CHEMISTRY

Holiday Homework Solutions — Class XII (2026-27)

Topics: Solutions, Chemical Kinetics, Electrochemistry

SOLUTIONS

Question 1: Van't Hoff Factor for Trichloroacetic Acid

Given: Molality (m) = 1.00 m, Boiling point of solution = 100.18°C, Boiling point of pure water = 100°C, Kb for
water = 0.512 K kg mol-1

Formula: ΔTb = i × Kb × m

ΔTb = 100.18°C - 100°C = 0.18°C = 0.18 K

0.18 = i × 0.512 × 1.00 ⇒ i = 0.18 / 0.512 ≈ 0.35

Note: Theoretically, an acid dissociates resulting in i > 1. This calculated value directly reflects the specific numeric
parameters provided in the problem statement.

Question 2: Boiling Point of Glucose Solution

Given: Mass of glucose (w2) = 18 g, Molar mass (M2) = 180 g mol-1, Mass of water (w1) = 1 kg, Kb = 0.52 K kg
mol-1, Pure B.P. (Tb°) = 373.15 K

Moles of glucose = 18 / 180 = 0.1 mol ⇒ Molality (m) = 0.1 mol / 1 kg = 0.1 m
ΔTb = Kb × m = 0.52 × 0.1 = 0.052 K
Tb = Tb° + ΔTb = 373.15 + 0.052 = 373.202 K

Final Answer: The solution will boil at 373.202 K.

Question 3: Freezing Point Depression of Na2SO4

Given: Molality (m) = 0.0711 m, Observed freezing point = -0.320°C, Kf for water = 1.86°C m-1

ΔTf (expected) = Kf × m = 1.86 × 0.0711 = 0.1322°C

ΔTf (observed) = 0°C - (-0.320°C) = 0.320°C
i = ΔTf (observed) / ΔTf (expected) = 0.320 / 0.1322 ≈ 2.42

Final Answer: Expected depression = 0.1322°C; Van't Hoff factor (i) = 2.42.

Class XII Chemistry - Holiday Homework Solutions Page 1 of 9

 Question 4: Molar Mass of Oil of Wintergreen

Given: Mass of solute (w2) = 1.25 g, Mass of benzene (w1) = 99.0 g, Solution B.P. (Tb) = 80.31°C, Pure B.P.
(Tb°) = 80.10°C, Kb = 2.53°C kg mol-1

ΔTb = 80.31°C - 80.10°C = 0.21°C

M2 = (Kb × w2 × 1000) / (ΔTb × w1)

M2 = (2.53 × 1.25 × 1000) / (0.21 × 99.0) ≈ 152.1 g mol-1

Final Answer: The molar mass of the compound is 152.1 g mol-1.

Question 5: Mass of Glycerol Dissolved

Given: Mass of water (w1) = 500 g, Molar mass of glycerol (M2) = 92 g mol-1, Solution B.P. = 100.42°C, Kb =
0.512 K kg mol-1

ΔTb = 100.42°C - 100°C = 0.42°C

0.42 = 0.512 × (w2 × 1000) / (92 × 500)
w2 = (0.42 × 92) / (0.512 × 2) ≈ 37.73 g

Final Answer: 37.73 g of glycerol was dissolved.

Question 6: Molar Mass of Unknown Substance

Given: Mass of solute (w2) = 5 g, Mass of water (w1) = 450 g, Freezing point = -0.34°C ⇒ ΔTf = 0.34 K, Kf =
1.86 K kg mol-1

M2 = (Kf × w2 × 1000) / (ΔTf × w1)

M2 = (1.86 × 5 × 1000) / (0.34 × 450) ≈ 60.78 g mol-1

Final Answer: The molar mass of the substance is 60.78 g mol-1.

Question 7: Amount of KCl to be Added

Given: Mass of water (w1) = 1 kg, ΔTf = 2 K, Kf = 1.86 K kg mol-1, Molar mass of KCl (M2) = 74.5 g mol-1. For
complete dissociation, i = 2.

ΔTf = i × Kf × (w2 / M2 × w1)

2 = 2 × 1.86 × (w2 / 74.5 × 1)
w2 = 74.5 / 1.86 ≈ 40.05 g

Final Answer: 40.05 g of KCl must be added.

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 Question 8: Molecular Mass of Solute & Vapour Pressure of Water

Given: Case 1: 30 g solute in 90 g H2O (5 mol), P = 2.8 kPa. Case 2: 30 g solute in 108 g H2O (6 mol), P = 2.9
kPa.

Using Raoult's Law relative lowering expression: (P° - P) / P = n / N

Case 1: (P° - 2.8) / 2.8 = (30/M) / 5 ⇒ P° / 2.8 = 1 + 6/M

Case 2: (P° - 2.9) / 2.9 = (30/M) / 6 ⇒ P° / 2.9 = 1 + 5/M

Dividing the simultaneous setup expressions yields:

M = 23 g mol-1
Substituting M back: P° ≈ 3.53 kPa

Final Answer: (i) Molar mass of solute = 23 g mol-1, (ii) Vapour pressure of pure water = 3.53 kPa.

Question 9: Millimoles of N2 Gas Dissolved

Given: Partial pressure (PN ) = 0.987 bar, KH = 76.48 kbar = 76480 bar, Vol = 1 L water ≈ 55.55 mol.
2

χN = PN / KH = 0.987 / 76480 = 1.29 × 10-5

2 2
nN = χN × nH O = (1.29 × 10-5) × 55.55 = 7.16 × 10-4 mol = 0.716 millimoles
2 2 2

Final Answer: 0.716 millimoles of N2 gas dissolves.

Question 10: Partial Pressure of Ethane

Given: Mass 1 (m1) = 6.56 × 10-2 g at P1 = 1 bar. Mass 2 (m2) = 5.0 × 10-2 g.

According to Henry's Law (m = KH × P):

m1 / m2 = P1 / P2

(6.56 × 10-2) / (5.0 × 10-2) = 1 / P2 ⇒ P2 = 5.0 / 6.56 ≈ 0.762 bar

Final Answer: The partial pressure of the gas will be 0.762 bar.

Class XII Chemistry - Holiday Homework Solutions Page 3 of 9

 CHEMICAL KINETICS

Question 1: Time Taken for Zero Order Reaction

Given: k = 0.0030 mol L-1 s-1, Initial [A]0 = 0.10 M, Final [A] = 0.075 M.

t = ([A]0 - [A]) / k
t = (0.10 - 0.075) / 0.0030 = 0.025 / 0.0030 ≈ 8.33 seconds

Final Answer: It will take 8.33 seconds.

Question 2: Time for Three-Fourths Decomposition

Given: First order reaction with k = 2.4 × 10-3 s-1. Three-fourths decomposed means remaining concentration
[A] = 0.25 [A]0.

t = (2.303 / k) × log([A]0 / [A])

t = (2.303 / (2.4 × 10-3)) × log(1 / 0.25) = (2.303 / (2.4 × 10-3)) × log(4)

t = (2.303 × 0.6021) / (2.4 × 10-3) ≈ 577.8 seconds

Final Answer: It will take 577.8 seconds.

Question 3: Reaction Order and Half-life

(a) Rate Law: r = k[A]1/2[B]2

Overall Order = 1/2 + 2 = 2.5

(b) Given: k = 5.5 × 10-14 s-1

t1/2 = 0.693 / k = 0.693 / (5.5 × 10-14) ≈ 1.26 × 1013 seconds

Question 4: 3/4th Life of First Order Reaction

Given: k = 2.54 × 10-3 s-1, log 4 = 0.6020.

t3/4 = (2.303 / k) × log(4)

t3/4 = (2.303 × 0.6020) / (2.54 × 10-3) ≈ 545.8 seconds

Final Answer: The 3/4th life period is 545.8 seconds.

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 Question 5: Percentage of Decomposed Reactant

Given: k = 2.0 × 10-4 s-1, t = 900 s, antilog 0.0781 = 1.197.

log([A]0 / [A]) = (k × t) / 2.303 = (2.0 × 10-4 × 900) / 2.303 = 0.07816

[A]0 / [A] = antilog(0.0781) = 1.197 ⇒ [A] = [A]0 / 1.197 ≈ 0.835 [A]0
Percentage decomposed = (1 - 0.835) × 100% = 16.5%

Final Answer: 16.5% of A2B2 is decomposed.

Question 6: Order and Units

(a) Given Rate Law: Rate = k[A]1[B]2

Overall Order = 1 + 2 = 3

(b) Unit of k for first order reaction:

s-1 (or min-1)

Question 7: Pt Surface Zero Order Reaction

Reaction: 2NH3(g) → N2(g) + 3H2(g), Rate = k

(i) Order & Molecularity:

Order = 0 (independent of reactant concentration)
Molecularity = 2 (two reacting ammonia molecules require simultaneous collision)

(ii) Unit of k:
mol L-1 s-1

Question 8: Differential Rate Equations

(a) (i) Differential Rate Equation: -d[A]/dt = k[A][B]2

(a) (ii) Impact when [B] is tripled: Rate' = k[A](3[B])2 = 9 × Rate (Increases by 9 times)
(a) (iii) Impact when both are doubled: Rate'' = k(2[A])(2[B])2 = 8 × Rate (Increases by 8 times)

(b) Molecularity definition: It is defined as the absolute number of reacting molecular species (atoms,
ions, or compounds) taking part in an elementary structural step that must undergo dynamic
simultaneous collision to affect the transformation.

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 Question 9: Activation Energy & Rate Constant Calculation

Given expression: log k = 14.2 - (1.0 × 104 K) / T, R = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1, t1/2 = 200 min = 12000 s.

Comparing with Arrhenius equation form (log k = log A - Ea / 2.303RT):

Ea / 2.303R = 1.0 × 104

Ea = 1.0 × 104 × 2.303 × 8.314 ≈ 191.47 kJ mol-1

Calculating k from half-life:

k = 0.693 / t1/2 = 0.693 / 12000 s ≈ 5.77 × 10-5 s-1

Final Answer: Ea = 191.47 kJ mol-1; k = 5.77 × 10-5 s-1.

Question 10: Time for 75% Completion vs 25% Completion

Given: 25% decomposition happens in 20 minutes. log(4/3) = 0.1250

Step 1: Find k
k = (2.303 / 20) × log(100/75) = (2.303 / 20) × 0.1250 = 0.0144 min-1

Step 2: Find time for 75% completion

t75% = (2.303 / 0.0144) × log(100/25) = (2.303 / 0.0144) × 0.6021 ≈ 96.3 minutes

Final Answer: 75% reaction completion takes 96.3 minutes.

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Question 1: Increasing Order of Reducing Power

Standard Reduction Potentials: K+/K = -2.93 V, Mg2+/Mg = -2.37 V, Cr3+/Cr = -0.74 V, Fe2+/Fe = -0.44 V,
Cu2+/Cu = +0.34 V, Ag+/Ag = +0.80 V

Rule: A more negative standard reduction potential signifies a stronger reducing power.

Increasing Order: Ag < Cu < Fe < Cr < Mg < K

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 Question 2: Redox Equation Construction

Given: Reduction: MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O (E° = 1.51 V); Oxidation: Sn2+ → Sn4+ + 2e- (E° = 0.15
V)

Balancing the full multi-electron exchange redox process:

2MnO4-(aq) + 16H+(aq) + 5Sn2+(aq) → 2Mn2+(aq) + 8H2O(l) + 5Sn4+(aq)

Cell Potential evaluation:

E°cell = E°cathode - E°anode = 1.51 V - 0.15 V = +1.36 V

Final Answer: Since E°cell is positive (+1.36 V), the system is strongly product-favoured.

Question 3: Conductivity from Molar Conductivity

Given: Molar concentration (C) = 1.5 M, Λm = 138.9 S cm2 mol-1

Λm = (κ × 1000) / C

138.9 = (κ × 1000) / 1.5 ⇒ κ = (138.9 × 1.5) / 1000 = 0.208 S cm-1

Final Answer: Conductivity (κ) = 0.208 S cm-1.

Question 4: Electrode Potential of Zinc Rod

Given: Nominally 0.1 M ZnSO4, 95% dissociated ⇒ [Zn2+] = 0.1 × 0.95 = 0.095 M. E°Zn2+/Zn = -0.76 V.

Utilizing the Nernst Equation:

E = E° - (0.0591 / 2) × log(1 / [Zn2+])

E = -0.76 - 0.02955 × log(1 / 0.095) = -0.76 - 0.02955 × 1.022 ≈ -0.79 V

Final Answer: The actual dynamic electrode potential is -0.79 V.

Question 5: Silver Ion Concentration

Given: Ecell = 0.422 V, [Cu2+] = 0.10 M, E°cell = 0.80 V - 0.34 V = 0.46 V.

Ecell = E°cell - (0.0591 / 2) × log([Cu2+] / [Ag+]2)

0.422 = 0.46 - 0.02955 × log(0.10 / [Ag+]2) ⇒ -0.038 = -0.02955 × log(0.10 / [Ag+]2)

log(0.10 / [Ag+]2) = 1.286 ⇒ 0.10 / [Ag+]2 = 19.32 ⇒ [Ag+] ≈ 0.072 M

Final Answer: Concentration of silver ion is 0.072 M.

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 Question 6: Resistivity, Conductivity, & Molar Conductivity

Given: C = 0.05 M, R = 5.55 × 103 Ω, diameter = 1 cm ⇒ r = 0.5 cm, Area (A) = πr2 = 0.785 cm2, l = 50 cm.

Resistivity (ρ): ρ = R × A / l = 5.55 × 103 × 0.785 / 50 ≈ 87.13 Ω cm

Conductivity (κ): κ = 1 / ρ = 1 / 87.13 ≈ 0.01148 S cm-1

Molar Conductivity (Λm): Λm = (κ × 1000) / C = (0.01148 × 1000) / 0.05 = 229.6 S cm2 mol-1

Question 7: Voltaic Cell Potential (Al-Ni)

Given: [Al3+] = 0.001 M, [Ni2+] = 0.50 M, E°Ni2+/Ni = -0.25 V, E°Al3+/Al = -1.66 V.

Cell reaction: 2Al(s) + 3Ni2+(aq) → 2Al3+(aq) + 3Ni(s) [n = 6 electrons exchanged]

E°cell = -0.25 V - (-1.66 V) = +1.41 V

Ecell = 1.41 - (0.0591 / 6) × log([Al3+]2 / [Ni2+]3)

Ecell = 1.41 - 0.00985 × log((10-3)2 / 0.503) = 1.41 - 0.00985 × log(8 × 10-6)

Ecell = 1.41 - 0.00985 × (-0.54) ≈ 1.415 V

Final Answer: The dynamic cell potential is 1.415 V.

Question 8: Molar Conductance of Unknown Electrolyte

Given: Reference solution: 0.1 M KCl, R = 85 Ω, κ = 1.29 × 10-2 Ω-1 cm-1. Unknown solution: 0.052 M, R = 96
Ω.

Step 1: Cell Constant (G*)

G* = κ × R = 1.29 × 10-2 × 85 = 1.0965 cm-1

Step 2: Conductivity of Unknown (κ)

κ = G* / R = 1.0965 / 96 = 0.01142 S cm-1

Step 3: Molar Conductance (Λm)

Λm = (κ × 1000) / C = (0.01142 × 1000) / 0.052 ≈ 219.6 S cm2 mol-1

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 Question 9: Coulombs Required & Dissociation Constant

(a) Required Coulombs:

Reduction Half-Reaction: Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
Charge = 6 F = 6 × 96500 C = 579,000 C

(b) Dissociation Constant Calculation:

Given: C = 0.001 M, κ = 4 × 10-5 S/m = 4 × 10-7 S/cm, Λ°m = 390 S cm2 mol-1.

Λm = (κ × 1000) / C = (4 × 10-7 × 1000) / 0.001 = 0.4 S cm2 mol-1

α = Λm / Λ°m = 0.4 / 390 = 1.026 × 10-3

Ka = Cα2 = 0.001 × (1.026 × 10-3)2 ≈ 1.05 × 10-9

Question 10: Molar Conductivity of NaCl Solution

Given: C = 0.01 M, R = 200 Ω, Cell Constant (G*) = 1 cm-1.

κ = G* / R = 1 / 200 = 0.005 S cm-1

Λm = (κ × 1000) / C = (0.005 × 1000) / 0.01 = 500 S cm2 mol-1

Final Answer: Molar conductivity (Λm) = 500 S cm2 mol-1.

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