A Comprehensive study on Application of Phytotherapy for healing the Psychological

Disorders

LITERATURE REVIEW IN THE DOMAIN OF RESEARCH

PHD IN PSYCHOLOGY-PPD 103

Submitted by
Vijaya Sunil Ghayal
SID - 23181252
Faculty of Psychology

Submitted to
Dr. Suraj Kumar Singh
Associate Professor and Head of the Centre for Sustainable
Development- SGVU

SURESH GYAN VIHAR UNIVERSITY

(ACCREDITED BY NAAC WITH ‘A+’ GRADE)

MAHAL, JAGATPURA, JAIPUR, 302025

Batch : Oct 2023
Literature REVIEW IN the domain of research PhD in
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Literature Review

The field of mental health treatments has witnessed a growing interest in complementary and
alternative approaches integrated with Phytotherapy .This promising avenue involves the use of
plant-based compounds to address various health conditions, including psychological disorders
.Therefore, Phytotherapy could hold the promise as a valuable addition to the toolkit of
psychological health treatments
Psychological disorders are also known as mental disorders or mental illnesses, are a range of
conditions that affect a person's thoughts, emotions, behavior, and overall mental thetll-being.
These disorders can significantly impact an individual's daily life, relationships, and ability to
function. There are numerous psychological disorders, each with its own set of symptoms, causes,
and treatment approaches. Here are some common types of psychological disorders:

Larit, F (2023) has conducted a comprehensive ethnomedicinal investigation and documentation

of medicinal plants and the different plant formulations traditionally used in Algeria for the
treatment of pain, psychiatric, and neurological disorders. It also intends to improve the current
knowledge of Algerian folk medicine. Several scientific databases thetre used to accomplish this
work. Based on this investigation, they have identified 82 plant species belonging to 69 genera
and spanning 38 distinct botanical families used as remedies to treat various psychological and
neurological conditions. Their traditional uses and methods of preparation, along with their
phytochemical composition, main bioactive constituents, and toxicity .They have provided new
resource of information on Algerian medicinal plants used in the treatment and management of
neurological and psychological diseases, which can be useful not only for the documentation and
conservation of traditional knowledge, but also for conducting future phytochemical and
pharmacological studies.

Patrick Amoateng (2018) has carried out study, in which the authors has provided an
ethnobotanical description of plant species used in treating mental and neurological disorders in
Ghana and an update oftheir experimentally validated pharmacological relevance are provided.
They have found that Thirty-two plant species belonging to twenty-eight families had either
analgesic (50%), anxiolytic (18.8%), or anticonvulsant (15.6%) properties. Others had reported
sedative, anti-Alzheimer’s disease, motor coordination, antipsychotic, antidepressant, cognitive
enhancement, and neuroprotective properties. While Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae) and
Ocimum gratissimum L. (Lamiaceae) were the most commonly mentioned species with analgesic
properties, Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) was the most-reported anxiolytic product, with

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Cymbopogon citratus DC. (Gramineae), Mangifera indica L., Tetrapleura tetraptera Schum Taub.
(Fabaceae), and Persea Americana Mill (Lauraceae) being the most studied anticonvulsants.
Conclusions. This study provides the first report specifically on medicinal plants used in treating
mental and neurological disorders in Ghana. Most of the identified plants have been scientifically
confirmed to possess neuro- and psychopharmacological properties and may serve as templates
for drug development.

Chinaza G. (2023) have studied on Complementary and alternative system of medicine at the
center of drug discovery for different CNS disorders. The study was aimed at treating various
diseases such as CND disorders, malaria, mycetoma, and inflammation. Electroacupuncture (EA)
has the ability to protect prolonged restraint stress, attenuate depressions, and manage few CNS
disorders. Bacopa monnieri, Rhodiola rosea, Centella asiatica, Cannabis sativa, Curcuma longa,
Cyperus rotundus, Morinda citrifolia, and Withania somnifera are among the most common plants
used for treating CNS disorder. Bioactive compounds such as valtrate, curcumin, cannabinoids,
apomorphine, pergolide, benzatropine, β-asarone, α-Asarone have been used to treat various CNS
disorders, such as addiction, insomnia, depression, Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, vitiligo,
Parkinson’s disease. These complementary and alternative system of medicines have promising
lead in the quest to develop more drugs for CNS disorders

Lei Liua (2015) have studied on Herbal Medicine for Anxiety, Depression and Insomnia.
Literatures showed a variety of herbal mechanisms of action used for the therapy of depression,
anxiety and insomnia, involving reuptake of monoamines, affecting neuroreceptor binding and
channel transporter activity, modulating neuronal communication or hypothalamic-pituitary
adrenal axis (HPA) etc. Nonetheless, a systematic review on herbal pharmacology in depression,
anxiety and insomnia is still lacking. This review has been performed to further identify modes of
action of different herbal medicine, and thus provides useful information for the application of
herbal medicine.

Panossian A (2023) have provided overview on scientific opinion on Challenges in phytotherapy

Research ,which is not pretending on a comprehensive review of the research in the field, where
only representative studies were selected in the discussion. These studies provide thorough
information on the chemical composition of traditionally used herbal medicines and uncover
molecular mechanisms of their pharmacological action .They have discussed the benefits and
disadvantages of purified mono-drugs vs. multi-component herbal medicines. Selective and
nonspecific pharmacological action of herbal preparations

Kenda, [Link] al ( 2022) have reviewed plants and products derived from them that are commonly
used for the above indications, focusing on clinical data and safety profiles. While lavender, hops,
maypop, lemon balm, and valerian have consistently been shown in clinical trials to relieve mild

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forms of neurological disorders, particularly depression, anxiety, and stress, currently available
data do not fully support the use of peppermint for anxiety disorders and depression. Recent studies
support the use of saffron for depression; however, its toxicological profile raises safety concerns.
St. John’s wort is effective in alleviating mild to moderate depression; however, careful use is
necessary particularly due to possible interactions with other drugs. In conclusion, more studies
are needed to validate the mechanism of action so that these plants can be used successfully and
safely to alleviate or eliminate various mental disorders

Alegiry M et al.(2021) have investigated Saudis’ attitudes toward mental distress and
psychotropic medication, attribution of causes, expected side effects, and to analyze participants’
expectations toward alternative or complementary medicine using aromatic and medicinal plants,
through a survey. They have found that among the 664 participants, 73.4% believed that there are
some positive and negative outcomes of psychotropic medication. Participants (72.0%) think that
the most important reason leading to psychological disorders is mainly due to the loss of a relative
or beloved person, and 73.9%considered psychic session as one of the possible treatments of
psychological disorders. Surprisingly, only 18.8%of the participants agreed that medicinal and
aromatic plants could be a possible treatment of the psychological disorder. Participants (82%)
consider that physicians are the most trustful and preferred source of information about alternative
and complementary medicine

O. Onyebuchi (2021) have reviewed phytotherapy as promising approach for the treatment of
Alzheimer’s disease John Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disease and the
most common form of dementia, affecting more than 10 million people all over the world.
Clinically, AD is characterized by progressive deficits in memory, cognitive impairment, and
altered behavior. They found that although researches have largely continued, there is still no ap-
propriate treatment option for disease-modifying AD. However, symptomatic treatment options
exist. Medicinal plants have been used in different systems of medicine from ancient times for the
treatment of diseases. Numerous herbs have been shown to improve brain function and may have
a role to play in AD treatment. In this review, they have provided a systematic review on the role
of medicinal plants and herbs useful for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, the effect of these
herbs on hormones, herb-drug interactions as well as stability-related testing for the herbal
pharmaceutical medicines

[Link] and G,Gray (2000) has reviewed herbal medicines for psychiatric disorders and
found that although there are evidences of the efficacy of herbal preparations in treating
psychiatric conditions is growing, translating the results of efficacy studies into effective
treatments for patients is hampered by the chemical complexity of the products, the lack of
standardization of commonly available preparations, and the paucity of well-controlled studies.

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Efferth, T. and Koch, E. (2011). Studied on ,Complex interactions between phytochemicals. The
multi-target therapeutic concept of phytotherapy . They have described that drugs derived from
natural resources represent a significant segment of the pharmaceutical market as compared to
randomly synthesized compounds. According to them, Phytotherapeutics may exhibit
pharmacological effects by the synergistic or antagonistic interaction of many phytochemicals.
Mechanistic reasons for interactions are bioavailability, interference with cellular transport
processes, activation of pro-drugs or deactivation of active compounds to inactive metabolites,
action of synergistic partners at different points of the same signalling cascade (multi-target
effects) or inhibition of binding to target proteins. "-Omics" technologies and systems biology may
facilitate unravelling synergistic effects of herbal [Link] Therapy of
Psychosis:Potential Phytochemicals and Drug Targets in the Management of Schizophrenia

Saleem A et al. (2022) has conducted study to determine the phytochemicals as new drug
candidates for treatment and management of schizophrenia. These phytochemicals alter and affect
neurotransmission, cell signaling pathways, endocannabinoid receptors, neuro-inflammation,
activation of immune system and status of oxidative stress. Phytochemicals exhibiting anti-
schizophrenic activity are mostly flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, terpenes,
polypropanoids, lactones and glycosides. However, well-designed clinical trials are consequently
required to investigate potential protective effect and therapeutic benefits of these phytochemicals
against schizophrenia.

Spiess D et al .(2022) have worked on Advanced in Vitro Safety Assessment of Herbal Medicines
for the Treatment of Non-Psychotic Mental Disorders in [Link] have observed that the
proteomics results were promising, as none of the five extracts significantly affected protein
expression by up- or down-regulation. Protopine (contained in California poppy), valerenic acid
(in valerian), and linalool (in lavender) were inconspicuous in all experiments and showed no
adverse effects. Hyperforin and hypericin (two constituents of St. John’s wort) and valtrate (typical
for valerian) were the most obvious phytochemicals with respect to cytotoxic and apoptotic effects.
A decrease in cell viability was evident with hypericin (≥1 μM) and valtrate (≥10 μM), whereas
hyperforin (≥3 μM), hypericin (30 μM) and valtrate (≥10 μM) induced cell apoptosis. None of the
tested phytochemicals resulted in genotoxic effects at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 μM and thus are
not DNA damaging. No decrease in glucose consumption or lactate production was observed under
the influence of the phytochemicals, except for valtrate (at all concentrations). No compound
affected cell differentiation, except for hyperforin (≥1 μM), which had an inhibitory effect. They
have conclude that extracts from St. John’s wort, California poppy, valerian, lavender, and hops
are likely to be safe during pregnancy. High plasma concentrations of some relevant compounds—
hyperforin and hypericin from St. John’s wort and valtrate from valerian.

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Dobrek, L and Głowacka, K.(2023) have reviewed the depression and its phytopharmacotherapy
and discussed the pathophysiology, symptomatology and treatment of depression, with a
particular focus on the role of phytopharmacologyin its treatment. It provides the mechanisms of
action revealed in experimental studies of active ingredients isolated from herbal antidepressants
and presents the results of selected clinical studies confirming their antidepressant effectivenes
Katarzyna J.(2020) have reviewed the Passiflora incarnata in Neuropsychiatric Disorders and
found that Passionflower has the potential to alleviate some symptoms of neuropsychiatric origin.
No adverse effects, including memory loss or collapse of psychometric functions, have been linked
to passion flower administration. The anti-anxiety effect of Passiflora incarnata is comparable to
drugs such as oxazepam/ midazolam. Consequently, they found it as effective
and safe pharmaceutical to reduce stress reactivity, insomnia, anxiety, and depression-like
behaviors

Pilipovi´c, K et al. (2023) have reviewed Plant-Based Antioxidants for Prevention and Treatment
of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Phytotherapeutic Potential of Laurus nobilis, Aronia melanocarpa,
and [Link] have described the main aspects related to the potential of using extracts of
L. nobilis and A. melanocarpa, their related components, as well as celastrol, another plantderived
molecule, for the prevention and treatment of NDDs. The common characteristic of these selected
plants and their associated molecules was found to be their complex mechanisms of action with
predominantly antioxidant activity, which makes them promising in terms of their therapeutic
potential. Despite the promising results of numerous in vitro and in vivo studies, their therapeutic
potential still seems to be underestimated in science and medicine, especially when compared to
their better-known counterparts such as green tea polyphenols, curcumin from turmeric, or
resveratrol from grapes. They have also demonstrated the need for further research on the potential
benefits of the reviewed plant-derived pharmaceuticals with pronounced antioxidant activity for
the treatment of NDDs.

Orgeta V et al (2022) have reviewed the Psychological treatments for depression and anxiety in
dementia and mild cognitive impairment. According to them, experiencing anxiety and depression
is very common in people living with dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). There is
uncertainty about the best treatment approach. Drug treatments may be in effective and associated
with adverse effects. They have investigated the effectiveness of different psychological
treatment approaches.

Kang D et al.(2023) have reviewed clinical application of Chinese herbal medication(CHM) to

depression They have described the currently available evidence for the efficacy of CHM for the
treatment of depression and physiological diseases comorbid with [Link], they have
discussed the possible mechanisms of action of CHM and the relationships to our current
understanding of depression. The majority of current evidence has suggested that the combined

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treatment with CHM and mainstream antidepressants improves the response rate and reduces the
side effects, while CHM alone could be more effective than placebo.
Provided importance of CHMs for depression

Elisabetsky E and Che C(2022) have studied the Natural products as sources of innovative
approaches in [Link] have illustrateed the potential of natural products against various
psychiatric conditions. As usual in drug development, to better characterize and understand their
medicinal properties, additional preclinical and clinical investigation have been studied.

Melrose, J.(2023) have worked on Potential of Flavonoids and Flavonoid Metabolites in the
Treatment of Neurodegenerative Pathology in Disorders of Cognitive Decline. Therapeutic
probiotics may be a means of engineering micro biome members that produce the beneficial
flavonoid metabolites outlined in this review as a means of selectively treating neurological
disorders. Thus mood, anxiety, and neurological disorders that result in cognitive deficits and
motor dysfunction may potentially be targeted using such an approach. Therapeutic nutraceuticals
that enhance the levels of these beneficial flavonoid metabolites may also be an approach worth
investigation to improve overall health and wellbeing.

Kempster P and Ma A (2022),worked on Parkinson’s disease, dopaminergic drugs and the plant
world. They have described the development of pharmacotherapy for PD in terms of historically
important plant-derived substances—tropane and hamala alkaloids, reserpine, levodopa,
apomorphine, and ergoline dopamine receptor agonists. Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing
secondary metabolic products that tend to be biologically active. They appear to be involved in
plants’ adaptation to herbivorous animals, though their exact purpose and the ways in which they
work are uncertain. A sizable group of alkaloids influence animal dopaminergic systems,
highlighting a key biological relationship. While animals must acquire the energy that plants
harness, plants need to engage with the animal attribute that they lack—movement—in order to
maximize their reproductive fitness.

George R and Chaturvedi S. (1996) have worked on Cognitive Deficits in Relation to Quality
of Life in Chronic Schizophrenics They have carried out study on 120 chronic schizophrenic
patients to assess their cognitive functions in relation to their demographic variables and quality
of life. The main tools used for assessment were, Minimental status examination, Quality of life
scale, Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms and Scale for Assessment of Negative
Symptoms. Sixty-three per cent of the patients had their age range between 30 to 45, 81% were
from rural background and 61% hailed from nuclear family. The cognitive deficits were
significantly greater in those without employment and those from the rural background. The
cognitive deficits were more in those with predominant negative symptoms and the cognitive
deficits were found to add to the poor quality of life of schizophrenics.

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Balkrishna A, Misra LN (2017) have worked on Ayurvedic Plants in Brain Disorders: The Herbal
Hope. They had clearly explained that the Ayurvedic system of medicine is very well developed
for treating most of the brain related disorders. This review has right timely included some of the
Ayurvedic treatments, which have been described for mental disorders and are currently part of
the Ayurvedic prescriptions. According to them, Ayurvedic system of herbal medicine is certainly
a treasury of plant drugs which brings back the much sought after hope for the complete and
permanent treatment of mental disorders through natural means with minimum side effects as
compared to the allopathic drug

Nishal S et al.(2023) have reviewed the Common Plant-derived Compounds as a Potential

Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson's Disease: Insight into Structure-Activity-
Relationship. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the two most common
neurologicalillnesses that affect people in their later years. Memory loss is the hallmark of
Alzheimer's disease,while dyskinesia, or loss of mobility, is associated with muscle rigidity and
tremors in PD. Bothdiseases are unrelated, however, they do have a few similarities associated
with extrapyramidalabnormalities, particularly stiffness, which has been linked to concomitant PD
in many AD [Link] levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF in the AD and PD patients can be
regarded as evidence ofsystemic inflammation associated with each of these neurodegenerative
disorders. One of the primaryvariables in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders is
oxidative stress. Many medicinal plantsand their secondary metabolites have been claimed to be
able to help people with neurodegenerativedisorders like AD and PD. Anti-inflammatory,
antioxidant, antiapoptotic, monoamine oxidaseinhibition, acetylcholinesterase, and neurotrophic
pursuits are among the major mechanismsidentified by which phytochemicals exert their
neuroprotective effects and potential maintenance ofneurological health in old age. In regard to
neurodegenerative disorders, numerable plant-baseddrugs like alkaloids, iridoids, terpenes, and
flavones are employed for the treatment. Structure-activityrelationships (SAR) and quantitative
structure-activity relationships (QSAR) are used to investigate thelink between bioactivity and the
chemical configuration of substances

Sharifi M. et al (2020) have worked on Impact of Natural Compounds on Neurodegenerative

Disorders: From Preclinical to Pharmacotherapeutics. They have reviewed the mechanisms of
action of some of the major herbal products with potential in the treatment of NDDs according to
their molecular targets, as well as their regional sources (Asia, America and Africa). A number of
studies demonstrated the beneficial properties of plant extracts or their bioactive compounds
against NDDs. Herbal products may potentially offer new treatment options for patients with
NDDs, which is a cheaper and culturally suitable alternative to conventional therapies for millions
of people in the world with age-related NDDs.

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Chatterjee S and Kumar V. (2012) have worked on Holistic Psychopharmacology and

Promiscuous Plants and Principles of Ayurveda and discussed the observations made recently to
experimentally with the use of some well-known medicinal plants. In addition, they have described
the usefulness of the strategy for identifying edibles potentially useful for health care purposes, or
for more objectively understanding “Ayurvedic biology” is pointed out.

Hurley A.(2021) have studied the mood disorders in intellectual disability Patients with milder
levels of disability can use self-report measures and can be diagnosed using standard criteria with
little modification. For those with more severe disability, diagnosis is challenging and often
requires the use of residual categories. Atypical clinical presentation, including maladaptive
behaviors, lent support for ‘behavioral equivalent’ substitutes of standard criteria. Typical
pharmacological agents were effective for depression and electroconvulsive therapy for treatment-
resistant bipolar disorder.

Hussain G et al.(2018) have reviewed the role of Plant Derived Alkaloids and Their Mechanism
in Neurodegenerative Disorders .They have described the potential efficacy of plant-derived
alkaloids, which possess potential therapeutic effects against several NDDs including Alzheimer’s
disease (AD), Huntington disease (HD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Epilepsy, Schizophrenia, and
stroke. Alkaloids include isoquinoline, indole, pyrroloindole, oxindole, piperidine, pyridine,
aporphine, vinca, β-carboline, methylxanthene, lycopodium, and erythrine byproducts. Alkaloids
constitute positive roles in ameliorating pathophysiology of these illnesses by functioning as
muscarinic and adenosine receptors agonists, anti-oxidant, anti-amyloid and MAO inhibitors,
acetylcholinestrase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor, inhibitor of α-synuclein aggregation,
dopaminergic and nicotine agonist, and NMDA antagonist.

Sarkar [Link] al (2024).have studied on Medicinal herbal remedies in neurodegenerative

[Link] have reviewed the studies on plant-derived neuroprotective drugs and tested them
in neurotoxic models. Basic research, preclinical and clinical transgene research can benefit from
in silico, in vitro, and in vivo investigations. Research, summaries of the extracts, fractions, and
herbal ingredients were compiled from popular scientific databases, which were then examined
according to origin and bioactivity. Given the complex and varied causes of neuro degeneration,
it may be beneficial to focus on multiple mechanisms of action and a neuro protection approach.
This approach aims to prevent cell death and restore function to damaged neurons, offering
promising strategies for preventing and treating neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative
illnesses can potentially be treated with natural compounds that have been identified as
neuroprotective agents. To gain deeper insights into the neuro pharmacological mechanisms
underlying the neuroprotective and therapeutic properties of naturally occurring antioxidant
phytochemical compounds in diverse neurodegenerative diseases, this study aims to
comprehensively review such compounds, focusing on their modulation of apoptotic markers such

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ascaspase, Bax, Bcl-2, and pro inflammatory markers. In addition, they have delve into a range of
efficacies of antioxidant phytochemical compounds as neuroprotective agents in animal models.
They reduce the oxidative stress of the brain and have been shown to have anti-apoptotic effects.
Many researches have demonstrated that plant extracts or bioactive compounds can fight neuro
degenerative disorders. Herbal medications may offer neurodegenerative disease patients' new
treatments. This may be a cheaper and more culturally appropriate alternative to standard drugs
for millions of people with age-related NDDs.

Singla R et al.(2022) have studied the Translational Informatics for Natural Products as
Antidepressant Agents. They have stated that Depression, a neurological disorder, is a universally
common and debilitating illness where social and economic issues could also become one of its
etiologic factors. From a global perspective, it is the fourth leading cause of long-term disability
in human beings. For centuries, natural products have proven their true potential to combat various
diseases and disorders, including depression and its associated ailments. Translational informatics
applies informatics models at molecular, imaging, individual, and population levels to promote the
translation of basic research to clinical applications. They have summarized the natural-
antidepressant-based translational informatics studies and addresses challenges and opportunities
for future research in the field.

Saha A et al.(2021) have studied the Cognitive deficits in familial schizophrenia with aim to
compare cognitive functions in patients with schizophrenia who had a family history with those
that did not and healthy controls. For conducting experiment, fifty consecutive schizophrenia
patients were assessed on admission and follow-up after 6months of treatment using a specially
prepared pro forma, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, and the PGI Battery of brain
dysfunction is the name given to the test. An equal number of age- and sex-matched normal control
subjects were also assessed. They have found that all six cognitive domain scores in schizophrenia
improved after 6 months of treatment but did not reach the control population level. Individuals
with the highest cognitive deficits in the scales were the ones who had a family history of
schizophrenia

Ryder A. et al.(2013) demonstrated their opinion on personality disorders in Asians: Summary,

and a call for cultural research .According to them, the eepidemiological studies show relatively
low rates of personality disorder (PD) in Asian-origin samples, but these low rates may result from
a lack of understanding about what constitutes PD in Asian cultural contexts. Research on etiology,
assessment, and treatment has rarely been extended to incorporate ways in which culture might
shape PDs in general, let alone among Asians in particular. PDs did not officially change in DSM-
5, but an alternative dimensional system may help link the Asian PD literature to nonclinical

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personality research. Personality and culture are deeply intertwined, and the research literature on
Asian PDs – and on PDs more generally – would benefit greatly from more research unpacking
the cultural mechanisms of variation.

Adams M et al.(2016) have carried out ethnobotanical survey w.r.t. Plants traditionally used in
age related brain disorders. They have described that in the traditional herbal medicine, numerous
plants have been used to treat age related cognitive disorders. They have compiled available
literature from four Swiss university libraries, scientific journals and online database query’s on
plants and remedies used in traditional medicinal systems for such diseases. Over 150 plant species
in various preparations and mixtures were found. European herbals from the 16th and 17th
Century alongside traditional Chinese and Indian medicinal works were the most prolific sources.
The information is organised into geographic regions and when available the findings are discussed
in the light of more recent scientific findings concerning their secondary metabolites and in vitro
and in vivo activities relevant to dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.

Mischoulon D (2018) worked on Popular Herbal and Natural Remedies Used in Psychiatry. He
reviewed six of the most commonly used natural remedies for psychiatric conditions, including
the antidepressants St. John’s wort, omega-3 fatty acids, and S-adenosyl methionine(SAMe); the
sedative-hypnotics valerian and melatonin; and the nootropic ginkgo biloba. Weoutline the general
indications for use, suggested doses, possible mechanisms, and adverse ef‐ fects to give clinicians
a good summary of the benefits and liabilities of each. Although there isgrowing evidence of
efficacy and safety to support the use of these remedies, clinicians must beaware of the limitations
of the evidence base and take that into account with all the other fac‐ tors that contribute to clinical
decision making.

Riyaz M. et al (2013) have carried out study to evaluate the antidepressant activity of Tramadol
and Tramadol plus Imipramine in experimental animals by using Reserpine Induced Hypothermia
Test. Standard drug used in tests was Imipramine (10 mg/kg p.o.). They found that it was a tricyclic
antidepressant and it was a monoamine reuptake inhibitor. It inhibits the reuptake of noradrenalin
and serotonin (5-HT) by monoaminergic nerve terminals, and thus it facilitates transmission. So,
the possible mechanism of Tramadol and combination of Tramadol and Imipramine to decrease
the immobility time may be due to the inhibition of monoamine reuptake. Those models have
suggested that Tramadol and combination of Tramadol and Imipramine increases availability of
biogenic amines hence, concluded that Tramadol might produces antidepressant due to inhibition
of reuptake of noradrenalin and 5-HT (serotonin)

Mondal S et al (2023) described their opinion [Link] Quest of the Mysterious Holistic Vedic
Herb Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell. The essence of this review was to methodically describe
everything we know about Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell, a mysterious holistic Vedic herb

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belonging to the Plantaginaceae family, a well-known no otropic and effective memory enhancer,
which has recently emerged as one of the most important medical herbs, widely used
therapeutically in the Orient and growing in popularity around the world. They have gathered the
data from sources such as Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, and reviewed
using the Prisma quality metacritic paradigm. It is now plainly obvious that current therapies fall
short of meeting the demands of the vast majority of individuals with health problems, and
traditional medicines are gaining appeal as a result of their reduced toxicity. Bacopa is a traditional
herb used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat brain and nerve weariness, as well as in Siddha medicine
to treat impaired memory. It's also used to cure brain and nerve exhaustion in Unani medicine.
They had improved Brahmi micropropagation and secondary metabolite biosynthesis by
compiling pharmacobotanical and pharmacognostical descriptions, as well as ethno archaeological
data and nanotechnology domination. They have found that biomedical research on Bacopa
monnieri is still in its early stages, but preliminary insights could definitely open the floodgates
for additional research, among many others, that will undoubtedly benefit mankind.

Velmurugan B et al (2018) reviewed the neuroprotective role of phytochemicals .They have

explored the potential efficacy of phytochemicals such as epigallocatechin-3-galate, berberin,
curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin and limonoids against the most common NDs, including
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). The beneficial potentials of these
phytochemicals have been demonstrated by evidence-based but more extensive investigation
needs to be conducted for reducing the progression of AD and PD.

Puri V et al.(2022) have worked on Natural product-based pharmacological studies for

neurological disorders. They have summarized the present level of knowledge about natural
products based on topological evidence, bioinformatics analysis, and translational research .They
have also highlighted some clinical research or investigation that will help to select natural
products for the treatment of neurological conditions. They have explored the potential efficacy of
Phytoconstituents against neurological diseases. Various evidence-based studies and extensive
recent investigations have been discussed, which could help pharmacologists reduce the
progression of neuronal disease

Shukla P et al.(2021) has studied the efficacy and durability of cognitive behavior therapy in
managing hallucination in patients with schizophrenia In their confirmatory pre–post assessment
study, based on the purposive sampling technique, a sample consisting of 40 (20 for experimental
and the other 20 for control group) patients having schizophrenia with core symptoms of
hallucination and delusions under treatment as usual were selected and matched on the socio
demographic and clinical variables. For the clinical variables, the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scale
and Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms were used. After baseline assessment, the
cognitive behavioral program was tailored on the experimental group and patients of both the

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group were reassessed after the completion of treatment. Follow‑up data to see the durability of
program were taken from all the patients of experimental and control groups. They have found that
Cognitive behavior therapy in conjunction with pharmacotherapy was found to be more effective
in improving clinical symptoms of schizophrenia and global functioning compared to
pharmacotherapy alone

Amin Md Al et al.(2024) reviewed the Flavonoids and Alzheimer's disease w.r.t. evidence for
neuroprotective potential .Neurodegeneration, which manifests as several chronic and incurable
diseases, is an age-related condition that affects the central nervous system (CNS) and poses a
significant threat to the public’s health for the elderly. Recent decades have experienced an
alarming increase in the incidence of neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), a severe public health
issue due to the ongoing development of people living in modern civilizations. Alzheimer's disease
(AD) is a leading trigger of age-related dementia. Currently, there are no efficient therapeutics to
delay, stop, or reverse the disease's course development. Several studies found that dietary
bioactive phytochemicals, primarily flavonoids, influence the pathophysiological processes
underlying AD. Flavonoids work well as a supplement to manufactured therapies for NDDs.
Flavonoids are effective in complementing synthetic approaches to treat [Link] are
biologically active phytochemicals with promising pharmacological activities, for instance,
antiviral, anti-allergic, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant
effects. The production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and oxidative stress
(OS) are down regulated by flavonoids, which slow the course of AD. Hence, their research has
turned from preclinical evidence to feasible clinical applications to develop newer therapeutics,
focusing on the therapeutic potential of flavonoids against AD.

Silver C. et al (2006) has carried out assessment related to importance of neuropsychological

assessment for the evaluation of childhood learning disorders NAN Policy and Planning
Committee. To explain the value of seeking a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation, and
highlight what it can offer in understanding a child’s brain function and in providing a relevant
educational plan. This work was carried out to help the parents, educators, health care providers,
and third-party payers to understand the nature of neuropsychological assessment and to choose
the type of evaluation that will furnish relevant information for the child’s educational planning.

Shukla P et al. (2022) studied the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy in managing delusion in
patients with schizophrenia. They have tried to assess the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy
in patients having delusions in schizophrenia. The intervention program used combine cognitive
and behavioural components. The primary aim of the treatment was helping the patient to cope
with delusions. The package used for the treatment was found significantly effective to improve
the cases. Their findings support the feasibility of implementing cognitive-behavioral intervention

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with the pharmacological treatment may be beneficial for patients with significant functional and
symptomatic impairments.

Neera S (2015) has worked on the role of manas vikara in development of psychosomatic
Disorders. She has found that psychosomatic diseases basically are physical diseases that are
related to a psychological process. A psychosomatic disease is a physical disorder with two major
aspects: caused or made worse by stress and is characterized by on organic structural change in
the body. The body and mind are hinged together like a bellows. Each responds to the other
dynamically. Constipation leads to insomnia and anxiety, on the other hand fear leads to digestive
discomfort chronic situations which affect mind also produce physical disease.

Hussain G. et al.(2018) has reviewed the role of plant-derived flavonoids and their mechanism
in attenuation of alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases. They intended to emphasize the
molecular mechanism of plant-derived flavonoids to diminish the risk of cellular degeneration
and to enhance the cell survivability. The scientific basis underlying the neuroprotective effect of
this novel class of phytochemicals has been brought to light, facilitating the understanding of
researchers regarding the pharmacological role of flavonoids in NDDs, thus, suggesting areas for
further research. They have screened the literature through various e-sites, including Springer
Link, PubMed, Elsevier Science Direct Scopus and other relevant medical journals, highlighting
the updates in this area of research. Dietary consumption of flavonoids rich foods such as cocoa
and berries grasps the efficacy to attenuate neurodegeneration and averts or reverses the age-
dependent deteriorations of cognitive function.

Tuzimski T and Petruczynik A.(2022) have carried out determination of Anti-Alzheimer’s

Disease Activity of Selected Plant Ingredients .Their aim was to highlight species with assessed
efficacy, usable plant parts and the most active plant components in order to identify species and
compounds of interest for further study. Future research directions were suggested and
recommendations made to expand the use of medicinal plants, their formulations and plant-derived
active compounds to prevent, mitigate and treat Alzheimer’s disease.

Kumari, N (2023) have reviewed the emerging Role of Plant-Based Bioactive Compounds as
Therapeutics in Parkinson’s Disease. They have provided the illustration of the efficacious role
of various medicinal plants, herbal formulations, and bioactives (polyphenols, terpenes, and
alkaloids) that can become potential therapeutics against PD with greater specificity, target
approachability, bioavailability, and safety to the host. This information could be further utilized
in the future to develop several value-added formulations and nutraceutical products to achieve the
desired safety and efficacy for the management of PD.

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Pinilla F and Nguyen Trang T (2012) has reviewed Natural mood foods: The actions of
polyphenols against psychiatric and cognitive disorders. According to them, the consumption of
diets enriched with polyphenols may present the potential of dietary manipulation as a non-
invasive, natural, and inexpensive therapeutic means to support a healthy brain. Their research
indicates that other lifestyle factors such as exercise and sleep can supplement a healthy diet’s
effects on mental health.

Kodali M et al.(2015) have carried out research showing that Resveratrol Prevents Age-
Related Memory and Mood Dysfunction with Increased Hippocampal Neurogenesis and
Microvasculature, and Reduced Glial Activation. Their results in a rat model of aging provide
novel evidence that four weeks of daily RESV treatment in late middle age is efficacious for
improving cognitive, memory and mood function in old age. Additional analyses demonstrated
that improved cognitive and mood function following RESV treatment is linked with amelioration
of several age-related changes such as decreased neurogenesis and microvasculature and low-level
chronic inflammation in the hippocampus. These results suggest that RESV therapy in middle
age is beneficial for maintaining normal memory and mood function in old age.

Seyed M. et al (2015) reviewed naturalproducts, micronutrients, and nutraceuticals for the

treatment of depression: Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, and
thefourth leading cause of long-term disability throughout the world. Despite the availability of
different classes of antidepressant drugs, most of them are not completely effective and above all
are associated with many serious adverse effects. They have considered what is known about the
pathogenesis of depression and discuss the need for more safe and efficacious treatment.

Bahramsoltani R (2015) has worked on Phytochemical constituents as future antidepressants.

They have reviewed the efficacy of phytochemicals in depression. For this purpose, they have
searched the electronic databases to collect all data on the antidepressant mechanisms of
phytochemicals from 1966 up to 2015. Plant metabolites from different categories including
polyphenols (flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignanes, coumarins), alkaloids, terpenes and terpenoids,
saponins and sapogenins, amines, and carbohydrates were found to possess antidepressant activity.
Naringenin, quercetin derivatives, eugenol, piperine, diterpene alkaloids, berberine, hyperforin,
riparin derivatives, ginsenosides, as well as β-carboline alkaloids are among the most relevant
ones. Naringenin has represented its antidepressant effect by elevation of serotonin (5-HT),
norepinephrine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glucocorticoid receptors. Piperine
demonstrated inhibition of monoamine oxidase enzymes, elevation of brain 5-HT and BDNF
levels, and modulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. The serotonergic,
noradrenergic, and dopaminergic effect of berberine has been proven in several studies. Quercetin
derivatives have revealed antidepressant potential via elevating pro-opiomelanocortin and

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neuroprotective properties, as well as reduction of proinflammatory cytokines. Assessing the

structureactivity relationship of highly potent antidepressant phytochemicals is suggested to find
future natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic antidepressants.

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