GS4

Ethics:
• quote: give antithesis; why being told; think broader
• Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, Determinants Consequences of Ethics in - Human Actions;
• Dimensions of Ethics;
• Ethics - in Private and Public Relationships.
• Human Values - Lessons from the Lives and Teachings of Great Leaders, Reformers Administrators;
• Role of Family Society and Educational Institutions in Inculcating Values.
• Attitude: Content, Structure, Function; its Influence and Relation with Thought and Behaviour;
• Moral and Political Attitudes;
• Social Influence and Persuasion.
• Aptitude and Foundational Values for Civil Service, Integrity, Impartiality, Non-partisanship, Objectivity, Dedication to Public Service, Empathy, Tolerance and Compassion towards the weaker-sections.
• Emotional Intelligence-Concepts, and their Utilities and Application in Administration and Governance.
• Contributions of Moral Thinkers and Philosophers from India and World.
• Public/Civil Service Values and Ethics in Public Administration: Status and Problems;
• Ethical Concerns and Dilemmas in Government and Private Institutions;
• Laws, Rules, Regulations and Conscience as Sources of Ethical Guidance;
• Accountability and Ethical Governance;
• Strengthening of Ethical and Moral Values in Governance;
• Ethical Issues in International Relations and Funding;
• Corporate Governance.
• Probity in Governance: Concept of Public Service;
• Philosophical Basis of Governance and Probity;
• Information Sharing and Transparency in Government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen’s Charters
• Work Culture
• Quality of Service Delivery, Utilization of Public Funds, Challenges of Corruption.
• keywords:
• moral_ courage/action/decline/awareness
• integrity: personal, institutional, financial
• conscientious public servants.
• institutional ethics: strong rules, strong scrutiny, strong enforcment
• chalta hai attitude
• sanskritisation of corruption (Kaushik Basu)
• Public office should be treated as trust
• facets of corruption: individual, institution
• one cannot mandate honesty
• Transparency international: Corruption perception index: 93/180
• character building
• corruption as high return low risk activity
• Monopoly + Discretion - Accountability = Corruption
• rule-book character /generalist character
• PM: 'reform, perform, transform'
• honest doer, honest non-doer, honest undoer
• issues:
◦ consumerism and materialism/hedonism/hedonistic treadmill
◦ Weakening of Social Institutions: family, religious instn
◦ social acceptibility/normalisation of corruption->banality of evil (Arendt)
◦ Decline in Collective Morality: individualism-breakdown of community bonds->reduces social pressure to act ethically.
◦ social media: glorification of power/wealth, instant gratification mindset, stereotyping
◦ loss of ethical role models
◦ decline of moral edu in schools
◦ lack of transparency and accountability
◦ inadequate protection to whistleblowers
◦ _ becoming end in itself
◦ using _ as means
• way fwd:
◦ ethical introspection (socrates)
◦ role models: showcasing exp from life of great personalities
◦ role of the leader
◦ incentivise: reward and punish
◦ sensitivity training
◦ parents, teachers, influencers can actively guide->Pygmalion Effect
◦ ethical education e.g value based edu
◦ inculcating ideals of constitution
◦ community ownership of decisions/civic engagement/citizen's oversight and audit
◦ Strengthening Accountability & transparency
◦ Cultural and Social Norms Transformation: media, literature, art, and public campaigns e.g IAC, Give it up
◦ Effective Law Enforcement and Judicial Reforms
◦ Constructive dialogue, personal integrity, selfless dedication, compassion, and mutual respect are the ‘Panchamrit’ of governance
◦ ethical training prog/performance based promotion
Syllabus based points
• Ethics
◦ standard of judgeing rightness/wrongness of human action
• Sources:
◦ Religion & culture: Islam (zakat), Sikhism (Seva), Jain (non-violence), hinduism (dharma)
◦ conscience e.g Ashoka after kalinga-non violence
◦ family
◦ laws : judiciary and constitution (14,15,19,21,39,46), laws (SC/ST Act-non discrimination), code of conduct
◦ media: films -3 idiots, social network, schindlers list , sherni, Wednesday, Pink, sitaare zameen par, Raid movie;
◦ thinkers and philosophers e.g kant human diginity
◦ role models
• determinants of ethics:
◦ time: justice: from retributive to reformation , gender equality
◦ tradition: force of habits/persistance e.g caste discrimination , purdah
◦ religion: jainism/buddhism-non violence, bhakti/Sufism-bortherhood
◦ social influencers: french revolution (Voltaire challenged church), American rev ('no taxation w/o rep')
◦ collective conscience : Nirbhaya case (def of sexual harss widened)
◦ govt: SBM-Cleanliness , IPC->BNS (rehab over retribution)
◦ ethics vs morals:
▪ def: external principles vs individual beliefs
▪ source: philosophical reasoning vs cultural norms/religious beliefs
▪ scope: broader vs personal & subjective
▪ objective : creative harmonious & functioning society vs guide individual behaviour
▪ flexibility: adaptable vs can be rigid
▪ focus: what should be done in various situation(practical) vs what is right/wrong (theoratical)
▪ application: professional fields vs everyday personal life
▪ conflict bw ethics & morals:
• caste system, sati, abortion
▪ ethics vs religion:
• def : system of belief centered around higher power of deity
• source: human exp/reason/societal norms vs texts/traditions
• scope: secular & universal vs specific to religion
• fiexibility: adaptable vs rigid
• sanction: social disapproval vs divine judgement/religious penalities
• application : applied in diverse context (law/business) vs apply in ritual/worship
• conflict b/w ethics & religion: sabarimala, female genital mutitition
▪ ethics vs law:
• def: system of rules created by govt inst
• source: religion/culture/philosopher vs parliament/const
• scope: wider (cover immoral acts) vs narrower (illegal acts
• flexibility : can vary with individuals vs specific
• sanction: societal pressure/personal guilt vs enforced by courts
▪ legal but unethical:
• tax avoidance using legal loopholes
• lay of employees to boost stock prices
• marketing unhealthy products to children
• politics: defection, repeated ordinance, electoral bonds
▪ ethical but illegal:
• civil disobedience in protest e.g blocking traffic against racial injustice
• whistleblowing: leak classified info -edward snowden
• provide medical aid without licence
• distribute copyrighted edu material to poor student
▪ constitutional morality:
• adherence to core principles & values enshrined in const-spirit of const r.t merely literal interpretation
• Maneka gandhi case: procedure estb by law (letter)->due process (spirit of law)
• kesavananda bharati case: BSD- Safeguard core values
• KS Puttaswamy: right to privacy
• Indian young lawyers vs state of kerala: sabarimala case: equality
• Shreya Singhal case: S66A of IT Act striked down->against liberty
• electoral bond case: against transparency
• navtej johar: S377 striked down: against liberty
◦ imp of ethics:
▪ builds character & integrity
▪ enhance trust/credibility
▪ inner peace & self respect
▪ decision making: moral compass
▪ just society/attainment of highest good (summum bonum)
◦ absence of ethics leads to:
▪ moral degradation for I e.g adultry
▪ erosion of social capital @society e.g racial/caste based discrimination
▪ corruption @Pol e.g quid pro quo in tenders
▪ Violation of Rights e.g forced displacement of tribals
▪ Inefficiency @Bur e.g compromise merit by app corrupt officer
▪ Global instability @Int e.g wars in gaza, ukraine
▪ Env degradation @Env e.g mindless consumerism->high carbon footprint
◦ consequence of ethics/any value->individual, society, org (public, pvt), global (IR, Env)
▪ individual:
• guide moral decision making e.g gandhiji in chauri chaura
• credibility/professional efficiency e.g E Shreedharan in metro projects
• confidence/courage e.g whistleblowing by officer Satyendra dubey
• happiness: clear conscience e.g ethical poor man vs fugitive rich
• higher order need fulfilled (Mashlow) e.g mother teresa;
• resolve: ethical dilemmas, crisis of conscience
▪ Org:
• economy, efficiency and effectiveness e.g GoI dept->auction through tenders->higher revenue
• work culture: transparent, participative ->producitivty & motivation of employees
• reduce legal/fin risks e.g Volkswagen suffered losses in dieselgate
• attract best talent e.g google's emphasis on transparency and inclusion
• credibility and trust : TATA's ethical standards ->loyal customers
• ethical decision making at all levels e.g Johnson & Johnson recall of tylenol in 1980s
• long term profitability: Unilever ethical sourcing
• promote social responsibility e.g Pantagonia donate profits for env causes
• society:
◦ social: human capital formation (e.g women), tolerance (e.g galileo), social justice
◦ cultural: soft power(no first use->NSG waiver) , cultural heritage, social capital
◦ economic: fair comp->innovation, inclusive growth
◦ political: democracy, liberty, rights
◦ Env: sustainability
◦ legal: justice , human rights
◦ Administrative:
▪ build public trust e.g COVID->NZ health officials communicated honesty->higher public compliance with guidelines
▪ ensure fairness and equity: ethical procurement through competative bidding r.t favoritism
▪ enhance accountability: CAG report findings on misuse of public funds
 ▪ promote efficient use of resources: public hospital following ethical principles in procurement->avoid overpriced equipments->funds for patient care
▪ support rule of law and democracy: Civil servants refusing to implement unlawful orders uphold ethical governance and protect citizens’ rights e.g encounter killing
• ethical absolutism vs ethical relativism:
• universal vs depend on circumstances
• e.g love, dignity, justice vs social-cultural context
• absolutism
◦ merits:
▪ simplifies ethical decision making
▪ clarity and consistency ->avoid confusion
▪ protect fundamental rights
▪ fairness: rule are same for all
▪ avoids slippery slope
◦ demerits:
▪ lack of flexibility: dont consider context/circumstances
▪ ignore cultural differences
▪ diagreement over those absolute standards
▪ promotes intolerance
▪ conflict bw absolutes e.g 'do not lie' vs 'protect innocent life'
• relativism:
◦ merits:
▪ cultural sensitivity and respect e.g respect tribal way of life
▪ flexibility and adaptability e.g in emergency medical care, breaking patient confidentiality may be necessary
▪ encourage open mindedness e.g varying dietary preferences -veg/non-veg
▪ acknowledge human diversity e.g west favor individualism, east stress on communetarianism
▪ consider context/ circumstance e.g using violence against naxalites , affirmative policies in india
◦ demerit:
▪ perpetuate social injustice e.g gender inequality (triple talaq), child labor
▪ difficulty in criticising harmful practices: Female genital mutilation
▪ hinder moral progress e.g campaign against gender/caste discrimination seen as cultural imposition
▪ undermine moral accountability e.g genocide can be justified by cultural beliefs
▪ leads to ethical paralysis: NGOs may hesitate to intevene in oppressive regimes citing cultural sovereignity
◦ convergence bcs of ICT, Globalisation e.g UDHR ,SDGs.
ethics in public/pvt life:
• Private : fidelity, responsibility , love, dignity, customs, compassion, rule of law
• Public Relationships : confidentiality, justice, accountability, objectivity, compassion, integrity, openness
• ethics in private and public relation:
◦ where ? family/friends vs outside world
◦ source of ethics: family norms vs laws/rules
◦ enforcement: voluntary vs externally imposed
◦ formality informal vs formal
◦ essence: emotions vs societal good
• different standards?
◦ yes
▪ diff roles-diff norms/role morality
▪ privacy & autonomy
▪ contextual ethics e.g pvt life (priortise family) vs public (nepotism)
▪ prevent moral rigidity e.g compassion in pvt life vs firm in public life
◦ No
▪ virtue ethics->habits
▪ public trust depends on personal conduct e.g gandhiji vs KC Sen
▪ transparency & Accountability e.g pvt business interest conflict with public decisions
▪ commonality in both e.g dignity, compassion
▪ cognitive dissonance/mental turmoil
◦ pvt life should not be judged unless it has a bearing on public life
Applied ethics:
• any tech (AI, internet);
◦ tech ethics principles that guide resp devp, deployment and use of tech
◦ principles:
▪ privacy e.g Apple smartphone
▪ security e.g encryption
▪ transparency e.g app disclosures
▪ accountability e.g content moderation
▪ fairness e.g not discriminating e.g Amazon hiring algo fav men ; digital divide
▪ beneficence
▪ non maleficence e.g role of Fb algo in Rohingya masscare, Myn
▪ data integrity /confidentiality
▪ informed consent
▪ sustainability
▪ respect for autonomy
▪ Utilitarianism
▪ Deontology->no one as means
◦ e.g pegasus, Cambridge analytica, jamtara, dark patterns , GM babies
◦ positive
▪ transparency/Accountability
▪ accessibility/inclusion
▪ social justice: empowerment/human rights e.g MeToo/Black lives matter, croudfunding
▪ efficiency/innovation e.g precision agri
▪ global equity: bridge divide in edu/health
▪ ethical consumerism ->sustainable practices, ethical brands
◦ negative
▪ gandhi called it 'satanic'
▪ privacy violations
▪ inequality
▪ normalised harmful practices e.g bullying
▪ consumerism
▪ erosion of authentic human connection->dehumanisation
▪ addiction
▪ worker's rights violation e.g gig worker
 ▪ dependence->loss of skills e.g GPS over memory
▪ algorithmic bias->discrimination
▪ lack transparency/Acc
▪ impact autonomy/free will (AI)
◦Bioethics:
▪ euthnesia; human embryo in stem cell research, gene editing, cloning, clinical trials, organ donation, patents , bioterrorism, surrogacy
◦Media ethics :
◦set of principles which media must follow to uphold trust of people
▪ truthfulness e.g Op sindoor - karachi attack;
▪ independence e.g radia tapes
▪ fairness & objectivity e.g SSR case-media trials
▪ humanity e.g corona jihad, UPSC Jihad
▪ public interest over sensationalism e.g ravish kumar 'unemployment' series
▪ scientific temperament e.g coronil
▪ privacy:SSR case, Aarushi talwar case;
▪ media bias
▪ issues: clickbait culture,echo chamber, yellow journalism
◦ environmental ethics:
▪ studies the relation of human beings & env and the ethical principles surrounding env protection
▪ tenets:
• ecocentrism e.g habitat protection -national parks
• Env setwardship: taking resp e.g LiFE Mission
• precautionary principle e.g GM Crops, LMO
• Global perspective e.g climate change
• Pacifism & peace e.g wars->env costs
• Justice e.g polluter pay principle
• sustainability: 'trustee of future gen'
• intergenerational equity e.g CBDR
• Rights: animal rights
• duty: LiFE, 4Rs, EPR
▪ scope: man-animal conflict, devp project, climate change
▪ green washing
• theories:
◦ Thomas aquinas->human reason->understand right/wrong
◦ Utilitarianism:Max good of max no-Bentham
◦ Teleology: ends: Bentham
◦ Kant: Deontology: means,duty based, universality, dignity
◦ Socrates: self knowledge: "the unexamined life is not worth living."
◦ Aristotle :Virtue ethics, wisdom
▪ Cardinal virtues :prudence, justice, fortitude, temperance
▪ golden mean
◦ Gandhi: Sarvodaya, Antodaya,Satya, Ahimsa, Talisman, Nai Taleem (edu)
◦ Gita: Nishkama karma , Stithprajna, Yogakshemam Vahamyaham (your welfare is our resp), Svadharma, Lokasamgraha (welfare of world)
◦ Rawl's justice: max equal liberty, eq of opportunity, difference principal, veil of ignorance
◦ Rights: natural (Locke: life, liberty, property) , legal (Hobbes)
◦ Weber's legitimacy
◦ Mill: qualitative diff in pleasure , harm principle
◦ Carole Gilligan-ethics of care
◦ Confucianism-humanness
◦ Ayn Rand: ethical egoism-ecology
◦ Hannah Arendt: Banality of evil
◦ Miachel sandel: communitarianism,civic virtue , common good over self interest
◦ Aurelius: Stoicism
◦ Levinas: responsibility for the other
◦ Kautilya: inevitibility of corruption
◦ Human Right UDHR
◦ Social contract
◦ Weberian bureaucracy:
▪ impersonal conduct/impersonality
▪ value neutrality
▪ adherence to rules
▪ hirearchal authority
▪ merit based selection
▪ legal rational authority
▪ division of labor
▪ career orientation
▪ commitment to public interest
▪ formal record keeping
▪ benefit: efficiency, predictability, fairness, accountability
▪ criticism:
• red tapism
• rigidity
• lack of innovation
• impersonality->apathy/alienation/dehumanisation
• slow decision making: top-down
• standardised rules->ignore individual/social context
• rule over role orientation
▪ development administration:
▪ participation oriented
▪ socio-economic change
▪ time/goal/client orientation
▪ innovativeness, action & goal oriented, client orientation
▪ commitment orientation
▪ responsive
▪ ecological orientation
• Human Values -
◦ values denotes the degree of importance of some thing or action . they help in deciding the desirability or significance of action.
◦ e.g moral, immoral, amoral values
◦ hierarchy of values e.g ram (promise to sugreev > fairness in fight), karna (friendship> other values)
◦ classification of values: dimensions
▪ individual: honesty, integrity
 ▪ family: respect elders, solidarity, duty, service (sikhism), discipline (army)
▪ constitutional: liberty, equality, fraternity, justice
▪ societal: individualism/collectivism (west vs japan), materialism/spiritualism (USA vs India); tribals-solidarity, contentment, egalitarianism
▪ Org: profitability, confidentiality, customer satisfaction
▪ professional:engg-safety, sustainability
▪ raja harishchandra value: honesty
▪ Elon Musk value: innovation, entrepreneurship
▪ bishnoi community value->env consv
▪ ISRO value: frugality, innovation
• Role of Family : socialisation
▪ first school child attends is home and parents r first teachers
▪ moral/ethical values e.g teach honesty by telling truth themselves
▪ respect/empathy e.g caring for grandparents encourage children to do the same; mistreating elders
▪ hardwork/discipline e.g parent's commitment to work
▪ social responsibility: parent helping neighbour->teach kindness ; telling not to share toys
▪ cultural/religious values e.g navratri->respect women ; Prejudice on caste/religion basis
▪ gender equality: sharing household chores
▪ instill responsibility e.g making own bed
▪ how ?
• child rearing practise e.g authoriative vs democratic
• observational learning e.g smoking
• realistic expectations e.g sharmaji ka beta
• operant conditioning: reward/punish
• role modelling
▪ negative; dependence
• role of edu inst:
▪ “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” — Nelson Mandela
▪ education without values makes man a more clever devil - CS Lewis
▪ moral values e.g honesty by discouraging cheating; kerala honesty shops, thought of day ; singapore-value edu
▪ discipline/hardwork: competitions
▪ social resp: cleanliness drives/env campaigns e.g Japan cleaning
▪ leadership e.g class monitor
▪ Cooperation: group projects
▪ tolerance/open minddedness : exposure to diverse beliefs
▪ curriculum: maths (objective), social science (equality), Env (conservation)
▪ extra curricular : sports (team spirit), cultural a/c (diversity)
▪ negative:
• overemphasis on academic success neglecting moral edu->mental pressure
• commercialisation/commodification ->donations, elitism
• resistance from parents: e.g opp to sex education
• inconsistency in role models e.g case of favoitism by school authorities
• ideological manipulation of curriculum->perpetuate biasness over rationalism
• cultural homogenisation: e.g indigenous students feel alienated which their customs/lang excluded from edu
• teachers:
◦ "Teachers are the backbone of any country, the pillar upon which all aspirations are converted into realities."-Dr APJ Kalam
◦ role model e.g teacher who treats all students fairly teaches the value of justice and equality
◦ reinforce positive behavior: : Praising a student for helping a peer promotes kindness and social responsibility.
◦ challenge prejudices and biases: gender and caste based sensitisation
◦ promote critical thinking through real life case studies and examples
◦ bridge between school and society: : Organizing community service projects
◦ Vishanath anand- gukesh
◦ chanakya-CM
◦ Ramkrishna-vivekanada
◦ ramdas-shivaji
◦ gokhle-gandhi
◦ Anne sullivan & Helen keller
• Role of Society
◦ religion
◦ culture
◦ media/cinema
◦ leaders
◦ nordic countries: gender eq
◦ Japan: work ethic/discipline; social disapproval of corruption
• role of govt:
◦ enforcement: SC/ST Act
◦ rewards: bharat ratna
◦ campaigns: SBM, BBBP. Give it up
• role of media:
◦ spread awareness e.g migrant crisis
◦ solidarity & cooperation e.g covid 2nd wave
◦ eradicate stereotypes e.g LGBTQ-Shubh mangal savdhan
◦ justice e.g metoo
◦ accountability: 2G/Coal
◦ Great Leaders, Reformers ,Administrators:
▪ Buddha:
• noble truth
• 8 fold path: Right Effort, View, Intention, Livelihood, Speech, Conc, Action, Meditation
• Middle path; Karuna, Metta, Ahimsa, Anicca
▪ Kautilya:
• Realism in IR: National interest, end justify means
• corruption: "fish in water", "honey on tongue" , spies, assign duty based on integrity
▪ Vivekananda: service to humankind; daridra narayan seva
▪ Gandhi:
• 7 sins: (PW)2CSK
◦ pleasure without conscience e.g rapes, drugs, hunting
◦ Wealth without work e.g betting, non-performance @workplace
◦ Politics without principles eg hate speech, corruption
◦ Worship without sacrifice e.g ritualism over self-purification
◦ Commerce without morality e.g poor working cond in factories, high wage disparities, toxic work culture, hire and fire
Science without humanity e.g animal trials, atomic weapons
 ◦ Knowledge without character e.g hackers, fin scamsters-Harshad mehta
• Satya, Ahimsa, Sarvodaya, Antodaya, Means>ends, simple living-high thinking, dignity of labor , trusteeship
• Nayee talim: integrate work with edu(voc edu: weaving carpentry), self reliance (cottage industry), holistic edu(physical, mental, spiritual), social resp (serve society), mother tongue, dignity
of labor (manual work)
• insist grandchildren to pay for stay in ashram
• expelled own sister for discrimnating against harijan
▪ Tagore:
• universal brotherhood
• edu: Shantiniketan
◦ learn from nature
◦ integrated: music, art, spirituality
◦ student as co-creator of knowledge
◦ lifelong
◦ inclusive
◦ creativity, imagination, curiosity
▪ Ambedkar:
• equality and social justice
• Education as a Tool of Liberation: "Educate, Agitate, Organize."
• social and pol liberation:
• secularism and religious freedom
• opposed hindu code bill->resign in defeat
• mahad satyagraha
▪ leaders :
• Kalam: Humility & integrity e.g IIT BHU incident
• Patel: leadership and determination e.g sent forces in Hyderabad
• Bose: sacrifice
• Teresa: compassion
• Mandela: forgiveness
• Martin luther king: US Civil rights
• Rosa Parks
• Steve jobs: innovation
• M Visvesvarya
• Malala Yousufzai: courage
• Ratan tata: humility
• MMS: deposited gains
• Sastri: offered resignation after rail accident, returned to jail after relative died while he was on parole
• Modi: devp as mass movement
• Narasimha rao: crisis as opp
• Atal Bihari:nuclear tests
▪ reformers:
• Jyotiba Phule
• sardar patel: unity
• ishwar chand vidyasagar: women rights
• RRR
▪ administrators:
• TN Sheshan: non partishanship
• E Shreedharan : accountable (resign-laxmingar), innovation (prefab)
• Satyendra Dubey: NHAI scam
• S Laxmanna:Debo Na, Nebo Na-integrity
• Prashant Nair: Op Sulaimani: compassion
• Parmeshwaran Iyer: Innovation SBM-Twin pit toilets
• S Jaishankar: excellence
• IAS Nanded: Balika Panchayat
• IAS Sangrur:school on wheel prog
• Ira Singhal: hired transgenders
• kiran bedi: jail reforms
• Awinash Saran: bike ambulance (SANGI EXPRESS)
• IAS Divya Mittal: water reached mirzapur village
• IAS Shashanka Ala: mizoram: my school, my farm
• IAS sandeep Nanduri: cafe run by diff abled
• IAS: T Bhoobalan: multi pronged app to tackle child marriage
▪ CA examples:
• poonam pandey: faked death->spread cervical cancer awareness
• pepsi alert coco cola
• ◦Attitude & aptitude : Cognitive, Affective, Behavioural
◦ "Your attitude, not your aptitude, will determine your altitude."-:Zig Ziglar
◦ "Life is 10% what happens to us and 90% how we react to it."
◦ aptitude is inherent capacity of individual to acquire an appropriate skill through appropriate training e.g linguistic, physical, logical etc
◦ attitude: predisposition/tendency to respond positively/negative towards certain idea, object, person
◦ CAB model
▪ cognitive: opinions/beliefs based on knowledge e.g "Smoking causes cancer"
▪ affective: emotional response (liking/disliking) e.g "I feel disgusted when people smoke near me" —
▪ behavioral: verbal/non verbal B tendency e/.g "I avoid going to places where people smoke"
◦ function:
▪ knowledge function: Helps us organize and understand information about the world e.g positive attitude towards science ->understand sc phenomenon
▪ ego defensive : protect self esteem from threats e.g person failing exam may say 'exam was unfair'
▪ value expressive: Allows individuals to express core values and beliefs. e.g person supporting env protection use env friendly products
utilitarian function: get rewards, avoid punishment e.g student positive attitude towards punchality
▪ social adjustive:express pol opinion in a grp to gain approval
◦ civil service aptitude: physical, intellectual, emotional, moral
◦ diff: attitude vs aptitude
▪ one's predisposition towards particular issue/person vs person's capacity to acquire a new skill
▪ character vs talent
▪ mental vs mental/physical
▪ kambli vs tendulkar
▪ dashrath manjhi
▪ sheetal devi-paraolympic
▪ abhinav bindra
▪ yuvraj singh-cancer
◦ how ?
▪ personal experience: e.g appreciation for honesty in school->positive attitude towards honesty
 ▪ social influence : family/friend, culture, media e.g teenager starts smoking bcs friends do->positive attitude towards smoking
▪ learning processes :
• operant conditioning (reward/punish) e.g speeding ticket->negative attitude towards speeding
• role modelling e.g positive attitude towards fitness inspired from Virat kohli
▪ cognitive processes : cognitive dissonance
▪ benefit of positive Attitude in civil services
• enhance public service delivery: problem solving attitude
• ethical governance: foster integrity..
• handle pressure/crisis situations
• build public trust: approachable, empathetic
• teamwork/leadership: motivate subordinates
• adaptability to change
• work-life balance: mental well being
▪ factors contributing to positive attitude:
• personal factors:
◦ self awareness: strength/weakness
◦ EI
◦ positive thinking/gratitude
◦ physical/mental well being: exercise/sleep/diet
• social factors:
◦ supportive relations: family, friends/mentors
◦ role models
▪ how to develop attitude for public service
• develop sense of public service: voluntary activities , "servant leadership"
• foster empathy: community outreach, interact with people
• uphold integrity: ethical principle in everyday actions, Avoid shortcuts
• develop objectivity:fact based decisions, critical thinking
• cultivate resilience: mindfulness, focus on long term goals
• nurture adaptability: listen diverse views, Accept constructive criticism
• focus on Acc/Resp: Acknowledge mistakes & rectify, Set measurable and realistic goals
• Moral and Political Attitudes
◦ factors shaping: historical factors,social factor(caste, gender,family, education, age,eco status), role of media, circumstances
• Social Influence and Persuasion
◦

◦
◦ persuasion techniques:
◦ commitment and consistency: public commitment in SBM
◦ social proof e.g Publish data of people giving up LPG Subsidies
◦ emotional appeal : Emotional advertisements around road safety/Smoking hazard
◦ use authoratative figures e.g AIIMS Director briefing on hygiene practises in COVID
◦ reward/recognition e.g swatch survekshan ranks
◦ foot in the door technique: asks citizens to sign a petition for cleanliness, then requests active participation in cleanup drives.
◦ scarcity with urgency : Limited-time window to apply for subsidized housing
◦ behavioural nudge
▪ default option
▪ simplify process
▪ visibility
▪ use reminders/prompts
 ▪ commitment devices
▪ reduce hassle factors
◦ media campaign e.g toilet: ek prem katha
• Foundational Values for Civil Service
◦ Integrity: moral, professional, intellectual,artistic, cultural,org, financial,institutional
◦ Impartiality Non-partisanship, Objectivity, Dedication to Public Service, Empathy, Tolerance and Compassion towards the weaker-sections.
◦ truthfulness, honesty,rectitude,uprightness
◦ objectivity:
▪ navigating various interest/avoid Conflict of interest: dams/contracts
▪ select beneficiaries
▪ challenge prejudices & superstitions
▪ personnel mgmt e.g transfers, perf appraisals
▪ Acc & Trp
▪ credibility & trust
▪ Rule of law; quasi judicial role
▪ Limitation:
• constraint of time, data e.g covid, disasters
• utility of intution
• risk taking & innovation
• rules become ends
▪ Impartiality: decision w/o prejudice/bias e.g religion/race
▪ Non partisanship: not specifically affiliated with any grp/party
▪ Imp vs NP:
• Essence:behavior vs attitude
• association: action oriented (equal association with all) vs no association
• how to achieve: being neutral towards citizens/govt vs being apolitical
▪ why NP?
• Political class: trust advice & imp without fear/favor
• bureaucracy: merit based postings, work-culture
• public: confidence/trust, democracy e.g communal riots peace meet
▪ dilution of NP:
• politicization of appointment process e.g pol app in regulatory bodies
• civil service showing pol favoritism
• police use for pol purpose: intimidate pol opponents
• public broadcaster editorial bias
• political transfers e.g plum posts to fav officers
• performance appraisal: ACR->role of pol executive
• collusive scams: coam scam/fake encounters
• post retirement jobs
▪ way fwd: TSR Subramanian case: 2 yr tenure, 360 degree appraisal
▪ Patel: render service w/o fear favor w/o any expectation of extraneous rewards
• positive concept vs negative concept
◦ Integrity:
▪ consistency in adherence to moral & ethnical standards even when no one is watching
▪ respect for moral law (kant);
▪ moral I, Professional I (kasab lawyer), intellectual I (pursue truth, analyze assumption, willing to change), artistic integrity (Satyajit ray),system integrity (check & balances e.g PNB fraud)
▪ honesty vs integrity:
• def: truthful in communication vs uphold moral principles consistently
• focus: avoiding deception vs uphold values consistently
• scope: specific instances vs consistent pattern of behavior
• influence: build trust vs build repsect
• e.g yudhistra 'Ashwathama died'->truthful not integral
• e.g information warfare->integral since adherence to duty towards nation but not truthful
▪ knowledge w/o integrity:
• "edu w/o values make man a more clever devil"- CS Lewis
• ultrasound machine->female foeticide; nuclear: bomb vs energy ; agri: pesticides->unsustainable
▪ integrity w/o knowledge:
• lack competence e.g generalist civil servants
• delayed projects & wasted resources
• ineffective policies e.g lockdown mgmt
• poor service delivery
• erosion of public trust
non performance is a form of corruption
▪ reasons for decline:
• historical: tolerance towards corruption e.g bakshish system
• societal: decline of moral values, peer pressure to conform to corrupt practise
• admin: red tapism encourage shortcuts, lack of T & A
• legal/judicial: weak enf of anti corruption laws, delays in judicial proces
• political: money and muscle power
• lack of morality: family values
▪ dedication to public service: vs motivation
• def:passionate commitment to public interest vs driving force prompting action
• nature: deep rooted commitgment vs can be temporary
• scope: role in govt, community service vs various aspects (career)
• focus: serving the community
• duration: long term vs short term
• e.g covid warriors, soldiers
• aspect: priortise greater good over personal interest, sense of responsibility, problem solving , regulative to developmental work, ethical conduct , community engagement
• Emotional Intelligence:
◦ Emotional Intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to interpret, understand, manage one's own emotions as well as the emotions of others.
◦ self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, social skills
◦ EI in administration:
▪ individual: mental health, work-life balance, self-motivation
▪ intra org: manage factions, team building, motivate staff , leadership
▪ public relations :
• tolerance e.g media, rowdy citizens
• empathy
• conflict [Link]
• grievance redressal
• integrity: resist temptation of power/money
• social capital->community initiative
 • credibility: balance various interests with objectivity->trust
• better communication: calmness
• rule of law e.g encounters
▪ e.g Aurangabad DM sat on floor to listen grievances of disabled man vs Patna DM slap BPSC protestor
◦ To learn:
▪ self assessment e.g emotional competence inventory , habitual self introspection, meditation
▪ mentoring & coaching
▪ feedback mech: Maharashtra 360 feedback mech
▪ role playing ex
▪ sensitivity training e.g Justice venkatesh
▪ role models: calmness (dhoni)
◦ challenges:
▪ political intolerance ->reducing empathy
▪ work-life imbalance
▪ mental health issues
▪ no standardized assessment
◦ EI dark side: manipulation (Hitler)
• Public/Civil Service Values and Ethics in Public Administration: Status and Problems:
• role of Public servant
◦ uphold rule of law
◦ serve public interest
◦ good governance: CRAP TREE
◦ integrity & ethical conduct
◦ professional competence & continous learning
◦ respect for diversity & inclusion
◦ promote sustainable devp/env stewardship
• issues :
◦ Administrative Secrecy
◦ Coercive/collusive/petty Corruption e.g courtesy money
◦ Discretionary Authority
◦ Ethical Fatigue
◦ Excessive Prudence: honest non-doer/un-doer
◦ Gray Areas in Law/exploitation of loopholes
◦ Institutional Malfeasance
◦ Token Accountability
◦ Structural Impunity
◦ Ethical incompetency/ethical compromise/ethical blind spot
◦ moral turpitude vs moral rectitude
◦ Apathetic Governance
◦ Dereliction of Duty
◦ rule/money as end in itself
◦ sanskritisation of corruption
• issue of corruption:
◦ def: corruption is abuse of public funds/office for private/political ends (WB)
◦ sol:
▪ effective law imp: PCA, RTI
▪ strict punishment
▪ regular transfer
▪ strengthen inst: CVC, Lokp
▪ Enhance tr and Acc: Open data initiative
▪ promote integrity and ethical values: public honour
◦ importance of ethics in PA:
▪ Trustee
▪ constitutional morality
▪ large scale impact
▪ 3Es: Economy, Efficiency and effectiveness
▪ huge discretionary power
▪ obligation under social contract
▪ social capital
▪ responsive, empathetic and compassionate admin
▪ EODB
▪ IR and soft power
▪ work culture: transparent, participative
▪ attract best talent; credibility; profitability
• Ethical Concerns and Dilemmas in Government and Private Institutions (covered in case study)
◦ process to resolve dilemma
▪ identify dilemma
▪ gather info
▪ analyse options
▪ choose course of action
▪ implement
▪ monitor & reflect
• Laws, Rules, Regulations as Sources of Ethical Guidance
◦ "Good people do not need laws to tell them to act responsibly, while bad people will find a way around the laws."— Plato
◦ laws as codification of societal morality e.g strengthen rape laws after Nirbhaya
◦ legitimacy and acceptance
◦ arbitrator (law vs societal norms)
◦ external source of ethics
◦ promote public interest at large e.g BNS
◦ enforcement and deterrance e.g PCA, 1988
◦ operant conditioning e.g Motor vehicle act->strict punishment against traffic violation
◦ Justice: social, economic, political e.g EWS, Women reservation
◦ Rights: Minority, Fundamental e.g triple talaq
◦ limitations:
▪ create minimum morality
▪ legal but unethical situations e.g defection law
▪ lack of enforcement
▪ laws are not exhaustive/loopholes in laws e.g tax laws
▪ conflict bw laws e.g RTI vs official secrets act
▪ coercive nature
▪ undemocratic nature to make laws
 ▪ unjust laws/laws in conflict with morality e.g AFSPA->lack of checks and balance
◦ Conscience as source of ethical guidance
▪ "there is higher court than court of justice, it is the court of conscience" -gandhi
▪ resolve ethical dilemmas
▪ enforcement of laws in letter and spirit
▪ staying ethical even in situations of legal vacuum
▪ utilising discretion
▪ high standards of integrity: limited monitoring capacity
▪ promote responsible behavior
▪ resisting unethical practises
▪ consistent devp of character
▪ raising ethical standards of society
▪ limitations:
• subjectivity e.g person raised in discriminatory env may feel no guilt while practising casteism
• social conditioning->flawed moral reasoning e.g child marriage/dowry
• driven by emotions e.g police officer at scene of mob lynching feeling intense anger uses excessive force violating due procedure
• manipulation of conscience e.g terrorist act with sense of moral justification with clear conscience
• lack of accountability e.g civil servant refusing to implment govt policy based on moral judgement
• Accountability and Ethical Governance: proactive accountability
◦ Ethical governance refers to the practice of conducting public administration and decision-making processes with integrity, transparency, accountability, fairness, and a commitment to the public
good.
▪ why needed ?
• build public trust
• prevent corruption
• ensure fairness and justice
• strengthen rule of law
• promote sustainable devp: balance devp and env conservation
• improve institutional efficiency : reduce red tape, delays
• enhance global image: attract investments
• "Without ethical governance, power becomes a tool of oppression rather than service."-Kautilya
• Strengthening of Ethical and Moral Values in Governance
◦ ethical training and sensitisation
◦ code of ethics and conduct
◦ role models
◦ transparent systems e.g GeM
◦ Independent institutions e.g CAG, CVC, EC
◦ Whistleblower protection
◦ reward ethical behavior
• Ethical Issues in International Relations and Funding
◦ Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere-Martin luther king
◦ just war: last resort, larger purpose, proportionality
◦ issues ?
▪ National interest vs global ethics e.g indian buying oil from russia , USA attack on iran's nuclear sites , india not signing NPT
▪ idealism vs realism eg taking kashmir issue to UN (idealism) vs revoking Ar 370 (realism)
▪ use of force and just war e.g HR violations in gaza/ukraine
▪ humanitarian intervention vs sovereignty e.g indian sending peacekeeping forces in SL
▪ Arms trade and ethical resp: arms sale to countries known for HR abuses e.g west selling weapons to saudi->war crimes in Yemen
▪ climate change and env justice e.g CBDR
▪ Refugee and migration ethics e.g USA sending indian illegal immigrants back in chains->violate human dignity; rohingya crisis
▪ aid as means of dominance e.g China's debt trap vs India's transparent & demand driven aid
▪ lack of accountability of global powers e.g USA war crimes violations in Afghanistan
▪ lack of representation in global governance bodies e.g UN, WTO
▪ Universal rights vs cultural relativism e.g Iran hijab case
▪ Positive:
• India's NAM
• Vaccine maitri
• germany's refugee policy under Angela merkel->accept 1m syrian refugee
• peacekeeping operations
▪ “Ethical foreign policy is not idealism—it is realism with a conscience.”->ethical realism
◦ funding:
◦ "Financial assistance must serve the needs of the people, not the interests of the donors."-Amartya Sen
◦ "Aid is only aid when it empowers, not when it enslaves."
▪ conditionalities and sovereignity violations e.g IMF structural adj prog ->eco crisis in Greece
▪ debt trap diplomacy e.g China's BRI->SL forced to lease hambantota port
▪ misuse and corruption e.g devp aid in Afg lost in ghost projects
▪ donor agenda vs recipient needs e.g tied aids->forced to purchase goods from donor countries
▪ lack of transparency and accountability e.g WB infra projects led to displacement of indigenous people
▪ short term relief vs long term development : foster dependency r.t empowerment e.g food aid to africa without building agri capacity
▪ climate justice and funding equity e.g lack of funds for adaptation in COP29
◦ Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam
• Corporate Governance
◦ CG is the system of principles, policies and procedures which ensure that a company is governed in the best interest of all stakeholders;
◦ "In the long run, good governance is not just good ethics—it is good business."-Indra Nooyi
◦ balance profit,morality, legality,social,env sustainability
◦ shareholders: majority vs minority, disclose info, diligent mgmt to ensure returns
◦ customers: health & safety, env impact,sensitivity to culture,customer rights, 'good ethics is good business', loyalty
◦ employees: dignity, GR, avoid discrimination, employee benefit, holistic growth
◦ company: valuation, investment, risk mgmt, enhance financial performance, comp adv, foster innovation
◦ govt: law, regulate, monopoly, competition
◦ society: why ?
▪ demand arises from society
▪ people with healthy env, good health->good customers
▪ company can't survive w/o societal socio-eco devp->high crime
▪ business use resources of economy->resp
▪ taking care of externalities
▪ resp comes with power
◦ ESG initiatives
◦ issues:
▪ lack of Transparency/Acc:
• insider trading e.g YES bank case 2021
• audit irregularities e.g Byju
 ▪ corruption/unethical practices: e.g satyam scandal
▪ conflict of interest: related party transactions e.g Chanda Kochar case
▪ minority shareholder rights: unequal treatment, lack representation e.g TATA-Mistry dispute->concerns over minority s rights
▪ greenwashing e.g Volkswogen case
▪ board composition: lack of diversity, independent directors e.g 50% firms lack IDs (SEBI)
▪ whistleblower protection: retailation e.g EY Survey->only 29% employee feel confident to report wrongdoing
▪ weak law enforcement: IL&FS, a AAA rated infra company collapsed
◦ Positive: TATA, Infosys, HDFC
◦ Negative: IL&FS, Yesbank, Kingfisher airlines
◦ CSR benefit:
▪ brand image/reputation
▪ attract/retain talent
▪ investor confidence
▪ open mkt opp
▪ risk mitigation: fines
▪ customer loyality
▪ community devp: conducive business env
▪ env sustainability e.g Patagonia (cloth company)->use sustainable material
▪ sustainable sourcing
▪ 3P: people/planet/profitability
▪ corporate citizenship
▪ compassionate capitalism
▪ gandhian trusteeship
▪ ESG framework
▪ Business Responsibility & Sustainability Reporting->SEBI
▪ limitations:
• short-term Focus e.g food/clothing drive provide immediate relief but dont address root cause like poverty
• tokenism and greenwashing e.g mining company highlighting tree plantation while harming env
• limited stakeholder involvement miss real needs e.g build roads while community prefer clean water projects
• inequality in CSR spending e.g funds go to metropolitican areas, tribals regions neglected
• Limited Accountability and Transparency e.g NGOs misappropriate funds without audit
◦ TATA spends 5-7% on CSR ;
◦ Atulya initiative by TATA Tea->vocational training to physically challenged;
◦ Infosys: contributed to SBM by toilet construction
◦ ITC: e-choupal initiative->link farmers with market
◦ Vantara reliance-animal welfare ;
◦ Nestle creating shared value initiative;
◦ Companies Act 2013-1/3rd IDs, 2% on CSR
• Probity in Governance: Concept of Public Service
▪ probity is confirmed integrity. it is quality of having strong moral principles and strictly following them;
▪ elements: Transparency , Fairness, commitment to common good , responsibility for impact of decisions
▪ need of probity:
• legitimacy of state
• trust through ethical outcomes
• objectivity
• checks and balance
• equitable and sustainable development
• serve constitutional cause
• reduce politicisation of bureaucracy
▪ measures to enforce probity:
• strengthen legal fwk: PCA, Whistleblower protection
• promote transparency: RTI, Open data practices
• strengthen ethical standards e.g code of ethics
• effective oversight/accountability e.g ethical PAC, Judicial oversight, citizen engagement (Social audit), performance appraisal systems
• promote culture of integrity : reward/punish ethical/unethical behaviour, support investigative journalism
• effective use of tech: egovernance, blockchain
• Philosophical Basis of Governance
◦ Indian tradition: ram rajya
◦ Plato's ideal state->common good
◦ Aristotle politics: eudaimonia->highest good
◦ hobbes/locke: social contract
◦ bentham: utilitarianism
◦ Rousseau: general will
◦ realism: machiavelli
◦ Kautilya's Arthasastra: 'in happiness of subjects...'
◦ Weber: legitimacy
◦ Montesquieu: SoP
• Information Sharing and Transparency in Government
◦ why needed ?
◦ accountability->check corruption
◦ public trust
◦ empower citizens->participatory democracy
◦ protect public interest
◦ steps:
▪ RTI 2005
▪ e-governance: digital India, mygov
▪ open data initiative
▪ jan soochna portal (Raj)
▪ social audit
◦ issues :
▪ bureaucratic resistance
▪ political interference->politicisation of info
▪ data privacy concerns
▪ overloading citizens with info->undermine clarity->reduce accessibility
▪ weak implementation e.g no penalty
▪ inequality in access to tools
▪ Thomas Jefferson: "Whenever the people are well-informed, they can be trusted with their own government."
• participant governance:
◦ PRI: gram sabha
◦ public consultations e.g EIA
◦ Social audits e.g MGNREGA
 ◦ E-governance: mygov
◦ RTI
◦ Open govt data
◦ participatory budgeting e.g Banglore
◦ stakeholder consultation e.g jan sunwai
◦ awareness campaign e.g Satyamev jayate, SBM
◦ People's plan campaign, Kerala
• Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct
◦ code of ethics vs code of conduct
▪ A code of ethics is a set of principles or guidelines that outlines the moral values, standards, and expected behaviors of individuals or organizations.
▪ A code of conduct is a set of rules or guidelines that governs the behavior and actions of individuals
▪ general principles vs specific rules
▪ govern decision making vs govern actions
▪ help navigate ethical dilemmas vs promote professionalism, consistency in behaviour, positive work env
▪ no specific enf mech/penalties (social disapproval) vs disciplinary action
▪ code of conduct: disapprove borrowing, accepting gifts, ‘conduct unbecoming of a government servant’
▪ model Code of ethics:
• allegience to const ideals
• apolitical functioning
• good governance for betterment of people
• duty to act objectively/impartially
• accountability/transparency in decision making
• maintenance of highest ethical standards
• ensure economy & avoidance of wastage in exp
• Citizen’s Charters
◦ agreement bw citizens and provider of service regarding quantity and quality of service and about rights of public and obligations of public servants
◦ components: org goals, business details, details of customer, statment of services (time frame, quality), GRM, Duties of citizens
◦ e.g NTPC: World's leading power company, provide reliable power in efficient and sus manner , 60 days GRM
◦ Challenges:
▪ outdated
▪ no legal backing
▪ one size fits all
▪ lack of inclusiveness (weaker sections, language, consensus
▪ inadequate info disclosure
▪ absence of GRM
▪ inadequate training
▪ non measurement of standards
▪ lack of awareness
• Work Culture
◦ "Healthy work culture is one where people are not only productive, but also proud of what they do."-ratan tata
◦ benefit for individual:
▪ job satisfaction
▪ sense of purpose
▪ increased well being
▪ increased sense of belonging
▪ professional growth
◦ benefit for company:
▪ improved reputation
▪ increased productivity
▪ teamwork
▪ customer satisfaction
▪ drive innovation attract talent
▪ reduce legal/fin risk
◦ issues in public sector:
▪ lack of accountability
▪ hirearchal rigidities->stifle creativity, collab
▪ ethical violation: bribe, favourtism
▪ resistance to change e.g lateral entry
▪ inefficiency/red tape->hamper timely intr
▪ politicisation of B->Undermine neutrality
▪ lack public orientation: procedural compliance>citizen centricity
▪ lack of performance evaluation
▪ work life balance
▪ risk aversion
◦ pvt sector:
▪ work life balance e.g 70 h workweek demands
▪ stress/pressure e.g EY Suicide Pune
▪ lack of job security e.g IT layoffs
▪ workplace harassment
▪ lack of ethical leadership
▪ inequality in opportunity: gender/caste
▪ inadequate employee devp
▪ inequitable pay structure
◦ Google: community building (micro kitchens), "20% time" policy->work on passion project
◦ tata: commitment to emp welfare e.g retained employees during covid
◦ ISRO: purpose driven work->high emp retention despite modest pay
◦ ways to inculcate:
▪ ethical code of conduct
▪ promote transparency/accountability e.g internal audit, open door policy
▪ ethical leadership->role models eg Kalam/Ratan tata
▪ work life balance: remote work, breaks
▪ employee participation in decisions e.g surveys/townhalls/brainstorming
▪ Reward ethical behavior; ethical behr in performance appraisal
• Quality of Service Delivery
◦ Sevottam model: GRM, CC, Delivery capability
◦ reasons:
▪ lack of accountability e.g delay in MGNERGA wage payment due to no action against errant officers
▪ corruption: bribes to issue birth certificate
▪ red tape e.g patients in public hospital run from counter to counter
▪ lack of empathy and citizen centric attitude e.g police refusing to register FIR in domestic violence cases
▪ discretionary use of power: preferential treatmnt in housing allotments
 ▪ lack of integrity: collapse of school building in Rajasthan due to poor standards in construction
• Utilization of Public Funds
▪ leakages and corruption e.g ghost beneficiaries in PDS
▪ under-utilisation of funds: due to poor planning/administrative delays e.g In tribal welfare schemes, several states return unspent funds to the Centre
▪ poor monitoring and evaluation: lack of audits and impact assessment e.g SBM->toilets built w/o water supply
▪ political interference e.g In MPLADS funds spent on projects which give visibility to politicians
▪ weak capacity at local level: panchayats and ULBs lack trained staff to utilise funds
▪ lack of people's participation: top don planning exclude local needs e.g construct community halls in villages where water/roads r real needs
◦ Challenges of Corruption
▪ corruption kills more than guns->world bank slogan
▪ bribery may grease the wheels but it corrodes the machine
◦ corruption=monopoly+discretion-accountability
◦ issues:
▪ erode public trust
▪ weaken rule of law
▪ poor service delivery
▪ economic distortion: increase cost of doing business
▪ resource misallocation e.g building unncessary roads for kickbacks
▪ entrenchment of inequality e.g only powerful can 'buy access' to service
▪ administrative inefficiency: recruitment, transfer, promotions based on money/connection
◦ way fwd:
▪ strengthen legal/inst fwk
▪ transparency and e governance
▪ citizen participation
▪ whistleblower protection
▪ promote ethical leadership e.g ethical coaches from outside system
▪ value based education and awareness e.g I paid a bribe campaign
More:
• levels: individual, social, political, environment (precautionary principle, stewardship), bureaucracy, international
• Nolan committee: ethics in public administration: SOHO ALI: Selflessness, Objectivity, Honesty, Openness, Accountability, Leadership, Integrity
• Good governance principles: CARP TREE: Consensus building, Accountability, Responsive, Participative, Transperancy, rule of law, effective & efficient, equity and inclusiveness
• 2nd ARC:
◦ political system:Partial state funding of elections, tighten anti defection, amend S 8 RPA, Code of ethical for ministers , Office of ‘Ethics Commissioner’ in house,Ethics Committees
◦ remove Ar 311 protection
◦ social audit
◦ minimize/eliminate discretionary decisions->decision making to committees over individualsFinland->collective decision making
◦ Public service values to be applicable
◦ cover conflict of interest in code of conduct
◦ Corruption definition: cover 'squandering money, 'abuse of authority', obstruct justice, perversion of const , include pvt sector
◦ special provision for collusive bribery
◦ No prior sanction for prosecution in prima facie cases
◦ Liability of corrupt public servant to pay damages
◦ whistleblower protection: confidentiality, anonymity protection from victimisation in career; act of harassment against them->criminal offence
◦ ombudsman @local level
◦ citizen involvement: assessment/monitoring of ethics in dept ,school awareness prog on corruption/ethics, reward scheme; social audit
◦ promote competition in service delivery
◦ simplify transactions
◦ Use of ICT
◦ ‘integrity pacts’
◦ acccessibility/responsiveness: single window
◦ risk profiling of jobs and officers
◦ APR-measures to stop corruption in dept
◦ suo motu under RTI
◦ Single window
◦ social dissapproval of corruption in Japan
◦ Hong Kong ICAC
Quotes
• "peace come from within, do not seek it without"
• "there is no path to happiness, happiness is the path"
• "Holding onto anger is like drinking poison and expecting the other person to die."
• "Pain is certain, suffering is optional."
• “A person should not be too honest. Straight trees are cut first and honest people are victimized first.”-Kautilya
• “They alone live who live for others, the rest are more dead than alive.”-Vivekananda
• “ It is not possible for a bird to fly on one wing.”-Vivekananda
• "I measure the progress of a community by progress its women has achieved"-Ambedkar
• “We believe not only in universal toleration, but we accept all religions as true.”-Vivekananda
• "An eye for an eye only ends up making the whole world blind."
• "The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others."
• "You must be the change you wish to see in the world."
• "There is more to life than increasing its speed."
• "In a gentle way, you can shake the world"
• "I dream of a world where the mind is without fear and the head is held high."
• "Education is the manifestation of the perfection already in man."-tagore
• "Political democracy cannot last unless there lies at the base of it social democracy
• rule of law can only defeat the perverse mind. However, it cannot defeat the perversity of the heart
• Warren Buffett "Honesty is a very expensive gift."
• Confucius: "Fairness does not mean everyone gets the same. Fairness means everyone gets what they need"
• Gandhi, “I call him a religious person who understands the suffering of others.”
• Aristotle once said, "Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdo
• Nelson Mandela : “No one is born hating another person... people must learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love
• Peter Drucker “Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right things"
• Edmund Burke: “the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing"
• Plato: “Good people do not need laws to tell them to act responsibly, while bad people will find a way around the laws.”, Plato"
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, “However good a Constitution may be, if those who are implementing it are not good, it will prove to be bad. However bad a Constitution may be, if those implementing it are good, it
will prove to be good.
• every word has consequences. every silence too-Satre
• means>ends
◦ intrinstic value of actions e.g fair/transparent process in admin
◦ maintaining personal and institutional integrity
◦ prevent harm
◦ accountability & transparency
 ◦ precedent for future actions
• ends>means
◦ utilitarian e.g eco growth over env policies
◦ pragmatism & result orientation e.g disaster response->saving lives>perfect method
◦ moral flexibility in certain situations e.g wartime espionage/covert action
◦ achieve larger societal goals e.g civil rights mov sometime broke law
◦ time sensitivity in situations e.g rapid vaccine approval/restrictions in pandemic
• safeguard whistleblower:
◦ legal protection against retaliation e.g Dodd-Frank act, USA
◦ anonymous reporting channel
◦ protection of identity
◦ W reward Prog
◦ whistleblower education and training programs
◦ independent oversight body
• teachings (any person):
◦ oneness of god
◦ equality of all humans
◦ service/seva
◦ living honest life (kirat karni)
◦ selflessness/sharing
◦ meditation on god's name
◦ reject ritualism/superstition
◦ universal brotherhood
◦ balanced life
• •Mission karmayogi:
◦ personalised & continous learning
◦ citizen centric approach
◦ role based competencies
◦ T/A: data driven monitoring
◦ grassroot service delivery: Decentralized Problem-Solving, use e-governance, focus on inclusivity
◦ collaboration: cross dept/peer group learning
◦ real time problem solving: encourage innovation
◦ leadership skills devp
• women:
◦ challenge faced by CS:
▪ glass ceiling
▪ work-life balance
▪ cultural stereotypes->resistance to women in positions of authority
▪ sexual harassment
▪ institutional chg: Male-Dominated Work Environment, lack of gender sensitive policies, bias in postings
• kerala IAS: formed officer WA grp based on religion
• simple examples:
◦ denying ration to hungry poor
◦ lathi charge
◦ IAS officers taking deputations to urban areas to avoid working in rural areas.
◦ Edward snowden->expose PRISM
◦ I paid a bribe campaign
◦ President Draupadi Murmu compassion for undertrials
◦ delhi judge cash scam
◦ IAS officer Rinku Singh did situps due to poor service delivery
• ramayana/Mahabharata:
◦ Karna->selflessness/loyalty
◦ ram sent laxman to learn from ravan
◦ yudhishtra lying of ashwathama killing
◦ arjun's dilemma
◦ squirrel contri in making ram setu
◦ promise keeping: jaan jaye pr vachan na jaye
◦ silence as corruption: bhishma/virudra in draupati vastraharan
Case studies:
intro:
• As the head of _ my duty..
• case highlights lack of _ ethics
• case study deals with the existing attitude of society
• Summarise case study
• quote similar instance
• give data

dilemmas:
private org:
• profit max vs social responsibility
• transparency vs confidentiality
• loyalty to company vs whistleblowing
• cost reduction vs employee welfare
• Personal integrity vs professional obligations
• friendship with _ vs loyalty to company
• short term gain vs long term reputation
• tech efficiency vs job displacement
• sales target vs honest marketing
• environment sustainability vs company's profitability
• regulatory compliance vs stakeholder interest
• integrity vs expediency
public:
• public interest vs political pressure
• transparency vs national security/org loyalty
• impartiality vs preferential treatment
• rule of law vs bureaucratic discretion
• legal compliance vs moral responsibility
 • public service vs self interest
• due process vs efficiency/speed
• Ethical resp vs external pressures/accountability
• public interest vs right to privacy
• retributive vs reformative justice
• eco growth vs env sustainability
• welfarism(social ethics) vs profitability (economic ethics)
• justice/objectivity vs compassion
• devp needs vs rights of underpriviledged
• sustainability vs governance standards
• legal imperatives vs grassroot realities
• immediate relief vs long term reforms
• institutional integrity vs public harmony/faith
issues:
• Injustice
• violate rights : equality, life, livelihood, property, community rights , social and economic rights
• violation of human dignity
• hampers work culture
• lack of: honesty, empathy, accountability, conscience, responsibility, commitment
• lack of personal, professional, financial, institutional integrity
• misuse of authority
• unethical means to achieve desired end
• money becoming ends
• Conflict of interest
• violate: due process, rule of law, natural justice ,Procedural violations
• compromise: security
• prejudiced/biased attitude
• violate: corporate governance norms, environment ethics
• immoral behaviour
• legally right but not ethically right
• ineffective regulatory mechanisms
• peer pressure
• erosion of faith and trust/credibility in _
• affect social fabric, fraternity
• breeding incompetence,Corruption and nepotism
• slippery slope for society
• breach of duty of care
• presumption of innocence
• professional negligence: dereliction of duty, lack of due diligence
• intergenerational equity
◦ principles guiding:
▪ adopt integrated and multi-disciplinary approach
▪ public participation
▪ balance between service provision and rights of people
▪ spirit of service
▪ courage of conviction
reasons for _
• performance/peer pressure
• issue of societal values
• positive attitude towards _
• immunity and patronage from those in power
• delayed justice
• unmonitored environment
• high end tech
• not in my backyard attitude
• lack of awareness and political will
• lack of seriousness attached with issue
• situational factors: convineance, cost
• structural constraints
• skant respect for law
• apathy
• lack of education and quality employment
options:
• do_
• refuse _
• engage_ (local community..)
• assist through _ (tech, compensation, NGO..
• gradual action / phased investigation
• hybrid approach
• utilise internal compliant/GR mech
• seek external help anonymously e.g media

Merits:
• self
◦ clear conscience/will not make me complicit in this matter
◦ i would stand out as honest, courageous ,objective officer
◦ impact own moral well being
◦ doing my duty as a conscientious & responsible member
◦ demonstrate zero tolerance for _
◦ maintain pol goodwill
• org
◦ ensure institutional integrity
◦ values of _ will be propogated in industry
◦ benefit shareholders
◦ short/long term profitability
◦ contribute to the positive work culture
◦ set strong precedent
◦ humane governance
• society :
◦ uphold human rights, labor rights, env sustainability
 ◦ reputation/credibility of _
◦ common good
◦ alleviate injustice
◦ participatory decision making
• ethics:
◦ deontology: right means
◦ utilitarianism
◦ demonstrates EI
demerits:
• self :
◦ compromise integrity
◦ violate laws: i will become party to a crime as per PCA, 1988
◦ leads to cognitive dissonance /crisis of conscience
◦ job loss/demotion for me/it may come back to bite me in future
◦ dereliction of duty / moral abdication of its responsibilities
◦ slippery slope
◦ my credibility in dept suffers
◦ lack of duty of care
• org :
◦ goes against corporate governance norms
◦ demoralising effect on_
◦ long term profitability/sustainability threatened/potential profitability
◦ time and cost overruns
◦ creates moral hazard/sets bad precedent
◦ perpetuate corruption/undermine integrity and acc
• society :
◦ loss of consumer trust ->protests
◦ prevails the status quo
• ethics
◦ wrongful means to right end against deontology
◦ legally right but not ethically
◦ ignoring MLA/MP->against ethos of democracy
◦ undermine rule of law
course of action: short term and long term
short term:
• provide help: medical/emergency care/psychological/health camps, compensation, helplines
• security measures: deploy extra personnel, preventive detention , communication monitoring
• verify facts through review -inquiry committee/surveys/door to door/devp report/Suprise supervision
• past incidents: data/records/collegues/senior consult
• consult institutions: NCSC, NCST, NCW
• refer existing fwk: laws/SoP/Institutional/SC judgement/vigilance committee
• take written orders
• multistakeholder meeting: understand all interest, get feedback, media; tribal/youth leaders, engage NGOs
• sensitisation: make aware of moral dimensions, appeal to conscience , emotional persuasion
• objective criteria
• external investigation/third party audits /post event audit
• Send anonymous reports/complaints (CVC)
• take responsibility/blame
• tech: helpline, broadcast, GRM , integrated command and control centres
• capacity building
• rapid response teams/SIT/high level committee
• strict guidelines/conselling centres/workshops
• confidential reprimand
long term:
• social : engage ASHA, NGO, SHG, citizen's groups, religious leaders, youth org, village town halls
• Safeguard for future e.g digitize, portal; SoP+reform laws+reform institutions+dos and donts
• insitutionalise participation of stakeholders: community policing, NGO, tribal/youth leaders
• fix accountability
• attitudinal change: persuasion+values->honour honest, nukkad natak, local television prog, role models
• Mere legislation is not enough for a behavioural change
• ethical training: training of parents and teachers , ethical curriculum , ethical code of conduct ,Happiness curriculum, public edu campaign
justification for option:
• personal gain: my honesty/ethical work will make me a attractive candidate ; self respect, promotion
• sectoral gain: innovative ideas to increase sales
• social gain : general public
• utilitarianism: ensures the greatest good to the greatest number
• public participation: treats civil society organizations as part of the collaborative process of the developmental agenda.
• attitudnal shift: Social and Behavior Change Communication
• Argument
◦ such transfers and postings are part and parcel of a civil servant’s work profile
◦ my commitment to the public service will be upheld
◦ My work ethics and decision making should not be guided by my self interest.
◦ it would mean doing my duty by upholding the spirit of civil services values such as honesty, integrity, leadership, objectivity and probity in governance
◦ I would ensure that all the reasons and principles behind the selection are put transparently in the public domain. In the future course also, this institutionalized practice would ensure that all
decisions are taken based on objective criteria
◦ I should not give minor lapses while doing my official duty as it is a first step towards moral corruption.
◦ I must ask myself what is the highest state of character I can aspire to?
◦ once a life is lost, it can never come back->Even a negligible chance of loss of human life cannot be justified in any situation whatsoever.
conclusion:
• By pursuing internal and, if needed, external avenues, _ will be able to demonstrate his commitment to ethical values.
• It demonstrates a commitment to ethical practices and corporate social responsibility while preserving jobs and production arrangements.
• strike a balance between maintaining profitability and ensuring ethical labour practices
• behavioral change is as important as other policy initiatives
• With an unwavering commitment to justice and resilience in the face of adversity
• legislations and institutions are only as effective as the people responsible for enforcing them
• I will not allow _ under my watch, even if its reputation and business get impacted.
• It would be my duty to ensure that my professional commitment/interests do not stand in the way of justice delivery.
• concerted effort involving all sections of the society is necessary