θ can be used as
variables.

A constant is a symbol which has exactly one number or a fixed

value in its replacements set. Any numeral is a constant such as 7, 4, and
11. Pi is also a constant.

Consider the expression, 4x² + 3y + 2

The number 2 is a constant. The letters x and y are the variables.

C.​ Literal Coefficients and Numerical Coefficients

The numerical factor of a term is called its numerical coefficient
or simply coefficient and the variable factor of a term is called literal
coefficient.

In the term 3x², is called the numerical coefficient and x² is

called the literal coefficient.

The term -x has a numerical coefficient which is -1 and a literal

coefficient which is x.

Numerical coefficient is the number part of a term. Literal

coefficient is the variable including its exponent. The word coefficient
alone is referred to as the numerical coefficient.

D.​ Algebraic Expressions, Terms and Polynomials

Algebra is a branch of mathematics which generalizes the facts of
arithmetic. The result of combining symbols such as letters, numbers,

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punctuation and operations of arithmetic is called an algebraic
expression or simply an expression.

Some examples of algebraic expressions are:

7, 2x, -3y + 4, , + (xy - 1),

A term is a constant or a variable or a constant and variables
multiplied together.

Examples: 4, xy, 8yz, -3β, ½xyz

A polynomial is an algebraic expression that represents represents a

sum of one or more terms containing whole number exponents on the
variables.

Examples:
5, 2x, - x + y, , x² + 3x - 1,

E.​ Number of terms, degree of the term and degree of the

polynomial.
Any algebraic expression separated from another algebraic
expressions by a plus (+) or a minus (-) sign is called a term.

There are four terms in the expression + - - 7,

namely, - ,- - 7.

Examples:
Count the number of terms in each expression.
A.​ 3x² - 4x + 1 - there are three terms
B.​ - there is only one term.
C.​ 2 (x + 1) - - there are two terms.

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 D.​ - + + 1 - there are four terms.

Kinds of polynomial according to the number of terms

Kinds of No. Of Terms Examples

Polynomial
Monomial One term -7x, 53, 8x, x
Binomial Two terms 5x-7y, 3(y + z)
Trinomial Three terms x²- 8x + 12
Multinomial Four or more terms x³ + 5x² -4x + 5
Polynomial

Kinds of polynomial according to its degree

Kinds of degree examples

polynomial in
terms of degree
Constant Zero 1, 5, and any
numbers
Linear One 5x, x + 1
Quadratic Two , +1
Cubic Three , +1
Quartic Four , +1
Quantic Five , +1

Activity 2.2
1.​ What do you call a polynomial with one term?
A.​ Binomial
B.​ Monomial

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 C.​ Multinomial
D.​ Trinomial
2.​ Which of the following is a term?
A.​ 3m + 4
B.​ (3) (5x)
C.​ x - y + 3
D.​ x-y
3.​ What is the numerical coefficient of -10xy?
A.​ X
B.​ Xy
C.​ -10
D.​ 10

LEARNING INVESTIGATION CONTENT

Algebra- comes from the arabic word, al-jabr (which means restoration),
which in turn was part of the title of a mathematical book written around
the 820AD by Arab mathematician, Muhammad ibn Musa al-khwarizmi.

The Language of Algebra

Constant- a constant is a number on its own. For example, 1 or 127;
Variable- a variable is a symbol, usually letters, which represent a value
or a number. For example, a or x. in truth, you have been dealing with

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variables since pre-school in the form of squares (⬜, blank lines (－) or
other symbols used to represent the unknowns in some mathematical
sentences or phrases;
Term- a term is a constant or a variable or constants and variables
multiplied together. For example, 4, xy, or 8yz. The terms number part is
called the numerical coefficient while the variable or variables is/are
called the literal coefficient/s.
Expression- an algebraic expression is a group of terms separated by the
plus or minus sign. For example, x - 2 or 4x + 1/2y - 45.

Activity 2.3
1.​ What of the following is/are equal to 5?
A.​ 2 + 3
B.​ 6 - 1
C.​ 10/2
D.​ 1 + 4
E.​ All of these

2.​ Which of the following is considered a constant?

A.​ F
B.​ ⬜
C.​ 500
D.​ 42x
3.​ Which of the following is a term?
A.​ 23m + 5
B.​ (2)(6x)
C.​ X - y + 2
D.​ 1/2x - y

LEARNING INVESTIGATION CONTENT

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Evaluating algebraic expressions for given values of variables involves
replacing the variables with their specified numerical values and then
simplifying the resulting numerical expression according to the order of
operations.

Steps for Evaluation

Substitution: the given numerical values are substituted for each
corresponding variable in the algebraic expression.

Parentheses are often used during substitution to maintain the correct

order of operations, especially when dealing with negative numbers or
exponents.

Simplification: the resulting numerical expression is simplified by

performing the indicated arithmetic operations.

Example
To evaluate the expression 2x + 5 when x = 3:

Substitution: the value of x is substituted into the expression, resulting in

2(3) + 5.

Simplification: the multiplication is performed first, 2 x 3 = 6. then, the

addition is performed, 6 + 5 = 11.

Activity 2.4
Evaluate each algebraic expression when x = 10

1.​ x + 49
2.​ x+x
3.​ x-x
4.​ x-7

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 LEARNING INVESTIGATION CONTENT

Algebraic expressions that are polynomials are classified by their

number of terms and their degree. Based on the number of terms, they
are named monomials, (one term), binomials (two terms), and trinomials
(three terms). Based on degree, they are called constant (degree 0),
linear (degree 1), quadratic (degree 2), cubic (degree 3), and so on, up to
quintic (degree 5) for polynomials with higher degrees.

Monomial: A polynomial with one term.

Example: 5x
Binomial: A polynomial with two terms.
Example: 3x + 2
Trinomial: A polynomial with three terms.
Example: x² + 2x + 1
Multinomial/Polynomial: An algebraic expression with more than one
term. Sometimes, the term” polynomial” is used to refer to any
expression with one or more terms, and sometimes it specifically refers
to multinomials with more than three terms.

Classifying by Degree

●​ Constant: a polynomial with degree zero.

Example: 7 (since 7=7x˚
●​ Linear: a polynomial with degree one.
Example: 4x - 2 (the highest exponent is 1)
●​ Quadratic: a polynomial with degree two.
Example: 3x² + x (the highest exponent is 2)

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●​ Cubic: a polynomial with degree three.
Example: x³ - 2x + 5 (the highest exponent is 3)
●​ Quartic: a polynomial with degree four.
Example: +
●​ Quintic: a polynomial with degree five.

Activity
1. It is a polynomial with three terms?
2. A polynomial with degree of zero?
3. A polynomial with degree of three?

LEARNING INVESTIGATION CONTENT

To add and subtract polynomials, you first need to combine like terms,
which are terms with the same variable and exponent. For addition, you
can group similar terms and sum their coefficients. For subtraction, you
change the sign of each term in the subtrahend and then add the
polynomials, effectively distributing a negative sign.

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Example
Find the sum. A. 5a + (2a + 6)
Solution: 5a + (2a + 6) = (5a + 2a) + 6 group like terms.
= (5 + 2) a + 6 add the numerical coefficients
of the like terms, then simplify.
=7a + 6

Example
A. (5x + 4) - (7x + 3)
Solution:(5x + 4) - (7x + 3) Given
= (5x + 4) + (-7x - 3) Definition of subtraction
= (5x - 7x) + (4 - 3) Group like terms
= -2x + 1 Simplify

Activity 2.6
Simplify each of the following:
1.​ (9x + 3) - (-4x + 5)
2.​ (2x + 4) + (4x - 1)
3.​ (5a + 8b -2c) + ( 8a + 7b - 8c)

LEARNING INVESTIGATION CONTENT

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The exponent will tell how many times we are going to multiply the base
by itself.

Example:
Which of the following is/are correct?
A.4²= 4x4=16 CORRECT
B.2²= 2x2x2x2=8 INCORRECT

LAW OF EXPONENTS
( Power of powers)
A.​ ( )^m=

When a power is raised to another power or when an exponential

expression is raised to another exponent, multiply the exponents.

Example
1.​ ( )³ = using the power of powers law, multiply
= the exponents.

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In multiplying exponential expressions whose bases are the same, just
copy the common base and then add its exponents.

Example:
1.​ (x^32) (x^35) =x^32+35 since they have common base which is
“x”, copy the common base and add the exponents
=x^67 simplify.

Law of Exponents
(Quotient of a power)

This is only applicable if the exponent on the numerator (denoted by n)

is greater than the exponent on the denominator (denoted by m).
In dividing exponential expressions with the same bases, copy the
common base and subtract the exponents.
Example:
1. x^20/x^13 = x^20-13 copy the common base “x” and subtract the
exponent = x^7 simplify.
Law of Exponents
(Law for Zero Exponent)
Always take note that any nonzero number raised to a zero exponent is
always equal to 1.
Example:
1. (7,654,321) ^ 0 = 1

Activity 1.7
Give the value of each of the following
1. 2^3

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2. 2^5
3. 3^4

LEARNING INVESTIGATION CONTENT

Multiplying polynomials
Unlike the process of addition and subtraction, multiplication of
polynomials considers not only the numerical coefficients but also the
literal coefficients.
Rules in multiplying polynomials

A. Monomial by Monomial

To multiply a monomial with another monomial, simply multiply the

numerical coefficient then multiply the literal coefficients by applying
the basic laws of exponents.

B. Monomial by a polynomial

To multiply a monomial with a polynomial, simply apply the distributive

property and follow the rule in multiplying monomial by a polynomial.
Multiplication of monomial by a polynomial could also be done
vertically.

C. Binomial by a Binomial

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To multiply a binomial with another binomial you can use F-O-I-L
method or Smile method. F-O-I-L stands for F-for first, O- for outer,
I-inner, and last. This acronym represents the order in which you should
multiply the binomials terms to get the product.

DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS

Rules in dividing polynomials

A. Polynomial by Monomial
To divide a polynomial by a monomial, simply divide each term of the
polynomial by the given divisor.
Example:
1. divide 12x^4 – 16x^3 + 8x^2 by 4x^2
Solution: = 12x^4/4x^2 - 16x^3/4x^2 + 8x^2/4x^2
= 3x^4-2 – 4x^3-2 – 2x^2-2
= 3x^2 – 4x + 2^0
= 3x^2 – 4x + 2(1)
= 3x^2 – 4x + 2

B. Polynomial by a polynomial with more than one term

To divide a polynomial by a polynomial with more than one term by
long division, simply follow the procedure in dividing numbers by long
division.
Activity 2.8
Solve the following:
1. (x + 3) (x + 5)
2. (x – 5) (x + 5)
3. divide x^2 – 3x – 10 by x + 2

LEARNING INVESTIGATION CONTENT

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Product of two Binomials
The product of two binomials can be found using the foil method, which
is an application of the distributive property.

Multiply the first term: the first term of the first binomial is multiplied
by the first term of the second binomial.
Multiply the outer terms: the first term of the binomial is multiplied by
the second term of the second binomial.
Multiply the inner terms: the second term of the first binomial is
multiplied by the first term of the second binomial.
Multiply the last terms: the second term of the first binomial is
multiplied by the second term of the second binomial.
Combine like terms: the resulting terms are added together, and any like
terms are combined to simplify the expression.

Example: the product of (x + 3) and (x + 5) is found as follows:

(x + 3) (x + 5) = x . x + x.5 + 3.x + 3.5 = x^2 + 5x + 3x + 15
= x^2 + 8x + 15

Product of the sum and difference of two terms

The product of the sum and difference of two terms is a special product
that results in the difference of two squares.
Identify the terms: the two terms in the sum and difference are
identified.
Square the first term: the first term is squared.
Square the second term: the second term is squared.
Subtract the squares: the square of the second term is subtracted from
the square of the first term.
Example: the product of (a + b) and (a – b) is found as follows:
(a + b) (a – b) = a^2 b^2.

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Square of a Binomial
The square of a binomial is another special product that results in a
trinomial.

Square the first term: the first term of the binomial is squared.
Find twice the product of the terms: the product of the two terms in
the binomial is found and then multiplied by 2.
Square the last term: the last term of the binomial is squared.
Combine the terms: the squared first term, twice the product of the
terms, and the squared last term are added together.

Activity 2.9
Solve the following:
1. (x + 5) (x + 1)
2. (3x + 5) (3x – 5)
3. (x + 2) (x + 2)

LEARNING INVESTIGATION CONTENT

When you solve word problems, you have to translate verbal statements
into mathematical sentences or phrases. When word problems involve’s
two conditions, you may be able to translate each condition into an
equation. The numbers that satisfy both equations at the same time
represent the solution of the word problem.

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Example
1. In a fruity tray, there are a apples and b bananas. In a box, there are 6
apples and 8 bananas. What is the total number of fruits?
Solution:
Step 1: read and understand the problem.
Be sure to read and understand the problem.
If you are doubtful read it again.
Step 2: represent the unknown with a variable.
Let a be the number of apples
b be the number of bananas
a apples and b bananas a+b
6 apples and 8 bananas 6 + 8 (not 6a + 8b)
Step 3: solve for the variables.
Since we are asked to get the total number of pieces of fruits, then
we need to combine the fruits in the fruit tray and the fruits in the box.
Number of fruits in the fruit tray a+b
Number of fruits in the box 6+8
Combining the two expressions a+b+6+8
a + b + 14
Step 4: Answer
The answer is a + b + 14
Does the solution answer the question asked? Yes.
Final answer a + b + 14
Step 5: check
Since, there are 6 apples and 8 bananas 6 + 8 in the box

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 Total number of fruits a+b+6+8
​
Activity 2.10
Choose the letter of your answer.
1. three subtracted from the product of 6 and a number x in symbol is?
a. 3(x – 6) b. 6(x – 3)
c. 3x – 6 d. 6x – 3

2. jay-r takes h hours and m minutes to complete the typing job. His
friend juvy , takes as thrice as long to finish typing. Write an algebraic
expression for juvy’s typing speed.
a. 3h + 3m b. 3h + m
c. h + 3m d. 3hm

3. these verbal phrases below indicates subtraction except.

a. decreased b. subtracted from
c. doubled by d. the difference of

LEARNING INVESTIGATION CONTENT

Algebraic expression
In mathematics, an algebraic expression is defined as a phrase that
groups together numbers (constant), letters (variables) or their
combination joined by operations (+, -, x, /), to respect the value of
something.
It does not contain any equal to (=) sign, so, it does not show any
relationship. Hence, it has nothing on the left or right side.
An algebraic expression can be simplified by combining like terms
or it can be evaluated, replacing values in place of the variables to arrive
at a numerical value.

33
Examples of algebraic expressions
●​ 2x – 4
●​ 2y
●​ (x² + 2) (x – 3)

Equation
In mathematics, the term equation means a statement of equality. It is
a sentence in which two expressions are one to another. In order to
satisfy the equation, it is important to determine the value of its variable;
which is known as the solution.
An equation can be conditional or an identity. If the equation is
conditional, then the equality of two expressions is true for a definite
value of a variable involved. However, if the equation is an identity,
then the equality is true to all values held by the variable.
Example of an equation
●​ 4x + 2 = 8
●​ A + b + c = 0
●​ 2i + 2w = p

Key Difference Between Algebraic Expression and Equation

Expression Equation
●​ An algebraic expression is a ●​ An equation described as a
mathematical phrase that mathematical statement with
groups together numbers, two expressions set equal to
variables, operation to show each other.
the value of something
●​ An algebraic expression is a ●​ An equation is a sentence
fragment that stands for a showing equality between
single numerical value. two expressions.
●​ An algebraic expression is ●​ An equation is solved.
simplified through
evaluation where we
substitute values in place of
the variable.

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 ●​ An algebraic expression has ●​ An equation is indicated by
no relation symbol. equal sign (=)
●​ An algebraic expression is ●​ An equation is two sided,
one-sided there is no where an equal sign
separation like left or right. separates the left and the
right side.
●​ The answer of an algebraic ●​ The answer in an equation
expression is either an could be true or false.
expression or a numerical
value.

Activity 2.11
1.​ It has an equal (=) sign that separates the left side from the right
side.
a. algebraic expression
b. equation
c. inequality
d. all of these
2.​ Which of the following statements describes an algebraic
expression?
a. there is a relation symbol
b. there is a definite solution
c. there is an equal sign
d. there is no separation like left or right.
3.​ It is a fragment that stands for a single numerical value.
a. equation
b. algebraic expression
c. inequality
d. all of these

LEARNING INVESTIGATION CONTENT

35
 To translate English to mathematical sentences, student should
identify the variable, operations, and constants by recognizing
keywords like sum, difference, product, and quotient for
operations, and using letters to represent unknown numbers.

●​ Variables: represent unknown numbers or quantities, often

using letters like x or n.
●​ Constant: fixed numerical values.
●​ Expression: a combination of numbers, variables, and
operations that does not include an equal sign, representing a
complete thought.
●​ Sentences: contain an equal sign, indicating a complete
thought or statement.

English to mathematical sentence

1. Identify the unknown: assign variable (like x or n) to the unknown
number or quantity.
2. Identify operations: look for keywords that indicate operations:
●​ Addition: sum, increased by, more than, plus.
●​ Subtraction: difference, decreased by, less than
●​ Multiplication: product, times, multiplied by
●​ Division: quotient, ratio, divided by
Mathematical to English sentence
1. Identify the component: break down the mathematical sentence into
its parts: variables, constants, and operations
2. Explain the operations: translate the mathematical symbols back into
their verbal equivalents.
Example: 4c becomes” four times a number c”
3. Form the complete sentence: construct the full English sentence,
ensuring it conveys the same complete thought as the mathematical
sentence.
Example: the sentence y – 4 translate to “a number y decreased by four”.

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Activity 2.12
Translate the following into English or math sentence:
1. The difference of twice a number and five is thirty-one.
2. The mathematical sentence 3y = 9
3. The sum of a number and five is ten.

LEARNING INVESTIGATION CONTENT

Algebraic expressions are expressions made up of constant and

variable, along with algebraic operations such as addition and
subtraction. A variable, usually represented by a letter, takes a quantity
or value that may vary. A constant is a number, letter, or symbol whose
value is fixed.
An equation is a mathematical statement which expresses that two
numbers or two algebraic expressions are equal. An equation that
contains a variable is an open sentence which can be true or false
depending on the value of the variable. The value of the variable that
makes the equation true is a solution of the equation.

Examples: 5m + 20 = 10 6b – 23 = 27

A closed sentence is a mathematical statement containing no variables.

Examples: 1 + 2 = 3 2(3) = 6

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 LEARNING INVESTIGATION CONTENT

Linear equation is defined as one degree equation or the highest degree

of an equation is one. To determine a linear equation, look at the highest
degree of an equation. If the highest degree of the equation is one, then it
is a linear equation. If the highest degree of the equation is not one, then
it is not a linear equation.
Example of linear equation:
4x + 3y = 8
8x + 4 = 12
Example of not linear equation:
2xy = 10
3x + 4xy – 6z = 20

Linear equation in one variable

A linear equation in one variable is an equation has a maximum of one
variable of order 1, which is expressed in the form ax + b + c where a
and b are integers and x is a variable and has only one solution. The
symbol “=” is used to indicate equality.

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Linear inequality in one variable
A linear inequality is a statement involving one variable which exponent
is 1, where inequality rather tan equality is the center of focus. The word
“inequality “indicates that the expression on the left and right side of
inequality inequality are not equal.

Inequality symbols

< Less than

> Greater than
≤ Less than, equal to or at most
≥ Greater than or equal to, at least
≠ Not equal to

Activity 2.14
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. It is a combination of numbers, operations and variables.

a. equation
b. equivalent
c. expression
d. inequality
2. It is a statement which expresses that two numbers or algebraic
expressions are equal.
a. equation

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b. equivalent
c. inequality
d. linear
3. It is any mathematical statement relating two quantities using the
symbol >, <, ≥ or ≤.
a. equation
b. equality
c. inequality
d. equivalent

LEARNING INVESTIGATION CONTENT

There are (3) different ways to solve an equation or inequality by

inspection.

A. GUESS AND CHECK

In this method, one guesses the solution and then substitute the
guessed value into the problem to see if the answer is correct.

Example 1: determine if the given value of x are solution to the equation

2x – 6 = 4
For x = 3 For x = 4 For x = 5 For x = 6 For x = 7
2x – 6 = 4 2x – 6 = 4 2x – 6 = 4 2x – 6 = 4 2x – 6 = 4
2(3) – 6 = 4 2(4) – 6 = 4 2(5) – 6 = 4 2(6) – 6 = 4 2(7) – 6 = 4
6–6=4 8–6=4 10 – 6 = 4 12 – 6 = 4 14 – 6 = 4
0≠4 2≠4 4=4 6≠4 8≠4
FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE

B. COVER-UP

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In this method, one covers up the term with the variable.
Example 1: 2x – 6 = 4
-6=4
Thus, to result in a true statement, the must be 10.
Therefore, 2x must be 10, and x must be 5, since 2(5) = 10.

C. WORKING BACKGROUND
In this method, the reverse procedure is used.
Example 1: 2x – 6 = 4
The equation tells that x is multiplied by 2 and 6 is subtracted
to the product will give 4. Thus, if -6 is subtracted from 4 and divided by
2, the value of x can be obtained, so x = 5.

Activity 2.15
Identify which of the following is an equation or an inequality.
1. x – 5 = 15
2. 12 + y ≠ 10
3. y + 8 > 10

LEARNING INVESTIGATION CONTENT

The absolute value of a number is the distance on the number line

between the number and zero without any regards to it direction. Thus,
the absolute value of any number is non-negative.

Solving linear equation and inequalities with absolute value

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Linear equations and inequalities involving absolute value in one
variable can be solved using both graphing and algebraic methods.

(a) Graphing Method

Isolate the Absolute Value Expression: the isolate value expression is
isolated on one side of the equation or inequality.
For example: in | x – 2 | = 3, the absolute value is already isolated. In | x
+ 1 | - 4 < 0, the inequality is rewritten as | x + 1 | < 4.

Identify critical points:

For equation like | ax + b | = c, the critical points are found by setting ax
+ b = c and ax + b = -c.

(b) Algebraic Method

Isolate the absolute value expression: the absolute value expression is
isolated on one side of the equation or inequality.
For equations: if |ax + b| = c, then two separate equations are formed: ax
+ b = c and ax + b = -c.
For inequalities:
●​ If |ax + b| < c, then a compound inequality is formed: -c < ax + b <
c.
●​ If |ax + b| > c, then two separate inequalities are formed: ax + b > c
or ax + b < -c.

Activity 2.16
Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. What are the values of x in the equation | x + 5 | = 4?
a. x = -1 and x = -9 c. x = -1 and x = 9
b. x = 1 and x = -9 d. x = 1 and x = 9
2. What is a possible solution of 7x + 5 ≥ 9?
a. -2 c. 0
b. -1 d. 1
3. What is / are the value/s of x I the equation | x | = 2?
a. 2 c. 2 or -2
b. -2 d. 22

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 LEARNING INVESTIGATION CONTENT

Steps for solving equations and inequalities

Understanding the problem: the problem is read and understood
carefully to identify the unknown quantity and the relationships between
quantities.
Assigning a variable: a variable, such as x, is assigned to represent the
unknown quantity.
Formulating the equation or inequality:
For equations: properties of equality (addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division) are applied to isolate the variable on one pf the
equation.
For inequalities: similar properties are applied, with the crucial
distinction that the inequality sign is reversed when multiplying or
dividing both sides by a negative number.

Example:
Three more than twice a number is equal to 17. What is the number?
Solution:
Let the unknown number be represented by x.
Three more than twice a number is represented by 2x + 3. The statement
is equal to 17 leads to equation 2x + 3 = 17

Solve the equation:

The constant term 3 is subtracted from both sides of the equation:
2x + 3 – 3 = 17 – 3, which simplifies to 2x = 14.

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 2𝑥 14
Both sides of the equation are divided by 2: 2
= 2
, which results in x
= 7.

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