3, What do you mean by direction cosines and direction ratios of a line? Solution: (i) Direction cosines If a directed line in space makes angles «.f,y with the positive direction of the coordinate axes then cosa,cosf,cosy are called the direction cosines of the line. (ii) Direction ratios of a line If the direction cosines of a line [m,n are proportional to three real numbers a,b,c (or vice-versa) with the same. constant of proportionality then a.b.c are called the direction ratios (drs) of the line. 4, Find the distance of the point (1,-2,3) from the plane x- y+ == 5 measured parallel to the line. Solution: P(L,-2,3) Length of the perpendicular from a given point (x;.7).2;) to the plane ax+hy+cz+d =0 is *. Distance12. (a) @) Find the equation of the plane which passes through the point (3,-3.1) and is perpendicular to the planes Tx ty +22 = 6 and 3x + Sy 62 =8. (8) Solution: — WKT, equation of the plane which passes through the point (x).14.21) is a(x—m)+bQ-y) +e@-a)=0 @ i.e., Equation of the plane which passes through the point G.-3. Dis a(x—3)+bQr+3)+e@-1=0 (2) Given 7x +y +22 (G) 3x + Sy (4) QL) > Ta +b +2c=6 ) (2)1(4) = 3a + 5b- 6c = 8 6) Solving (2), (5) & (6), we get 3 5 -6 (x— 3)(—6 — 10) — (+ 3-42 — 6) + (2 - 1)(35-3)=0 (x — 3)(-16) — (v + 3-48) + (¢ - 132) = 0 (= 3D (+ 3-3) + E- DE = by 16) (x= 3)0) - @ + 3)G3) + - D2) = 0 x-3-3y-9-22+2=0 =-10=0 x-3y(ii) Prove that the points (3.2.4).(4.5,.2) and (5,8,0) are collinear. (8) Solution: The equation of line passing through (3.2.4) and (4,5,2) is — @ 1 3 2 If the above two points are collinear with (5, 8.0), then the oint (5, 8,0) must satisfy equation (1) . r gy to 4 «. The three points are collinear: (b) (i) Find the shortest distance between the lines 30 ,x-2_y-4 7 and sy , Solution: GivenWET, the shortest distance is given by jw = I(1S ~ 16) - 2(10- 12) + 28-9) (1) - 2(-2) + 2(-D Dam, = ham = am; + (mh JP + (mz — mam)? mh? =(24-@Bf +[OO-oal- +|M@)- = [8-9] +[15- 16)’ + [12-10 ~iF +[-1F + PP sl+l+4 =6 2 VY) im = hm = V6 wesp.-4 v6(ii) Find the equation of the sphere which touches the planes x 2y- 2: = 7 at the point (3,-1,-1) and passes through the point (1, 1.-3).Find the equation of the sphere passing through the point P(1,1,-3) and which touches the plane x - 2y- 22 = 7 at QG.-1,-1). (8) Solution: Given x - 2y- 2: The drs of (1) are 1, 2. Let C be the centre CQ 1 (1) CO passes through Q(,-1.-1) and has_ direction _ratios 1,-2,-2. @ 7. Equation of CO are ~ = =r(say) Sxere3y=-2r-Lz=-2r-1 ie, Care (r+ 3,-2r- 1,-2r- 1). But CP=CQ [ » [Link] are radius| CP =CcO (r+3-1? +(-2r 1-1)? +(-2r-143) =(r+3-3) +(-2r-14 17 +(-2r- 141? (r+ 2) + (2-29 + (-2r- 2)? = (HP +4? +4? (7 +444) + (47? + 8r +4) + (477 - Br +4) = 977 4r+12 «Centre = C= (0,5,5) and Radius = CP= Y@-17+G-l +643 = VI+16+64= V8I=9 .. Equation of the sphere is (x= 0) +@- 5) + (= 5) x2 $y? = 10p +25 +27 - 102 +25.. Equation of the sphere is (x- 0 +(@-5SP +(-5P=9 x+y? - ly +2542 - 102+ 25 = 81 x 43° +27 -10y- 102 = 81-50 wty+2-10y-102= 31 3. Find the angle 4 between the planes 2x-y+z= 6 and x-} Solution : The given planes are Qe-p+2=6 @ (2) * The dr's normal to the plane (1) are 2,-1.1 ie., a) =2,b)=-l,e=1 The dr’s normal to the plane (2) are 1,-1,-2 i.e, az = 1b) =—H,e1=-2 aid; + bibs + eres Vase fa+b+e | 241-2 V4+1l+ivie+el+4 1 6 cos {! oo (! cosé» Show that the plane 2x~ 2y +2 + 12 = 0 touches the sphere x? +3? + x — Ay + 2: ). 2-2x-dy 422-3 =0 wm z+12=0 2) Solution : Sphere: x¢ +3 Plane : 2x-2y Centre of (1) is (1,2,-1) and radius = VI+4+1+3 = 3. Lenth of the tr from (1,2,-1) on plane (2) is 9 + VisaeT = 3(radius of th sphere) ea dees 12-0 :, The plane (2) taouches the sphere (1). Let P(x.).2) be the point of contact. The CP is normal to the plane . Dr's of CP are (2.-2.1). Also CP passes through C(1.2.-D). Hence the equations of CP are x -2_2+1 see 7 =rlsay) Any point on this liné may be taken as (Qr+1-2r+2.r-1) ® If this point lies on (2), it will be the point of contact. ‘This point lies on plane (2), if 2Q2r +1) 2-2 +2) 4-1) + 12=0 4r+24r—44r—1412=0 or+9=0 -. From (8), the point of contact is (—1,4,-2).12. (a) (i) Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of 2x + 3y +4249 = 0 and parallel to the line 8) Solution : Given. xt y-z-3=0=5x-3y +4249 (2) Put: = 0 in (2), we get Qxtyoz=3 @) @ Sy 3pt4e @)x3s6x 43y =9 ()x1s3x —3y =-9 © & © lly =0 =0 GB) =) :. (0,3,0) is a point on the given line. To find the dr’s of the line.Ifa,[Link] the dr’s of the line, then 2a+b-c=0 a-3b+4c=0 Solving 5 c i Hence, the symmetrical form of the second line is x _y-3 = 6) 1-13, -11 (1) is parallel to (5), we get The equation of any plane containing the line * = is 1-13 =i ax + b(y—3)+ ez (6) a-13b-1le=0 @ (6) parallel to (1) then the normal to the plane (6) is must be r to this line. 2a+4b+5e=0 (8) Solving (6), (7) and (8) ly p-3 1-13 2 4 5Gi) Find the length of the shortest distance between the line 1 4 =F ana Sx-2y-32+6= 0, x-3y+22-3 = 0.(8) Solution : Given 3 =* +t lin? ay Sx-2y-32+6=0=x-3y422-3 Q) Any plane containing the second line is of the form (x-2 6) + A(x 3y+22-3)=0 (S4 aw + (-2-3dy +(-3 + 202+6-31=0 (8) (3) parallel to (1) = of (3) 4 to (1) AG +A) + 3-2-3) + 2-3 +24) =0 204+41-6-91-6+41=0 8-1=0 A=8 2.3) > 13x — 26) + 132 - 18 = 0.(4) Now the required S.D. is the length of the 1 drawn from any point on the first line to the plane (4). Let the point P be (0,-1.2). gp, ~ 0 +26+26= 181(b) (i) Find the equation of the sphere through the circle x? +)? + 2 -2x-8y44r48= 0,8 +P +P +44 Sy 6 4+2=0and having its centre on the plane 4x ~ 5 (8) Solution : The given circle is x+y? +2 -2x- By de +8=0 @ ey 42 44rd Sy- 642-0 (2) The plane of the circle is obtained by subtracting (2) from (. ie, (2)- (I) > ~6x- 8y + 10246 = 0 3x4 4y— =0 (3) Now the circle which is represented by (1) and (2) is the same as the circle given by (1) and (3). Now any sphere through the circle given by (1) and (3) is (x? +37 +2 - 2x — By 442 +8) + AB + 4y— 52-3) =0 x ty +2 + Bk- Qt 4k = 3)y + (4- She + 08- 3k = 0 (4) (2 Its center is 2 This centre lies on the plane 4x ienal?>*)-9(54)-( 2(2— 3k) — 56 4k) — 500k 4)=3 4-6t- 8 4 10%-Sk+2=3 2 2 -1S iw k= Putting this value of k = 3 in (4), we get (x2 +37 +27 = 2x 8y +42 + 8) + 3G + 4y Se way +24 7x4 9y-Hlz-1=0(ii) Show that the lines —— x+5 +4 0 line containing them. re Solution : Given 3x+2y+z2-2= 05 x-3y-27-13 First we write the second line into symmetrical form 11 143-111 32 xe Bop sa PTO] is a point on the given line. Ifa,b.c are the dr's of the line, then 3a+2b+e=0 . @ 37 a-3b-2c¢=0 TAS = SF and 3r42y+2-2= x~3y—22~13 are coplanar and find the equation of the (8) (3) (4) (5) (6)12. (a) (i) Show that the lines x7 10 2 $= = <= are coplanar, Find the equation of the plane of coplanarity. 8) Solution : Given straight line equations are x-7 y-10 13 pos () dy,mz, m2 = 1,2,3 8-7 5-10 7-13] LHSof()=|}2 3 4 D & = 49-8) + 56-4) - 64-3) = -4(1) + 5(2) - 6(1) =-4+10-6 = RHS of (3) So, the given two lines are coplanar. Next we need to find the point of intersection and also thev-7 equation of the plane containing the two lines. Let — = y-10 2 4 k (Say) (4) Any point on (4) is P(2k + 7.3k + 10,4k + 13) (5) ‘The given two lines are coplanar. So this point must lies on the second line, hence we have x-3_y-5 1 2 3 2k+7-3 _ 3k+10-5_ 4k+13-7 1 2 2k+4 3k+5 4k+6 To 2 3 ‘To find the value of k, take any two equalities: 2k+4 —3k+5 Substitute k’s value in (5) P(2k + 7.3k + 10, 4k + 13) = P(2(-3) + 7,3(-3) + 10,4(-3) + 13) LAL PCL, 1,1) is the point of intersection ‘or common point. The equation of the plane containing the two lines as Iv-7 y-10 2-13) 2 3 4 |=0 1 2 3 (= 7)(9 — 8) — (= 100)(6 — 4) + (2 = 13)(4 = 3) = 0 (x= 7)- 20-10) +2- 13 =0 x—7-2y+204+2-13=0 Qy+z=0 xSolving, we get ~4*3 Lae 1b=7.¢ Hence, the symmetrical form of the equation of the second line is — 6) baa 2-7 (1) and (5) are coplanar if} J; mom hom om 32. -3 +5 — = wes spt4 0-7 LHS 3 1 -2 -1 7 -l 87 7 7 1 11 1-2 -1 7 -ll = Fae 3—2)- 72141) 87... 7 = 203) - 4-35) - 7022 TO) ~ F359) - 702) = -108 +0 Hence, the lines are not coplanar. (ii) Find the centre and radius of the circle »° +)? +2? - 2x-4y- 62 =2,x+2y +22 = 20. (8) Solution :The centre is C(1,2.3) and C4 = rodius = vis44942=4. Let B(x.y.2) be the centre of the circle, then B be the foot IN of the perpendicular drawn from centre (1,2,3) to the Plane x + 27 +22=20. e dr’s of CBis x- ly—2,2-3. The dr’s normal to the plane are 1, 2,2 Since CB is parallel to the normal to the given plane we have x-1 > = 5 = (say) From the property, if two lines are parallel then their dr’s are proportional. Hence any point on the line CB is (+ 1,2k+ 2, 2k +3). If this point lies on the plane, then x+2y+2 k+1+2Qk+2)+2Q2k+3)=20 k+l +ak+k+ 4k + 6 = 209k K=1 Here B is (2, 4,5). Centre of the sphere is C(1.2.3). Length of CB= (2-1? +@-27+¢ Radius of the circle is Bd = VO Area of the circle = ar? = (v7)(b) (i) Find the shortest distance between the lines ae and 2x-2y +2=3,2r Solution : Given “= and 2x-2y+z 2x -2y +2-3=0=2x-y 422-9 2) Let us first find the equation of the plane containing the second line and parallel to the first line.Any plane containing the second line is of the form (2x-2y 42-3) + A(Q2x-y 422-9) = (2+2a)x+(-2-Ajy+(1+2ae+(-3-94)=0 (3) If plane (3) is parallel to the fist line, oy normal of (3) is perpendicular to the first line. (2+ 22)3 + (-2-A)(-4) + (1+ 2a)(1) = 0 6+61-8+41+14+22=0 Pa-1=0 Substitute 1 = 4 in (3) o-2h)s(2- pe 104x— 100y + 56 — 180 B 104x — 100) + 56: — 180 = 0 S2x— S0y + 282-90 =0 26x —25y + 1427-45 =0 (4) Now the required shortest distance is the length of the perpendicular drawn from any point P on the first line to the plane (4). Let P be (5.6.9). sD- [26(5) + (—25)(6) + (14)(9) — 45] V267 + 257 + 14 _ 1130 = 150 + 126 ~ 45] V676 + 625 + 196 _ [256 - 195](ii) Find the equation of the sphere having the circle x? +)? + 24+ l0y- 42-8 =0,x+y+2=3 asa great circle. (8) Solution : The equation of any sphere passing through circle is of form (xP +y? +2 + lOy— 42-8) + Ay 2-3) =0 wey est an(lOs dys (-44d24+(-8-3)=0 (1) If the given circle is a great circle of sphere (1), center of (1) should lie on the plane x + +z = 3 in which the given circle lies. Thus -31=12 as-4 Substitute 2 =-4 in (L) 4 y? 47 —4x(10 - ayy + (4-4) + (8 - 3(-4)) 3. Prove, by direction cosines, that the points (1.2.3), (4.0.4) and (-2.4,2) are collinear.- Solution: Lot 40.2.3), (4.0.4) and C-2.4.2) DC's of 4B are 1 AB & 2B” where 4B= VG-— I? + (0-2? +@-3P = VO44e1 = Vi4 2 2 1 DC's of 4B are =. () ane DC's of BC are =... where BC = ¥(-2—4 + (4—0F + 2—4P = V304 1644 = N56 = Vix 14 = 2 VIS C's of BC are 4? = Q) 7 avid 2 aie ed vid Both of the denominators of (1) and (2) are equal. So, the given points are all collinear. . Find the equation of the tangent plane to the sphere 3 (x7 +3? +7) - 2x 3y— 42 — 22 = 0 at the point (1, 2,3). Solution: Given 3 (x7 +)? +2*) 2x -3y—4e ie, (Fayre ie, (P+ +2)- 2 » #2. ‘The equation of the tangent plane tothe sphere x7 ++ Qy + 2wz +d = Oat (x.y1.21) is xm +yy t+u(xem)+vQtn)+we+n)+d=0 ( Let us take the given point as (x1,)1.71) = (1.2.3). (ura) = (-3.-7.-§]. 1 1 2 2 () > x1) +9@)428)- 36+ N-50+2)-FE+9-F=0 3 2 3 — ly xe2y¢3e-F 5-5 - 2x 3 3 3 4x+9v+ 142— 64 _ 6 4x +9y + l4z-64=012. (a) (i) Find the equation of the plane which passes through the line of intersection of the planes x + 2y ~ 32-2 = 0 and 2x-y-z+1 = 0 and is perpendicular to the plane 3x+y+2 = 0. (8) Solution: The given planes are x+2y-32-2=0 (A) Qe-yp-z+1=0 (B) and (A) & (B) are perpendicular to the plane By¢y422=0 «) Let the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the given plane is A+ AB=0 (+ 2y-32-2)4AQx-y-2+=0 D) (1+ 2a) + Q = Ady + (3 = Az + (-2 +4) = 0 Given (D) is perpendicular to (C). ie, ajay + byby + e\c2 = 0 (3). +20) + (D2 = 2) + (23 = Ae 3+61+2-A-6-2. Substitute + in (D), we get (w+ 2y- 2+4er-3 -2+1D=0 This is the required equation of the plane.(i) Find the length and the equations ofthe shortest distance 3 x2 between the lines ~ and3 Any point on (4) is pois 1,344 2,44 +3) Any point on (B) is O3u + 2.4 + 4,54 +5) Let PO be the shortest distance and Dr’s of PQ are (y= 2+ Ld 3.24 2,540 +2) PQis 1 to(A) (Bye 2A + IQ) + ye 3.1 + 298) + Su 414 2904) = 0 Gu 442 + 1Ye-9AF 6 + 21-161 +8=0 381-291 + 16=0 PQis 1 to(B) (y= 20+ 1G) + 4 3.2 + 294) + Gu 414295) = 0 Ol 3 + Wp 12A+ 8 + 25 - 2A+ 10=0 S01 381+ 21 = 0 Solve (1) & (2) to get 1& w (2) > S0p- 384+ 21=0 50Qj = 381-21 1 f= 5581-21) a> So81- 21)- 291+ 16=0 ‘14442 — 798 a 16 = 0 14442 - 798 ~ 14502 + 800 = 0 —61+2=0 6l=2 ls 1 “3 (1) = 38-291 + 16 =0 (B) (a (2)(b) (i) Find the equation of the sphere which passes through the points (1,-4.3), (1,-5.2), (1,-3.0) and whose centre lies on the plane x+y +2=0. (8) Solution: Given points (1.—4,3), (1,-5.2), (1,-3.0) and plane x+y +2=0.Let the equation of the sphere be ty +2 + uxt Qwyt2wet+d=0 Centre of (Lis (-u,-v,-w). The centre lies on x + y + 0 utvew=0 (1) passes through (1,-4.3) 14+16+9+2u-8v+6w+d=0 2u-8v + 6w+d = (1) passes through (1,-5.2) 14+25+442u-10v+4w+d=0 2u — 10v + 4w +d = -30 (1) passes through (1,-3.0) 14+94042u-6v+0w+d=0 2u-6v +d =-10 -u-v-w 26 utvew=0 Qu 8v + Gw+d = -26 2u—10v + 4w +d =-30 2u-6v+d=-10 @)-@) 3 Wv+2w=4 (4)-@) > -4 + 4w = -20 (x23 4v+4w=8 2 (1) + (8) > 8w = -12 (6) 3 2v=4-2w 3 8) 7 7 2 dvs 2 Q)autvew=0 () @) (3) (4) (5) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 7) (8)Q)>u+v+w=0 7.3 =-2=0 "ASF u+2=0n =-2 2 yw) = (2 B= 2)-8(3) +6(-3)-4= ~26 -4-28-9+d=-26 414d =-26 d=-26+41 d=15 ‘The required equation of the sphere is vay +2 42cpwe2(Z)y+2(-g}e 15=0 x4y+st—dyty— 34 15=0(ii) Prove that the fines S++ — 21 241 and ay2y432-8 = 0 = 2v+3y-+42~ I] are Coplanar and find the coordinates of the point of intersection. (8) x+] oy+l cel Soluti versie 1 olutio: v= @ x+2p432-8=0=2x43p 442-11 Q) First we need to write equation (2) into symmetrical form x+2y+32-8=0 2v+3y442-11=0 Put = = 0, we get (3) (4) @)x23 2x+ () (x13 2x43y=11 © -5)- (6) y= 2 (6) 2v+15= 11 x= 11-15 dv=-4 x=-2 =. The points on the given line is (-2,5.0).In order to write symmetrical form, we need point and direction ratio. Now, we have to find dr’s of the line. Ifa,b,c be the dr’s of the line then at+2b+3c=0 2a+3b+4ce=0 ross ratio rule Here the symmetrical form of the equation of the second is 2 S_:z-0 x (6) To check coplanar: e2— X12 V1 A m hb Mm, mM Here (x).¥1.21) = (CL. -1.-) (h.m.m) = (1.2.3) 2) = (22.5.0) +13, Ng) = (-1,2.-1) -2+1 S+1 0+] -l 6 1 ={1 23 -1 2-1 =-1(-2- 6)- 6-1 +3) +12 +2) =8- 1244 =0 = RHS Hence the given two lines are coplanar. Now to find theHence the given two lines are coplanar. Now to find the equation of the plane containing the above two lines is k+l pel 241 1 2 3 |=0 -l 20-1 (x+ D-2- 6) - (+ NE1+3)+ 6+ D2+2)=0 “8-8 -2y-24+42+4=0 -8x—2y+42-6=0 4xty-224+3=0