Chapter 1

STARTING POINT FOR THE UNDERSTANDING OF CULTURE,

SOCIETY, and POLITICAL IDENTITIES
“Let’s create an integrated global community where we have shared benefits and
responsibilities, and we don’t fight because of our differences.” – Bill Clinton

SKILLS TO BE DEVELOPED (LEARNING

COMPETENCIES)
 Articulate and acknowledge
observations on human cultural
variation, social differences, and
political identities.
 Adopt an open and critical attitude in
the analysis of different social,
political, and cultural phenomena
through observations and reflections.

Social science as a discipline studies the society and

the manner in which people behave and influence the world
around us. The utmost goal of social science is to answer
different questions and find solutions to problems of the
society to improve the human condition despite cultural,
social, and political differences.
[Link]
q=social+network&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiU6d
7xtIHhAhVQFogKHaLcC_sQ_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=HG3
8Du0XqOCklM:

Manifestations of Human Variations through Cultural Diversity, Social

Differences, and Political Identities
The creation of the global society puts humans into one plot where almost everything is
interlinked and where change in one aspect will affect the
other.
However, despite the emergence of the idea of “one
global society”, there remain visible manifestations of
human variations in society.

Cultural Diversity
Culture plays a major role in our day-to-day living. It
refers to “that complex whole which encompasses
beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms,
artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a [Link]

person learns and shares as a member of society. It is a strong part of people’s lives. It
AaUgKH4Dw&q=diversity+in+the+world&oq=diversity+in+the+world&gs_l=img.3..0j0i5i30l2j0i8i30.30891
.41042..41682...0.0..0.588.5180.0j15j1j2j1j3....2..0....1..gws-wiz-
img.......0i67.S2ydhrJDFtc#imgrc=wWSBlwGYTsEOqM:
influences their views, their values, their humor, their hopes, their loyalties, and their worries
and fears.

Social Differences
The society has various manifestations of social
differences based on unique social characteristics or
qualities like social class, gender, age, educational
attainment, occupation, and the like. In sociology,
social differences are usually equated with social
stratification, which describes the relative social
position of persons in a given social group, category,
geographical region, or other social unit.

The major types of social stratification are:

1. caste Hereditary endogamous social group in which
a person’s rank and his/her rights and
obligations are ascribed or on the basis of
his/her birth into a particular group

2. class A person’s position is based upon

achievement
3. estate Gives emphasis to birth as well as wealth and
possessions
4. slavery Had economic basis wherein the master
shows power over a slave

Political Identities
The world is visibly divided into
different countries. Each country has
its own political system to run its
government. A government is the
system by which a state or community
is controlled so as to put order.

WORKSHEET 1.1
 Types of Government around the World

Countries Countries Under Parliamentary Countries Under

Under Absolute Constitutional Monarchies in Which the Presidential
Monarchies Monarch Does Not Personally Exercise Republics
Power
1.

2
.
3
.

Significance of Studying Culture, Society, and Politics

Anthropology
Anthropology is the holistic “science of man,” a
science of the totality of human existence.

Field Subfield
Physical Anthropology or sometimes Human Paleontology
called biological anthropology is mainly Human Variation
concerned about how humans emerged and
evolved through time.
Cultural Anthropology is basically Archaeology, Linguistics and Ethnology
concerned with the differences of cultures
from time to time.

Sociology
Sociology is the study of relationships among people. It is the study of the society and the
behavior of people in the society.

Comparing Major Theoretical Approaches

Functionalist Conflict Interactionist
View of Society Stable, well-integrated Characterized by tension Active in
and struggle between influencing and
groups affecting everyday
social interaction
Level of Macrosociologicalanalysis Macrosociologicalanalysis Microsocial
Analysis of large-scale patterns. of large-scale patterns. analysis as a way
Emphasized of understanding
 the larger
phenomenon.
View of the People are socialized to People are shaped by People manipulate
Individual perform societal functions power, coercion, and symbols and
authority create their social
worlds through
interaction
View of the Maintained through Maintained through force Maintained by
Social Order cooperation and and coercion shared
consensus understanding of
everyday
behavior.
View of Social Predictable, reinforcing Change takes all the time Reflected in
Change people’s position
and may have
positive

Political Science
Political science deals with systems of government and the analysis of political activity and
behavior.

Subfields of Political Science Description

Comparative Politics Is a subfield which studies the politics within
other nations This subfield tries to compare
theories on a specific nation to other nations.
International Relation Is a subfield which studies politics among
nations. In this subfield conflict, diplomatic
affairs, and international law is being studied.
Political Theory Is a subfield which studies classical and
modern politics. This subfield aims to
discover what theory suits the characteristics
of good politics.
Public Administration Is a subfield which studies bureaucracies on
how it is functional and how to improve it by
certain theories.
Constitutional Law Is a subfield which studies how laws are
made and being applied on a certain nation
or state. Its major aim is to study legal
systems.
Public Policy Is a subfield which studies the interface of
politics and economics. It aims to create a
plan to develop programs that would be
sufficient and adequate to societies.
Activity 1.1
Venn diagram. Based on your knowledge on Political Science, Sociology, and
Anthropology, write down terms related to each social science branch in their
perspective circle. In the areas where two circles overlap, place a term that describes or
is related to both social sciences. In the innermost connection, write down the term that
is related to all three categories.

Political Sciences

Sociology Anthropology

Conflict theory states deviance ancestors culture hierarchy crime

constitutions indigenous people Social Science

Chapter 2
 DEFINING CULTURE and SOCIETY FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF
ANTHROPOLOGY and SOCIOLOGY

SKILLS TO BE DEVELOPED (LEARNING

COMPETENCIES)
 Explain society and culture from the
perspectives of anthropology and
sociology.
 Describe society and culture as a
complex whole.
 Become aware of why and how cultural
relativism mitigates ethnocentrism.

People rarely distinguish the difference between

the terms “culture” and “society”, but for sociologists, the
two terms have different meanings and the distinction is
important.
A society describes a group of people who share a
common territory and a culture. A culture represents the
beliefs, practices, and artifacts of a group, while society
represents the social structures and organization of the
people who share those beliefs and practices. Neither
society nor culture could exist without the other.

Types of Society
Hunting and gathering societies These are the earliest forms of society.
These are small and generally with less than
50 members and is nomadic. The members
survive primarily by hunting, trapping, fishing,
and gathering edible plants.
Pastoral societies Rely on products obtained through the
domestication and breeding of animals and
for transportation and food. These are
common in areas where crops cannot be
supported and only have to move when the
land in which the animals graze is no longer
usable.
Horticultural societies These societies rely on the cultivation of
fruits, vegetables, and plants in order to
survive. They are often forced to relocate
when the resources of the land are depleted
or when the water supplies decrease.
Agricultural societies They rely on the use of technology in order to
cultivate crops in large areas, including
 wheat, rice, and corn. Productivity increases,
and as long as there are plenty of food,
people do not have to move.
Industrial societies They use advanced sources of energy to run
large machinery which led to industrialization.
Innovations in transportation led people to
travel, work in factories, and live in cities.
Post-industrial societies Their economy is based on services and
technology, not production. The economy is
dependent on tangible goods, people must
pursue greater education, and the new
communications technology allows work to
be performed from a variety of locations.

Classification of culture
All cultures have visible/tangible and nonvisible/nontangible components. Cultural
components that are visible and tangible are called
material culture which includes all material objects
or those components or elements of culture with
physical representation such as tools, furniture,
buildings, bridges, gadgets, etc. On the other hand,
there are components of culture that are
nontangible or without physical representation and
these are called nonmaterial culture which can be
categorized into cognitive and normative
nonmaterial culture. Cognitive culture include the
ideas, concepts, philosophies, designs, etc. that
are products of the mental or intellectual
functioning and reasoning of the human mind while the normative culture includes all the
expectations, standards, and rules for human behavior.

Elements of Culture
Beliefs are conceptions or ideas people have about what is true in the
environment around them like what is life, how to value it, and how one’s beliefs on the value of
life relate with his or her interaction with others and the
world.
Values describe what is appropriate or
inappropriate in a given society or what ought to be.
People live in a culture wherein symbols are used
to understand each other. Symbols can be verbal
(words) or nonverbal (acts, gestures, signs, and
objects) that communicate meaning that people
recognize and shared.
Language is a shared set of spoken and written symbols. It is basic to
communication and transmission of culture. It is known as the storehouse of culture.
 Technology refers to the application of knowledge and equipment to ease the
task living and maintaining the environment.
Norms are specific rules/standards to guide appropriate behavior. Societal norms
are of different types and forms.

Defines and tells us things

Types Proscriptive not to do
Defines and tells us things to
Prescriptive do
Folkways Also known as customs,
Forms these are norms for everyday
behavior that people follow
for the sake of tradition or
convenience.
Mores These are strict norms that
control moral and ethical
behavior. Mores are norms
based on definitions of right
and wrong.
Taboos These are norms that society
holds so strongly that
violating it results in extreme
disgust. Often times the
violator of the taboo is
considered unfit to live in that
society.
Laws These are codified ethics and
formally agreed, written down
and enforced by an official
law enforcement agency.

Characteristics of Culture
1. Dynamic, Flexible, and Adaptive.
2. Shared and may be Challenged (given the reality of social differentiation)
3. Learned through socialization or enculturation.
4. Patterned social interactions.
5. Integrated.
6. Transmitted through socialization/enculturation.
7. Requires language and other forms of communication.

Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism, a term coined by William Sumner, is the tendency to see and
evaluate other cultures in terms of one’s own race, nation, or culture. This rests on the belief of
the superiority of one’s own culture or ethnic group compared to others.
Xenocentrism
People are highly influenced by the culture or many cultures outside the realm of
their society. In this globalized society, one’s exposure to cultural practices of others may make
one to give preference to the ideas, lifestyle, and products of other cultures which is termed by
John D. Fullmer as xenocentrism.
Cultural Relativism
Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual human’s beliefs and activities
should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s own culture.

Activity 2
A. Differentiate culture from society. Write your answer in the box.
Culture Society

B. How are culture interlinked with one another?

Culture and Society

REFLECTION
 In two to three sentences, write in the box what learning/s you have gained
as to how the understanding of the interplay of society and culture will help in
addressing social problems/issues that we have in our society?

Chapter 3
LOOKING BACK AT HUMAN BIOCULTURAL and SOCIAL EVOLUTION

SKILLS TO BE DEVELOPED (LEARNING

COMPETENCIES)
 Trace the biological and cultural
evolution of early modern humans.
 Explore the significance of human
material remains and artifactual
evidence in interpreting cultural and
social, including political and economic
processes.

Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading to the appearance of modern day
humans. It is characterized by a number of morphological, developmental, physiological, and
behavioural changes that have taken place since the split between the last common ancestor of
humans and apes.
GRACILE AUSTRALOPITHECINES
Australopithecus anamensis was the earliest australopithecine species. They were found
in some locations in northern Kenya.
Australopithecus afarensis is the most represented australopithecine species. Its
remains were discovered in Tanzania and Ethiopia.
Australopithecus africanus was the first gracile australopithecine that was discovered.
The name Australopithecus africanus was coined by Professor Raymond Dart which means
“southern ape of Africa”.

ROBUST AUSTRALOPITHECINES
Australopithecus aethiopicus were the earliest and somewhat the least known of the
robust australopithecines. Some of its fossils were found in northern Kenya and Ethiopia dating
between 2.3million and 2.7 million years ago.
Australopithecus robustus was a new australopithecine species discovered by Robert
Broom. It has a larger teeth, a massive jaw, and a flatter face than A. africanus.
Australopithecus boisei was discovered by a paleoanthropologist named Louis Leakey in
western Tanzania. It has enormous molar teeth and expanded premolars, a thick and deep jaw,
and thick cheek bones.

HOMO SPECIES
Homo habilis appeared around 2.3 million years ago. It has a larger brain and reduced
the size of molars and premolars compared to the Australopithecus.
Home rudolfensis is somehow the same as the features of Homo habilis. Some say that
the difference lies on their cheek teeth and face.
 Homo erectus was the first hominid species that was distributed in the “Old World.” It
was seen in parts of Africa and in Asia. The brain averages 895 to 1040 ccin size larger than
the fossils found of Australopithecines.
Homo sapiens lived earlier than the Neanderthals. They lived 100,000 years ago.
The Homo sapiens sapiens appeared 50,000 years ago. It was characterized as the
modern human. They have domed skull, chin, small eyebrows, and a rather puny skeleton.

CULTURAL AND SOCIOPOLITICAL EVOLUTION

Year Innovation
10,000 BCE Neolithic Revolution begins in Southwest Asia and other areas. Climate
change resulted in longer dry seasons and the end of a 100,000-year ice
age. Abundance of wild grains enabled hunter gatherers to settle in villages.
Domestication of dogs begins in Asia and North America.

9500 BCE The “founder crops” of agricultural appear: wheat, barley, peas, lentils, bitter
vetch, chickpeas, and flax.
8000-6000 Nomadic hunter-gatherers begin to grow food and domesticate animals:
BCE Rice in China, 7500 BCE Squash in Mexico, 7000 BCE Wheat in
Mesopotamia, 8500 BCE
Cattle in SW Asia and India, 7000 BCE Domestication of sheep, goats and
pigs begins in SW Asia. Irrigation systems introduced.
7000-6000 Domestication of cattle begins in Southwest Asia, Pakistan, and India.
BCE
6000-3000 A wooden plow, the ard, used in Mesopotamia and Egypt. Permanent
BCE village established in the Fertile Crescent. Farming established on the banks
of the Nile River.
3000 BCE Irrigation systems and dams built on the Nile River. Crop production
increases trade and spread of agriculture. Potatoes domesticated in Peru.
2000 BCE Iron plow developed in China.
1000 BCE Manure used as a fertilizer. Iron plows widely used in China and Southwest
Asia.
500 BCE Mouldboard plow with a V-shaped iron cutting edge developed in China.

Activity 3
A. Write your understanding of the terms: biological evolution against cultural
evolution.

Biological Evolution Cultural Evolution

B. What are the significant roles of culture in human adaptation?

C. Think of one scenario where you could see the interaction of cultural and socio-
political evolution in society. Identify the scenario and describe the process

Cultural

Social Political
Chapter 4
BECOMING A MEMBER OF A SOCIETY

SKILLS TO BE DEVELOPED (LEARNING

COMPETENCIES)
 Explain the development of one’s self
and others as a product of socialization
and enculturation.
 Identify the context, content,
processes, and consequences of
enculturation and socialization.

ENCULTURATION/SOCIALIZATION
Enculturation in its broadest
sense is a process which all individuals
undergo throughout his whole life: it is both a
conscious and unconscious procedure
starting from birth up until to death. In
connection to that, it happens not only when a
person goes to school for formal education,
but also, Enculturation happens through
family, peers, and other individuals that
socializes with the person throughout the
person’s lifetime (Enculturation and
Acculturation,” 2012).
CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE
Social control is the process of creating and maintaining stability: in simplest
terms, the power of society over
individuals.
 Conformity-Behavior
which involve change in
order to fit in.
 Deviance- Behavior
that violates social
norms.
To further understand deviance
and society Robert Merton, a
famous sociologist conceptualized
a theory which is called the
Structural Strain Theory. It explains
behaviors that don’t satisfy the
norms of society.
  Conformist: Accepted Goal, Accepted Means. These are groups of people that
follow the norm, and also trust the system which would help them achieve their
goals.
 Ritualists: Reject Goal, Accept Means. They are the people that reject or do not
believe in the goals of the society.
 Innovators: Accept Goal, Reject Means. They are the opposites of ritualists.
Innovators are the people that accept the society’s goal, however, they reject the
ways on how to get the society’s goal.
 Retreatist: Reject Goal, Reject Means. These are types of of people who reject
both the goals and means of the society, which makes them deviant.
 Rebels: Reject Goal, Reject Means. These people are those who are not satisfied
with the current system, but instead they are the ones who want to create a new
goal and means for the society, which makes them deviant.

ACTIVITY 4
A. Name the most important rule (rule of thumb) that adolescent people like you value to
maintain good relationships or interaction with others, especially the disadvantage
groups in society like the people with disabilities (PWD) and the abandoned elderly?
And, name the possible consequences if these normative rules will be violated?

PWD

Rule of Interaction:

Consequences if Violated:
B. REFLECTION

In 2 to 3 sentences, write in the box how your understanding of the interplay

of culture, society, and political science made you become more competent
member of the human society, especially in the recognition of human rights and
promotion of the disadvantaged groups?
Chapter 5
HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED
MODULE 1: GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY

SKILLS TO BE DEVELOPED (LEARNING

COMPETENCIES)
 Define a group.
 What are the different types of group
 Describe the organized nature of social
life and rules governing behaviour.

A group is where people have the chance to interact with other people and think of
themselves as belonging together.

GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY: PRIMARY GROUP

According to Charles Horton Cooley, a
primary group is a small social group whose
members share personal and lasting relationships.
These are some primary groups:
 Family – families spend a significant amount
of time together, allowing the members to
support, comfort, and encourage one
another. Families are connected for a lifetime
and are significant to each member’s
personal growth.
 Friends- they often spend a lot of time
experiencing different adventures together,
chatting about personal stories and simply
enjoying each-other’s company.
 Love relationships- A couple in love relationship is first brought together as a result of
mutual physical and emotional attraction. They spend a significant amount of time
together, whether that involves learning about one another or collectively sharing new
experiences.

GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY: SECONDARY GROUP

Secondary groups are large clusters people who have mutually shared purpose,
often aiming to complete tasks.
Examples of secondary groups are:
 School/Class- A classroom consists of students and a teacher, in which the teacher is
in charge or creating a structure and environment that help the students learn. Much less
of being emotional with each other.
  Workplace or Place of Employment- The goal of the structured environment in the
workplace is to fulfil a predetermined a assignment.

IN-GROUPS AND OUT-GROUPS

An in-group is a group wherein people feel that they are part of the social group
while and out-group is a social group with which and individual does not identify to be a part of.
There are a lot of factors which create the identity if an individual is in the in-group
or out-group. These are some:
 Race: Asians vs. Caucasians
 Culture: Filipinos vs. Chinese
 Gender: Males vs. Females
 Age: Teenagers vs. Senior Citizens
 Religion: Muslims vs. Infidels
ACTIVITY 5.1
A. In your own words, can you differentiate a primary group from a secondary
group?

Secondary
Primary Group
Group

B. What characterized an in-group versus an out-group?

Out-group
In-group
C. Give an example of a primary group versus secondary group.

Secondary
Primary Group
Group

Give an example of your in-group vs. your out-group?

MODULE 2:
LESSON 1: KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, and the
HOUSEHOLD

SKILLS TO BE DEVELOPED (LEARNING

COMPETENCIES)
 Kinship by Blood
 Kinship by Marriage
 Kinship by Ritual
 Family and the Household

In Anthropology, kinship is the web of social relationships that form an important

part of the lives of most humans in most societies, although its exact meanings even within this
discipline are often debated.

KINSHIP BY BLOOD
There are three main types
of affiliation with kin: the unilineal descent,
abilinial descent and bilateral descent.
The unilinial descent and ambilinial
descent are based on the rules of descent
which are rules that connect individuals
with particular sets of kin because
ofknown or presumed common ancestry.
Unilinieal descent
describes that a person is affiliated with a
group of kin through descent links of one
sex only (either males or females). It is
either patrilineal or matrilineal.
1. Patrilineal descent-
Affiliates an individual with kin of both sexes related to him or her through men
only.
2. Matrilineal descent- Affiliates and individual with kin of both sexes related to
him or her through women only.
AmbilinealDescent is a system containing both unilineal descent groups example
both patrilineal and matrilineal groups in which one belongs to one’s father’s and/or mother’s
descent group.
Bilateral kinship means two sided which refers to the fact that one’s relatives in
both mother’s and father’s sides are equal in importance.

KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
 Marriage is a socially approved sexual and economic union, usually between
man and a woman.
1. Monogamy- It is a form of marriage in which one man marries one woman.
2. Polygamy- It involves plural marriage. There are two types:
a. Polygony-it is a form of marriage in which one man marries more
than one woman at a given time.
 Sororal Polygyny-It is a type of marriage in which the
wives are invariably the sisters.
 Nonsororal Polygyny- It is a type of marriage in whch the
wives are not related as sisters.
b. Polyandry- It is the marriage of one woman with more than one man.
 Fraternal Polyandry- When several brothers share the
same wife, the practice can be called alelphic or fraternal
polyandry.
 Nonfraternal Polyandry- In this type the husband need
not have any close relationship prior to the marriage.
3. Polyamorous or Group Marriage- It means that marriage of two or more
men with two or more women.
SELECTING A MARRIAGE PARTNER
1. Endogamy- It is a rule of marriage in which the life-partners are to be selected
within the group.
2. Exogamy- It is a rule of marriage in which an individual has to marry outside
his own group.

KINSHIP BY RITUAL
A ritual kinship is a privileged social relationship established by ritual, such as that
of godparents or fraternal orders.

FAMILY AND THE HOUSEHOLD

1. Nuclear family- a family unit that consists of a single couple or monogamous
family, that is-the husband, wife, and their child or children.
2. Extended family- a family unit that consists of the husband and wife with their
child/children, and their relatives like in-laws (grandparents, uncle and aunty)
3. Reconstituted family- a family unit that consists of one or both parents who
have a child or children from a previous relationship or past marriage, but they
have combined to form a new family often after a death of a previous spouse,
or marital separation, annulment or divorce.
4. Single-parent family- a family unit which is headed by one parent (either
father or mother only) raising a child or children.
Type of Family by Residence- based on the nature of household residence:
1. Patrilocal residence- the son stays and the daughters leaves, so that the
married couple lives with or near the husband’s parents.
2. Matrilocal residence- the daughter stays and the son leaves, so that the
married couple lives with or near the wife’s parents.
 3. Family of bilocal residence- Either the son or the daughter leaves, so that
the married couple lives with or near either the wife’s or the husband’s
parents.

ACTIVITY 6
A. How will you describe your family?

Who are the members of your family? In which side of your family ( father or
And, how many of you living in your mother side, or on your own) are you
household? living/residing?

B. How will you describe your family structure based on the

following:
Endogamous or Exogamous

Family Structure (Nuclear, Extended,

Reconstituted, Single-parent)

Lineality (Patrilineal, Matrilineal, etc.)

Descent (Cognatic, Matrilateral, Bilateral,
etc)

Household Residence (Patrilocal,

Matrilocal, etc)

C. TRUE or FALSE. Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false. Write

your answer in the space provided before the number.

_________ 1. The family can never be a part of political affairs.

_________ 2. Kinship is the web of social relationships that form and
important part of the lives of most humans in most societies.
_________ 3. Kinship can be by blood, marriage, and ritual.
_________ 4. There are three main types of affiliation with kin.
_________ 5. There are four groups which refer themselves as
belonging to a particular unilineal group.

D. REFLECTION

In 2 to 3 sentences, write in the box what learning/s you have gained

about the institution of the family and how important the family is in
society.
MODULE 2:
LESSON 2: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
ORGANIZATIONS

SKILLS TO BE DEVELOPED (LEARNING

COMPETENCIES)
 Political Organizations
 Types of Authority
 Legitimizing Leadership in Society.

Political organizations
A political organization is any entity that is involved in the political process.

Bands
Bands are societies that were composed of fairly small and nomadic groups of people
Tribal Organization
Tribal organizations are a distinct people, dependent on their land for their
livelihood, who are largely self-sufficient, and not integrated into the national society.
Chiefdom Organization
A chiefdom is a form of hierarchical political organization in nonindustrial societies
usually based on kinship, and in which formal leadership is monopolized by the legitimate senior
members of select families or ‘houses’.
State Organization
A state is an autonomous political unit, encompassing many communities within
its territory and having a centralized government with the power to collect taxes, draft men to
work or war, and decree and enforce laws.
Authority and Legitimacy
1. Traditional Authority- derives from long-established customs, habits, and
social structures.
2. Charismatic Authority- The charisma of the individual or the leader plays an
important role.
3. Rational Authority- it is that form of authority which depends for its legitimacy
on formal rules and established laws of the state, which are usually written
down and are often very complex.
Forms of Legitimizing Government
1. Output legitimacy- the effectiveness of policy outcomes for people
 2. Input legitimacy- the responsiveness to citizen concerns as a result of
participation by the people
3. Who analyses legitimacy- the governance processes that happen in between
input and output.

ACTIVITY 7
A. What are the types of political organizations that you are aware of?

POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS

B. Why are political organizations important in society?

C. In political organizations, a leadership that is recognized by the majority

of its people is crucial for it to be effective. If you are to chosses a leader
who will represent and lead your organization, how would you want this
leader to be chosen or selected? Write your answer below:
MODULE 2:
LESSON 3: ECONOMIC INSTITUTION

SKILLS TO BE DEVELOPED (LEARNING

COMPETENCIES)
 Describe the economic institution.
 Analyze the economic institution and
its impacts on the lives of people in
society.

Economic Institution
These are the formal and
informal rules that organize the
economic flow and activity of a society
(Kelly, 2012). It aid in strategizing and
deciding the flow of production,
consumption, and distribution of goods
and services of a society to ensure that
each individual’s needs are met.

Reciprocity
It is a form of gift exchange between two parties wherein return is expected after
product or gift-giving (Parry, 1986).
Transfer and Redistribution
Transfers are payments that are made without any good or service being received
in return (Bishop, 2012).
Redistribution is the process of transferring income and wealth—be it in the form
of money, physical property, and the like—from one individual to other individuals.
Market Transactions
Market transaction is basically the system of exchange in a market. It is a when
goods and service are traded and bartered amongst individuals within their market and society.
Purchases
This type of transaction is the most common amongst all kinds of transactions.
Loans
 A more complicated version of Purchases, a loan is a sum of money that a person
may borrow.

Activity 7
A. How will you describe the economic institution?

What is an economic institution? Who or what are the major players in the
economic institution?

B. How can economic institution influence your day-to-day living?

1.

2.

3.

C. On a macro or bigger scale, how do you see the power and influence of
the economic institution?
 D. In 2-3 sentences, write in the box what learning/s have you gained about
the role of the economic institution in society?

MODULE 2:
LESSON 4: THE NON-STATE INSTITUTION

SKILLS TO BE DEVELOPED (LEARNING

COMPETENCIES)
 Describe the non-state institutions
 Differentiate the non-state institutions

Non-state institutions, also known as Non-state Actors, are people and/or

organizations that participate in international affairs and relations but are not affiliated with any
state or nation.
Banks and Corporations
In any societal arena, one of the important systems that is needed for a society to
run is an organization or institution that provides for said society’s finances.
Cooperatives and Trade Unions
A cooperative (coops/co-ops) are associations owned by people who voluntarily
cooperate with each other under the influence of their social, economic, and cultural benefits.
Transnational Advocacy Groups
To first understand what a Transnational Advocacy Group is, we must first
understand what an advocacy is. An advocacy is an idea from an individual or group which aims
to influence a political, economic, and social decision.
Development Agencies
Economic Development Agencies are described to be independent organizations
that aim to implement strategic ways of developing territories and societies.

International Organizations
A typical organization promotes, enhances, and ensures its members through
advocacies and state actions.

Activity 8
A. What are the non-state institutions that you know?

B. How can non-state institutions affect or influence you or the

individuals on a day to day basis?

C. How can non-state institutions affect the other institutions?

MODULE 2:
LESSON 5: EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

SKILLS TO BE DEVELOPED (LEARNING

COMPETENCIES)
 Describe the educational institution
 Evaluate how the functions of
education affect lives of people in
society

Education is a social institution through which a society’s children are taught basic academic
knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms.
Functions of Education in the Society
Education is an essential part of the development of any country and society as
this is the primary way of enlightening an individual with each facet of life.
Self-Actualization
According to Abraham Maslow’s fundamental teachings, the basic needs of a
person must first be met before an individual can achieve self-actualization—the need to be
good and fully alive.
Primary Education as a Human Right
Education as a human right began in 1995 through the UNESCO Associated
Schools Program. However, the first attempt to request for education to be a right spurted in
1974 according to UNESCO.
Activity 9
A. Who are the major players and/or agencies in the educational
institution?
B. How is the educational Institution influencing your day to day living?

C. How important is basic education as a human right?

D. Write in the box what concept have you gained about role of the
educational institution in society?
MODULE 2:
LESSON 6: RELIGION AND BELIEF SYSTEM

SKILLS TO BE DEVELOPED (LEARNING

COMPETENCIES)
 Define the institution of religion and the
importance of religion to human lives
 Compare the different types of religion
 Analyse how religious ritual and norms
differ per religious group
All societies have a belief system that can be grouped into the term religion.
Religion is the set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices pertaining to supernatural power, whether
they are gods, spirits, ghost or demons which are supernatural beings.
Monetheism- generally, it means a religion with one God. It is a belief with one personal and
transcendent God.
Animism- is a belief system of some indigenous tribal peoples especially prior to the
development of organized religion.
Polytheism- refers to the worship of or belief in multiple gods usually assembled into a
pantheon of gods and goddesses, along with their own religion and rituals.
Institutionalized Religions- are a social institution, in which belief systems and rituals are
systematically arranged and formally established.

Activity 10
A. How will you describe your religious affiliation?

What is your religion? What is the core idea of your religious group?
 B. How does your religion influence your:

Perception of Self Family relations Dealings or Relations with

other people in your
religious community

C. How do you see your religion in relations with other religions in the
bigger society?

\
\

MODULE 2:
LESSON 7: HEALTH

SKILLS TO BE DEVELOPED (LEARNING

COMPETENCIES)
 Defining health and Domains of Health
 Culture-specific Syndromes and
Illnesses
 Health as a human right
Health is, according
to the World Health Organization (WHO), as the state of complete physical physical, mental and
social well-being. This proposed will cover the following health domains:

Physical health Refers to the way that your body functions. This includes
eating right, getting regular exercise, and being at your
recommended body weight. It is also avoiding vices, and being
free of disease and sickness.

Psychological health Is the ability to recognize reality and cope with the demands of
everyday life.

Emotional health Is expressing your emotions in a positive and non-destructive

way
Social health Is the quality of your relationships with family, friends, teachers
and classmates, and others the child is in contact with.

Spiritual health Refers to maintaining harmonious relationships with other

living things, and having spiritual direction and purpose.

CULTURE-SPECIFIC SYNDROMES AND ILLNESSES

With the growing spread of knowledge and learnings across the globe, it is quite
inevitable for different cultures and nations to form their own terms for illnesses that occur
specifically in their regions.
Bughat- originated in Cebu (or more commonly known as “binat” amongst Filipinos) is a relapse
of the body’s system after it has healed from sickness.
Usog- this topic in Filipino Psychology happens when an unsuspecting stranger greets you with
an “evil eye”. Usog usually happens to young children.
HEALTH AS A HUMAN RIGHT
As illnesses and sicknesses are viewed as a natural occurrence of a human life
cycle, it is quite necessary for health to be a part of our basic human rights. The WHO
constitution enshrines the highest attainable standard of health as a fundamental right of every
human being.

ACTIVITY 11
A. Using the scale;
1 Very Poor 4 Very Good
2 Poor 5 Excellent
3 Good

How will you describe your health condition?

Physical Psychological Emotional Social Spiritual Over-all

Health Health Health Health Health Health
Condition

B. How important is the health condition of the people of a country to

predict the country’s level of development?

C. Write your thoughts about health as a human right in society?

MODULE 3:
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STRATIFICATION

SKILLS TO BE DEVELOPED (LEARNING

COMPETENCIES)
 Social desirables
 Social mobility system
 Gender inequality
 Ethnic minorities
SOCIAL DESIRABLES
Social standards vary in every society.
Power- refers to the ability to influence other people. It is getting whatthey want
despite the unwillingness of others to give in to their desires.
Prestige- refers to the person’s position in society. This refers to having a certain
status that enables you to have resources or opportunities that others without your status
cannot have.
Wealth- refers to the amount of resources that you have.
SOCIAL MOBILITY SYSTEM
Social mobility is how people manage to change their social position over a period of
time.
Open Class System- a person’s status is based on their achievement.
Closed Class System- in these societies people are born into their classes and they will
usually remain in their ascribed status for the rest of their life.
GENDER INEQUALITY
In some societies, the gender and sex of a person can affect their social standing.
Gender inequality is characterized by having some people deprived of privileges (such as some
occupations, equal pay, education, rights, etc.)
ETHNIC MINORITIES
 There will always be groups of people in a society that will be classified as minorities.
Their civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights are sometimes violated because they
are discriminated due to their ethnicity.
ACTIVITY 12
I. TRUE or FALSE. Write True if the statement is correct, False if not.

_______1. People would differ from each other based on their personal
characteristics.
_______2. There are some people that are treated in another way because of the
social status, power, income, prestige, etc.
_______3.Members of the same rank have similar identities and lifestyles.
_______4. Social inequality also exists in many areas, these are: gender, sex, race,
age, ethnicity, religion and kinship.
_______5. According to some researchers, gender inequality is related to
essentialism.
_______6. Horizontal mobility refers to how people would move up and down the
social hierarchy.
_______7. There will always be groups of people in a society that will be classified
as majorities.
_______8.Inequality and discrimination does not exist in societies across the globe.
_______9. There is a wide gap between the rich and poor; poverty and social
inequality are interrelated and they both can have effects on an individual.
_______10. Societies differ on how socially mobile their members are.

II. What are the manifestations of political and social stratification in society?

Political Stratification Social Stratification

III. What are the characteristics of stratification?

IV. REFLECTION

In 2-3 sentences, write in the box what learning/s have you gained as to how
the political and social stratification in society affect the individuals and
groups in society.
Chapter 6
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL CHANGE

SKILLS TO BE DEVELOPED (LEARNING

COMPETENCIES)
 Evaluate factors causing social,
political, and cultural change
 Advocate how human societies should
adapt to such changes

CULTURAL CHANGE
All cultures have predispositions to either resist or accept change. There are three
main sources of influence or pressure that are responsible for this:
1. Forces at work within a society
2. Contact between societies
3. Changes in the natural environment
SOCIAL CHANGE
In simplest terms is defined as a change of systems or institution, cultural,
economic and political in the social relationship overtime.
POLITICAL CHANGE
Political change is something that occurs when a country changes its type of government or
when there is a change of leader in the government.
INNOVATION
Cultural, social and political change may be triggered by innovations.
Activity 13.
A. Name one thing/idea/ or process which is a clear product of:
 Political Change Social Change Cultural Change

B. What are the sources or triggers of cultural, social and political change?

Political Change Social Change Cultural Change

C. REFLECTION
Write in the box what learning/s have you gained as to how the political and
social stratification in society affect the individuals and groups in society.