/ineet Sharma (IT Trainer o-- Simple & EasyWhat is Computer? Computer is a electronic machine (device). Which takes input (data) —— from user and process it according =. 2 to given instructions (program), then gives specific output or result (information) for user. MONITOR __ KEYBOARD — CPU (SOFTCOPY) se INFO ae a — [arated rg 100 MOUSE PROCESSOR PRINTER (HARDCOPY)a a) hat is Computer? us o= Computer is an electronic device which is capable of doing arithmetic calculations, taking logical decisions and giving very accurate results. It can also store a large volume of data for a long time. Father of Computer Charles Babbage> Comes from the word “compute” > Compute means “to calculate” > So Computer is calculating device > Perform calculations at enormous speed » Computer is device that operates upon “Data” or “Information” > e.g. preparing results, calculations, transactions, scientific work etc > Computer can input “Data” > Computer can process “Data” > Computer can store “Data” > Computer can retrieve “Data” Finally... Computer can be termed as “Data Processor”—= ae ie Irae ane hat is Computer? Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes these data under the control of set of instructions (called program) and gives the result (output) and saves output for the future use. It can process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations. A computer has four functions: a. accepts data (Input) b. processes data (Processing) c. produces output (Output) d. stores results (Storage)Input (Data): Input is the raw information entered into a computer from the input devices. It is the collection of letters, numbers, images etc. Process: Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totally internal process of the computer system. Output: Output is the processed data given by computer after data processing. Output is also called as Result. We can save these results in the storage devices for the future use. Computer System: All of the components of a computer system can be summarized with the simple equations. COMPUTER SYSTEM = HARDWARE + SOFTWARE+ USER + Hardware = Internal Devices + Peripheral Devices All physical parts of the computer (or everything that we can touch) are known as Hardware. + Software = Programs Software gives "intelligence" to the computer. + USER = Person, who operates computer.Characteristics of a Computer Speed (Millions of Instructions Per Seconds IMPS) Accuracy & Reliability (Without Error & 100% Correct) Diligence (Tiredness) Versatility (Can Perform many types of works) Power of remembering & Storing (Able to store large amount of data) Automation (Can perform task itself with given instructions like Program) No IQ (No intelligence of its own, unthinkable) No Feelings (No emotions) Reduction in cost= Fast device = Work done at enormous speed as compare to human beings = Speed of computer is measured in terms of microseconds (10°), nanoseconds(10°) and even picoseconds (10°12) = Shortly 3 to 4 million simple arithmetic operations per seconds WyAccuracy... © Works with the highest Accuracy ®@ Accuracy depends upon the “Design of Computer” © Errors occurred are mostly “Human Errors” rather than “Technological Errors” © Human Errors are like wrong command, inaccurate data input etcDiligence... © Free from “Monotony” ©@ Free from “Tiredness” © Free from lack of “Concentration” © Speed and Accuracy of first calculation will be the same as millionth calculation in a rowVersatility... © Can perform all kind of job simultaneously © Can do diverse nature of works like calculation, graphic work, searching etc at the same timePower of Remembering... @ Unlike human being Computer can store tremendous/huge amount of data © Can recall required data even stored years before in no time © Doesn't differentiate “Important” & “Not Important” © Loss or Deletion of data is done by User ‘ ~“ ~ = “A >Reduction in cost... @ Initial investment is high @ Reduce the cost of each transaction Reduce the man power and space requirements © Greater efficiencyNo IQ... Not a thinking machine Not Intelligent @ Never does a task at its own Follow human InstructionsNo Feeling... © Follow human/programmer Instructions ~ N @ Never decides at its own will 1 4 @No taste No knowledge ® No emotion[LATDHiGanaNten pa nines APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER > Offices » Books Publication » Data Analysis Graphics > CAM (Computer Aided Manufacture) > Data Base Management > Project Management > Communications Education > Medical Field > Airways and Railways > Industrial Control and Instrumentation > Military > Banks > Design and Research Work > Ticket Reservation Other Applications5 COMPUTER GENERATION Computer generation means upgradation in technology 1. FIRST GENERATION (1951-1959) 2. SECOND GENERATION (1959-1963) 3. THIRD GENERATION (1963-1975) 4. FOUTH GENERATION (1975- TODAY) 5. FIFTH GENERATION (UPCOMING)VACUUME TUBE Advantage :- i) Vacuum tubes were the only electronic components available during those days. ii) Vacuum tubes technology made possible the advent of electronic digital computers iii) These computers were the fastest calculating devices of their time. They could perform computations in milli seconds. Disadvantage:- i) Too bulky in size ii) Unreliable. iii) Thousands of vacuum tubes that were used emitted large amount of heat and brunt out frequently iv) Air conditioning required v) Non-portable vi) Commercial production was difficult and costly.te % RY % + te % SECOND GENERATION (1959-1963) Smaller in size as compared to first generation. More-reliable. Less heat generated. Better portability. Air-conditioning required Frequent maintenance required. Commercial production was difficult and costly.“THIRD GENERATION (1963-1975) VooVe Nery: v vovyv Smaller in size as compared to previous generation computers Even more reliable than second- generation computers. Even lower heat generated than second- generation computers. These computers were able to reduce computational times form microseconds to nanoseconds. Maintenance cost is low because hardware failure is rare. Easily portable Totally general purpose. Widely used for various commercial applications all over the world Less power requirement than previous generation computers. ondition required in any cases. Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacture of IC chips.FOUTH GENERATION (1975- TODAY) Advantages: > Smallest in size because of high component density. > Very reliable. > Noair conditioning required in most cases. > Hardware failure is negligible and hence minimal maintenance is required. > Easily portable because of their small size. > Totally several purpose > Cheapest among all generations. Disadvantages: > Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacture of VLSI ChipsFIFTH GENERATION (UPCOMING) Advantages: > Use of very large integrated circuits. > Lap Top computers were introduced in 1990. > Artificial intelligence was conceptualized. > Cheaper for common man. > RAM and Storage capacity unlimited.HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER «When the human race started doing some trade, it felt a need for a calculating device. The first calculating device, which was used 2000 years ago was called abacus and the improvements in the calculating device in that age were slow. The next change came after about 1600 years. Following this, the changes were frequent and the mechanical desk calculator was developed around 1800 fica ea «In 1833, Prof. Charles Babbage, the father of the computer, developed a machine called analytical engine which was the vase for the modern digital computer.-ABACU sC.Amore modern abacus. Note how the abacus is really just a representation of the human-fingers: the 5 lowerrings on each rod represent the 5 fingers and the 2 upper rings represent the 2 hands.Ar original set of Napier's Bonesier's Tae Oe Ont M8 Oo lo [alae Bones TO ON He at OrlSito aac faut feta Lenten OA tO Oe ww OO ee A more modern setof Napz hart \ gi inno vn meet 0 be wag etBLAISE PASCAL CALCULATOR -1642A Pascaline opened up so you can observe the gears and cylinders which rotated to display the numerical resultARITHMETIC MACHINELEIBNITZ CALCULATOR———~ THE PUNCHED CARDDIFFERENITAL ENGINE § — ae Lage Veh. | Jase ee ae meine leer ryan | lowe! ielen ee ia~ ANALYTICAL ENGINE~ a _— HOWARD AIKEN AND IBM MARK!Types of Computer jesse Mainframes are the very largest computers - million dollar machines, which can occupy more than one room, An example is IBM model 390. Workstations are powerful user machines. They have the power to handle complex engineering applications. They use the UNIX or sometimes the NT operating system. Workstations can be equipped with powerful RISC processors like Digital Alpha or MIPS. jicomputers are large powerful machines. They typically serve a network of simple terminals. IBM's AS/400 is an example of a minicomputer. Microcomputer are Small inexpensive, mass produced computers. They work on DOS, Windows, or similar operating systems. They are used for standard applications.DESKTOP (PC) = PALMTOP SERVER (SMARTPHONE)RDWARE [Link] DEVICE [Link] DEVICE [Link]/ PROCESSOR [Link] DEVICE [Link] 1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE [Link] SOFTWARE input Proces® Storage Output You communicate win me Te computer processes data, © Tne computer communicates computes via an input device makes caiculstons, directs is resusts to you vig. an output Ucn 35 a mouse, 3 keyDoard, me work of Me Nardware, and evice Such 35 3 mortar, 2 oF a joystick. stores your ties. primer, oF speakers.HARDWARE Hardware includes the parts of the computer system that you actually can touch (like the keyboard, mouse, monitor, or CPU). [Link] DEVICE 2.0UTPUT DEVICE [Link]/ PROCESSOR [Link] DEVICEThe inside‘oftarGomputer Power supply Central Processing Unit (CPU) = ROM-BIOS Expansion —C cards Expansion, slots Motherboard a Reference Random-access memory (RAM) Hard disk drive (HDD)_The Back of a-Computer (Ports) OniOtt swite! Power receptact Keyboard por 3 Mouse port USB ports 1 u Serial port (COM1) : 4 Paralil port (printer) ‘Serial port (COM2). a Line-out jack (speakers headphone! Line-in jack & Microphone jack Phone jack Expansion spaces Error! ReferenceInput device Which takes input data from user and then send to processor for processing. 1. Keyboard 2. Mouse 3. TrackballError! Reference 1/16/2015 Altkey Shift key. Ctrl key. Arrbwkeys Numerle keypadYPES OF MOUSE There are basically two types of mouse are available in the market: \ [Link] a 2 2. Optical (light) mouse 1/16/2015INPUT DEVICE ss -4-Touch screen 5. Touchpad 6. Scanner 7. Microphone 8. Headset10. Light/ optical pen ° Ii 11. Bar code reader 12. OMR sheet scanner 13. Web cam ry 14. CameraZ OUTPUT DEVICE Which gives specific output or result (information) after processing. 1. Monitor (softcopy) 2. Printer (hardcopy)OUTPUT DEVICE 3. Speaker 4. Touch screen 5. Plotter = - 2 6. Projector 2cia) CPU/ PROCESSOR | CPU is called central processing unit. It is also called a processor. It is also Known as brain or heart of the Computer. It is perform many tasks, Arithmetical calculations, logical & Control all another parts of the Computer. It can also handle scientific Tasks. It can handle large calculations. Many companies makes CPU: 1. Intel (Integrated Electronics) (intel? 2. AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) Core2 3. IBM (International Business Machine) Duo 4. Qualcomm But Intel is most popular Processor Manufacturer CompanyHistory of Intel Corporation Intel Corporation, founded on July 18, 1968, is a portmanteau of Integrated Electronics (the fact that "intel" is the term for intelligence information also made the name appropriate).[5] Intel also makes motherboard chipsets, network interface controllers and integrated circuits, flash memory, graphic chips, Embedded processors and other devices related to communications and computing. Founded by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore and widely associated with the executive leadership and vision of Andrew Grove, Intel combines advanced chip design capability with a leading-edge manufacturing capability. Though Intel was originally known primarily to engineers and technologists, its "Intel Inside" advertising campaign of the 1990s made it a household name, along with its Pentium processors.| MICROPROCESSOR ™ *The 4-bit processors (4004) f *The 8-bit processors (8008) >) *Microcontrollers a *The bit-slice processor *The 16-bit processors: MCS-86 family (8086, 8088) *32-bit processors: the non-x86 microprocessors *32-bit processors: the 80386 range 32-bit processors: the 80486 range 32-bit processors: P5 microarchitecture (Pentium PRO) 32-bit processors: P6/Pentium (Pentium ii, Pentium iii) Ta 7"32-bit processors *64-bit processors: *64-bit processors: *64-bit processors: *64-bit processors: 64-bit processors: *64-bit processors: Gen) *64-bit processors *64-bit processors Gen) : NetBurst microarchitecture (P68, Pentium 4) (intel) : IA-64 — Itanium Server : Intel 64 — NetBurst microarchitecture (Pentium 4, M) : Intel 64 — Core microarchitecture (Core 2 Duo, Quad) : Intel 64 — Nehalem microarchitecturer (Core i Series, 1 Gen) : Intel 64 — Sandy Bridge (Core i Series, 2"4 Gen) : Intel 64 — Ivy Bridge microarchitecture (Core i Series, 3 : Intel 64 — Haswell microarchitecture (Core i Series, 4°" Gen) : Intel 64 — Broadwell microarchitecture (Core i Series, 5‘aes ae a INTEL PENTIUM PROCESSOR GENERATIONS PENTIUM PRO (1995-1998) PENTIUM ii (1997-2000) PENTIUM iii (1998-2004) PENTIUM 4 (2000-2006) PENTIUM D (2006-2008) CORE 2 DUO (2006-2008) pentium CORE i SERIES (2009-PRESENT) (aD (intel) Pern Se ciaTypes of Intel Processors @ Intel Atom (PC & Mobile, Low Watt) . @ Intel Celeron (PC & Mobile, Low Budget) * Intel Pentium (PC & Mobile, Medium Budget) ae @ Intel Core i3 (PC & Mobile, Low-Medium Budget) *** @ Intel Core i5 (PC & Mobile, Medium-High Budget) **** @ Intel Core i7 (PC & Mobile, High Budget) wees Intel Core i7 E (PC & Mobile, High End Budget) = ****** @ Intel Xeon (Server, High End Budget) jonnnk Xeon are intel) a) co oy an, Pain c ai core i3 CORE i5SOME REGISTORS (1BIT) MU Cache (1MB-12MB) 1. ARITHEMATIC & LOGICAL UNIT (ALU) [Link] UNIT (CU) 3. MEMORY UNIT (MU) (CACHE MEMORY)CPU, Inside the computer case Central Processing Unit (CPU)Memory device, it is very important part of the computer. Which can store data and results for temporarily or permanently. It is depend on types of memory. Any storage unit of a computer is ranked according to following criteria 1. Access Time 2. Storage capacity 3. Cost per bit of storageIt is the time required to locate and retrieve stored data from the storage unit in response to the program instruction. A faster access is preferred.Storage Capacity It is the amount of data that can be stored on a storage unit. A larger capacity is desired Cost per unit of storage Goal is to minimize this costypes of memory device Basically two types of memory device: 1. Primary memory 2. Secondary memoryPrimary memory is special type of memory. A primary storage is made of several small areas called locations or cells . Each of these locations is capable of storing fixed number of bits called word length. Two types of primary memory: 1. RAM (random access memory) (external RAM) 2. ROM (read only memory) 3. Cache memory (static ram) (internal RAM - inbuilt)RAM is called random access memory. It is so called because it is possible to randomly select and use any location of the memory to directly store and retrieve data and instructions. It is called read/write memory because information can be read and written into it. Contents of RAM are volatile. In which store data (electronically) very fast rapidly. Which means data read & write very fast. It store data in form of electrical. So, if power is cut-off. Then, our data is lost. But, its store data only temporarily. So, we used to secondary memory to store . or save our data & results permanently. It is faster than secondary memory. But slower than cache memory.TYPES OF RAM: 1. | DRAM (DYNAMIC RAM) - REFRESH REQUIRED 2. SDRAM (STATIC DYNAMIC RAM) — NOT REQUIRED 3. DDR RAM (DOUBLE DATA RATE RAM)ROM (Read only memory) It is the memory in which information is permanently stored . The information from the memory can only be read and it is not possible to write information into it. When the power supply is switched off the information is not lost unlike RAM. In ROM special programs are written called micro programs. They are written to aid the control unit in directing the operations of a computer system. ROM is used by the manufacturer for storing the micro programs.Types of ROM: There of two types of ROM: @PROM(Programmable ROM) @EPROM(Erasable PROM) @ EPROM (Electronically EPROM)ROM(Programmable ROM) ROM chips are supplied by the manufacturer and it is not possible for a customer to Modify the programs stored inside ROM chip. But the user can convert his programs to Micro programs and store them in PROM chip. PROM is programmed to record the information using a facility called the PROM programmer. But once the chip has been programmed , the information cannot be changed and the PROM becomes ROM.EPROM(Erasable PROM) It is possible to erase the information stored in an EPROM chip and the chip can be reprogrammed to store the information Using PROM programmer. Information * stored in EPROM is erased by exposing the chip for sometime in Ultra violet light. PROM is mainly used by R & D personnel.fy Pe a Poe_ - CACHE MEMORY (CPU INBUILT RAM) A very high speed memory is sometimes used to increase the speed of processing by making the current programs and data available to the CPU at a rapid rate . The CPU speed is quite high as compared to the access time of FeaLVEaMErtssnn(o} ya @cCa pl eprtsusle} um iRtis-e MCOk@o nn LIne Bel the mismatch. It is a small memory between the CPU and main memory whose access time to close to the processing speed of CPU. It is not addressable by the user and is very expensive.is second type of computer memory. Which able to store data or result for long period of time permanently. Our data are store in secondary memory in magnetic HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD) (40GB -1TB) FLOPPY DISK DRIVE (FDD) (1-2 MB) CD (COMPACT DISC) (702 MB) DVD (DIGITAL VIDEO DISC) (4.7 GB) = ¢ PEN DRIVE (PD) (4GB-64GB) i ry MEMORY SD CARD (4GB-64GB) fi ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY) hao 512KB) oy SeoCAPACITY 8 BIT (ao101111) - 1 BYTE (A,1,$) 1 KB (KILOBYTE) - 1024 BYTES 1MB (MEGABYTE) — - 1024 KB 1 GB (GIGABYTE) - 1024 MB 1 TB (TERABYTE) - 1024 GB 1 PB (PETABYTE) - 1024 TBUnit Abbreviation Size Symbol Equivalent ‘An atom or speck, the smallest unit of memory. are S ars A single letter, a number, or a symbol. Kilobyte Kor KB 1,024 bytes io esa au a baeed letter. Megabyte Mor MB 1,048,576 bytes A best-selling novel. Terabyte TorTB 1,099, 511,627,776 bytes A bookstore. Gigabyte Gor GB 1,073,741,824 bytes fa An encyclopedia set.Each 0 or 1 is called a bit. Bit is an abbreviation of the expression Binary digiT. It is called binary, since it is derived from the binary number system: 0 1 0110 01101011 1/16/2015 1 bit 1 bit 4 bit 8 bits+ All types of Char. S Eee rater acters like Alphabets, Numbers & Symbols are expressed in 0's and 1's. Bits are organized in groups of 8. A group of 8 bits is called a byte. 8 bits = 1 byte, that is the system. Eg: Character $ THO MWPNA=. Bit pattern 00100100 00101110 00110001 00110010 01000001 01000010 01100001 01100010 Byte number 36 46 49 50 65 66 97 98APPLICATION SOFTWARE— SYSTEM. SOFRWARE PANSPeat ae