.

Columns
.') General
Ma^\Ze\neZmbhglbgmabll^\mbhgbeenlmkZm^3
.'*=^lb`gh_Zghg&le^g]^k^]`^\henfgnlbg`aZg]\Ze\neZmbhg'
.'+=^lb`gh_Zi^kbf^m^k\henfgnlbg`bm^kZmbhgh_^jnZmbhglmh]^m^kfbg^k^bg_hk\^f^gm
k^jnbk^f^gml'
.',=^lb`gh_Zgbgm^kgZe\henfgpbmaab`aZqbZeehZ]'
.'-=^lb`gh_Zle^g]^k\henfgk^jnbkbg`Zmph&ahnkËk^k^lblmZg\^'

Bg`^g^kZe%ZqbZeehZ]lZg]Ëklmhk]^kfhf^gmlZk^Zllnf^]mh[^ZoZbeZ[e^'Ma^]^lb`gl\hglb]^k
le^g]^kg^llbghk]^kmh]^m^kfbg^]^lb`gfhf^gml%F>]'Ma^\henfglZk^]^lb`g^]Zg]\a^\d^]
_hk[bZqbZe[^g]bg`'Ma^^__^\mlh_Zeehpbg`_hkbfi^k_^\mbhglZk^beenlmkZm^]'

:`^g^kZef^mah]h_]^lb`gbg`\henfglblZl_heehpl'BgikZ\mb\^%l^o^kZeh_ma^l^lm^ilfZr[^
\hf[bg^]'
N =^m^kfbg^]^lb`geb_^' EC0 & NA Table NA 2.1
N :ll^llZ\mbhglhgma^\henfg' EC1 (10 parts) & UK NAs
N =^m^kfbg^pab\a\hf[bgZmbhglh_Z\mbhglZiier' EC0 & NA Tables NA A1.1
& NA A1.2(B)
N :ll^ll]nkZ[bebmrk^jnbk^f^gmlZg]]^m^kfbg^\hg\k^m^ BS 8500–1
lmk^g`ma'
N <a^\d\ho^kk^jnbk^f^gml_hkZiikhikbZm^_bk^ Approved Document B,
k^lblmZg\^i^kbh]' EC2–1–2
N =^m^kfbg^\ho^k_hk_bk^%]nkZ[bebmrZg][hg]' Cl. 4.4.1
N :gZerl^lmkn\mnk^_hk\kbmb\Ze\hf[bgZmbhgfhf^gml Section 5
Zg]ZqbZe_hk\^l'
N <a^\dle^g]^kg^llZg]]^m^kfbg^]^lb`gfhf^gml' Section 5.8
N =^m^kfbg^Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]' Section 6.1
N <a^\dliZ\bg`h_[ZklZg]ebgdl' Sections 8 & 9

134
 <henfgl

.'* Edge column

Ma^bgm^gmbhgh_mabl\Ze\neZmbhgblmhlahpZmrib\ZeaZg]\Ze\neZmbhgmaZmfZd^lk^_^k^g\^
mh]^lb`g\aZkml'

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Edge column <a^\d^][r web La^^mgh' 1
<eb^gm TCC =Zm^ Oct 09

A 300 mm square column on the edge of a flat slab structure

supports an axial load of 1620 kN and first order moments of
38.5 kNm top and −38.5 kNm bottom in one direction only‡. The
concrete is grade C30/37, fck = 30 MPa and cover, cnom, = 25 mm.
The 250 mm thick flat slabs are at 4000 mm vertical centres.

38.5 kNm

NEd = 1620 kN

– 38.5 kNm

Figure 5.1 Forces in edge column

5.1.1 Check slenderness, l

Effective length§, l0 = factor × l Cl. [Link]
where
factor = from Table C16, condition 2 each end Table C16,
= 0.85 PD 6687: 2.10
l = clear height = 3750 mm
= l0 = 0.85 × 3750 = 3187 mm
Slenderness l = l0/i Exp. (5.14)

‡For examples of load take-downs and 1st order moment analysis see Section
5.3.2
§ Effective lengths are covered in Eurocode 2 Cl. [Link] and Exp. (5.15). The Fig. 5.7
effective length of most columns will be l /2< l0 < l (see Eurocode 2 Figure 5.7f). PD 6687[6]:
PD 6687[6] Cl. 2.10 suggests that using the procedure outlined in Eurocode 2
Cl. 2.10
([Link](3) and [Link](5)) leads to similar effective lengths to those tabulated
in BS 8110[7] and reproduced in Table 5.1 of Concise Eurocode 2[5] and in this Cl. [Link](3)
publication as Table C16. For simplicity, tabular values are used in this example. [Link](5)
However, experience suggests that these tabulated values are conservative. Table C16

135
 where
i = radius of gyration
= h/120.5 for rectangular sections
l = 3187 × 3.46/300 = 36.8

5.1.2 Limiting slenderness, llim

llim = 20 ABC/n0.5 Exp. (5.13N)
where
A = 0.7 (default) Cl. [Link](1)
B = 1.1 (default)
C = 1.7 − rm = 1.7 − M01/M02
= 1.7 − 38.5/(−38.5) = 2.7
n = NEd/Acfcd = 1620 × 103/(3002 × 0.85 × 30/1.5)
= 1.06
llim = 20 ABC/n0.5
= 20 × 0.7 × 1.1 × 2.7/1.060.5
In this example llim = 40.4 i.e. > 36.8 = Column not slender

5.1.3 Design moments

MEd = max[M02; M0Ed + M2; M01 + 0.5M2] Cl. [Link](1)
where
M02 = M + eiNEd ≥ e0NEd Cl. [Link], 6.1.4
where
M = 38.5 kNm
ei = l0/400 Cl. 5.2.7, 5.2.9
e0 = max[h/30; 20] = max[300/30; 20] = 20 mm Cl. 6.1.4
M02 = 38.5 + 1620 × 3.187/400 ≥ 0.02 × 1620
= 38.5 + 12.9 ≥ 32.4 kNm
= 51.4 kNm
M0Ed = 0.6M02 + 0.4M01 ≥ 0.4M02
= 0.6 × 51.4 + 0.4 × (−38.5 + 12.9) ≥ 0.4 × 51.4
= 20.6 ≥ 20.6
= 20.6
M2 = 0 (column is not slender)
M01 = M02
= max[M02 ; M0Ed + M2 ; M01 + 0.5M2] = 51.4 kNm = MEd = 51.4 kNm

5.1.4 Design using charts (see Appendix C)

d2 = cnom + link + f/2 = 25 + 8 + 16 = 49
d2/h = 49/300 = 0.163
= interpolating between d2/h = 0.15 and 0.20 Figs. C5c), C5d)
for
NEd/bhfck = 1620 × 103/(3002 × 30) = 0.60

136
 .'*3>]`^\henfg

MEd/bh2fck = 51.4 × 106/(3003 × 30) = 0.063

Asfyk/bhfck = 0.24
As = 0.24 × 3002 × 30/500 = 1296 mm2
Try 4 no. H25 (1964 mm2)

5.1.5 Check for biaxial bending

ly /lz ≈ 1.0 Cl. 5.8.9
i.e. ly /lz ≤ 2.0 = OK but check Exp. (5.38b) Exp. (5.38a)
As a worst case MEdy may coexist with e0NEd about the orthogonal axis: Cl. 6.1(4)
ey/heq (MEdz/NEd)/h MEdz
= =
ez/beq (MEdy/NEd)/b MEdy Exp. (5.38b)
Imperfections need to be taken into account in one direction only. Cl. 5.8.9(2)
= As a worst case for biaxial bending
MEdz = M + 0 = 38.5 kNm
MEdy = e0NEd = 32.4 kNm
MEdz 38.5
= = 1.19 i.e. > 0.2 and < 5.0 Exp. (5.38b)
MEdy 32.4
= Biaxial check required Cl. 5.8.9(4)
Check whether
(MEdz/MRdz)a + (MEdy/MRdy)a ≤ 1.0 Exp. (5.39)
where
MEdz = 38.5 kNm
MEdy = 32.4 kNm
MRdz = MRdy Figs. C5c), C5d)
To determine MRdz, find MEd/bh2fck (and therefore
moment capacity) by interpolating between d2/h = 0.15
(Figure C5c) and 0.20 (Figure C5d) for the proposed
arrangement and co-existent axial load.

Assuming 4 no. H25,

Asfyk/bhfck = 1964 × 500/(3002× 30) = 0.36

Interpolating for NEd/bhfck = 0.6,

MEd/bh2fck = 0.094
= MRdz = MRdy = 0.094 × 3003 × 30 = 76.1 kNm
a is dependent on NEd/NRd Cl. 5.8.9(4),
where Notes to Exp.
NEd = 1620 kN as before (5.39)

137